631
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles/Findings

Conservation Strategies Through the Lens of Small-Scale Fishers in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador: Perceptions Underlying Local Resistance to Marine Planning

ORCID Icon &
Pages 1194-1212 | Received 17 Aug 2019, Accepted 09 Apr 2020, Published online: 20 May 2020

References

  • Agardy, T., J. Claudet, and J. C. Day. 2016. Dangerous Targets’ revisited: Old dangers in new contexts plague marine protected areas. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 26 (2):7–23. doi:10.1002/aqc.2675.
  • Barragan-Paladines, M. J., and R. Chuenpagdee. 2017. A step zero analysis of the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Coastal Management 45 (5):339–59. doi:10.1080/08920753.2017.1345606.
  • Benitez-Capistros, F., J. Hugé, and N. Koedam. 2014. Environmental impacts on the Galapagos Islands: Identification of interactions, perceptions and steps ahead. Ecological Indicators 38:113–23. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.10.019.
  • Bengtsson, M. 2016. How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open 2:8–14. doi:10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001.
  • Bennett, N. J., and P. Dearden. 2014. Why local people do not support conservation: Community perceptions of marine protected area livelihood impacts, governance and management in Thailand. Marine Policy 44:107–16. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2013.08.017.
  • Bennett, N. J. 2016. Using perceptions as evidence to improve conservation and environmental management. Conservation Biology: Biology 30 (3):582–92. doi:10.1111/cobi.12681.
  • Bennett, N. J., H. Govan, and T. Satterfield. 2015. Ocean grabbing. Marine Policy 57:61–8. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2015.03.026.
  • Bennett, N. J., L. Teh, Y. Ota, P. Christie, A. Ayers, J. C. Day, P. Franks, D. Gill, R. L. Gruby, J. N. Kittinger, et al. 2017. An appeal for a code of conduct for marine conservation. Marine Policy 81:411–8. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.03.035.
  • Bennett, N. J. 2018. Navigating a just and inclusive path towards sustainable oceans. Marine Policy 97:139–46. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.06.001.
  • Berdej, S., J. Silver, and D. Armitage. 2019. A political ecology perspective on bridging organizations and their influence on marine conservation. Society & Natural Resources 32 (11):1258–75. doi:10.1080/08941920.2019.1626960.
  • Birt, L., S. Scott, D. Cavers, C. Campbell, and F. Walter. 2016. Member checking: A tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation? Qualitative Health Research 26 (13):1802–11. doi:10.1177/1049732316654870.
  • Burbano, D. V., T. C. Meredith, and M. E. Mulrennan. 2020. Exclusionary decision-making processes in marine governance: The rezoning plan for the protected areas of the ‘iconic’ Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Ocean and Coastal Management 185:1–15. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.105066.
  • Bradshaw, M., and E. Stratford. 2010. Qualitative research design and rigor. In Qualitative research methods in human geography, ed. I. Hay, 69–80. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press.
  • Castrejón, M. 2011. Co-Manejo Pesquero en la Reserva Marina de Galápagos: Tendencias, Retos y Perspectivas de Cambio [Fisheries co-management in the Galapagos Marine Reserve: Trends, challenges and perspectives of change]. Tinker Foundation and Charles Darwin Foundation. Kanankil Editorial.
  • Castrejón, M., and A. T. Charles. 2013. Improving fisheries co-management through ecosystem-based spatial management: The Galapagos Marine Reserve. Marine Policy 38:235–45. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.040.
  • Castrejón, M., O. Defeo, G. Reck, and A. T. Charles. 2014. Fishery science in Galapagos: From a resource-focused to a social-ecological systems approach. In The Galapagos Marine Reserve: A dynamic social-ecological system, eds. J. Denkinger and L. Vinueza, 159–85. New York: Springer Science Business Media, LLC.
  • Castrejón, M., and A. T. Charles. 2020. Human and climatic drivers affect spatial fishing patterns in a multiple-use marine protected area: The Galapagos Marine Reserve. PLoS One 15 (1):1–32. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228094.
  • Carr, L. A., A. C. Stier, K. Fietz, I. Montero, A. J. Gallagher, and J. F. Bruno. 2013. Illegal shark fishing in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Marine Policy 39:317–21. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2012.12.005.
  • Cinner, J. E., T. Daw, C. Huchery, P. Thoya, A. Wamukota, M. Cedras, and C. Abunge. 2014. Winners and losers in marine conservation: Fishers’ displacement and livelihood benefits from marine reserves. Society & Natural Resources 27 (9):994–1005. doi:10.1080/08941920.2014.918229.
  • Charles, A. T., and L. Wilson. 2009. Human dimension of marine protected areas. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66 (1):6–15. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsn182.
  • Charles, A. T. 2014. Human dimensions in marine ecosystem-based management. In The sea: Marine ecosystem-based management, eds. M. J. Fogarty and J. McCarthy, Vol. 16. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Charles, A. T., L. Westlund, D. M. Bartley, W. J. Fletcher, S. Garcia, H. Govan, and J. Sanders. 2016. Fishing livelihoods as key to marine protected areas: Insights from the World Parks Congress. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 26 (2):165–84. doi:10.1002/aqc.2648.
  • Christie, P. 2004. Marine protected areas as biological successes and social failures in Southeast Asia. American Fisheries Society 42:155–64.
  • Chuenpagdee, R., Pascual-Fernández, J. J. E. Szeliánszky, E. J. L. Alegret, J. Fraga, and S. Jentoft. 2013. Marine protected areas: Re-thinking their inception. Marine Policy 39 (1):234–40. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2012.10.016.
  • Dimech, M., M. Darmanin, I. Smith, M. Kaiser, and P. Schembri. 2009. Fishers’ perception of 35-year old exclusive Fisheries Management Zone. Biological Conservation 142 (11):2691–702. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.019.
  • Dunn, K. 2010. Interviewing. In Qualitative research methods in human geography, ed. I. Hay, 101–38. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press.
  • De Santo, E. M., P. J. S. Jones, and A. M. M. Miller. 2011. Fortress conservation at sea: A commentary on the Chagos marine protected area. Marine Policy 35 (2):258–60. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.09.004.
  • El Universo. 2018. Nueva zonificación de las Islas Galápagos, a prueba un año [New Zoning of the Galapagos Islands to be tested during a year]. https://www.eluniverso.com/vida/2018/09/07/nota/6942569/nueva-zonificacion-islas-galapagos-prueba-ano (accessed May 30, 2019).
  • Etikan, I., S. A. Musa, and R. S. Alkassim. 2016. Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics 5 (1):1–4. doi:10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11.
  • Epler, B. 2007. Tourism, the economy, population growth and conservation in Galapagos. Puerto Ayora-Santa Cruz, Ecuador: Charles Darwin Research Station.
  • Flannery, W., G. Ellis, G. Ellis, W. Flannery, M. Nursey-Bray, J. P. M. van Tatenhove, C. Kelly, S. Coffen-Smout, R. Fairgrieve, M. Knol, et al. 2016. Exploring the winners and losers of marine environmental governance. Planning Theory & Practice 17 (1):121–51. doi:10.1080/14649357.2015.1131482.
  • Forbes Magazine. 2017. 10 Must-dive destinations for 2017. https://www.forbes.com/sites/breannawilson/2017/03/13/10-must-dive-destinations-for-2017/#70eb962c67af (accessed May 30, 2019).
  • Galapagos Conservancy. 2017. Illegal shark fishing boat crew prosecuted. https://galapagosconservation.org.uk/illegal-shark-fishing-galapagos-marine-reserve/LindbladExpeditions; https://www.expeditions.com/why-us/global-stewardship/Patagonia/Pristine-Seas/?NoRedirect=true (accessed May 30, 2019).
  • Galapagos National Park Service. 2014. Plan de Manejo de las Áreas Protegidas de Galápagos para el Buen Vivir [Management plan for the Galapagos protected areas for the good living]. Puerto Ayora-Santa Cruz, Ecuador: Galapagos National Park.
  • Gelcich, S., N. Godoy, and J. Castilla. 2009. Artisanal fishers’ perceptions regarding coastal co-management policies in Chile and their potentials to scale-up marine biodiversity conservation. Ocean & Coastal Management 52 (8):424–32. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2009.07.005.
  • Goñi, R., F. Badalamenti, and M. H. Tupper. 2011. Fisheries – Effects of marine protected areas on local fisheries: Evidence from empirical studies. In Marine protected areas: A multidisciplinary approach, ed. J. Claudet, 72–98. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gray, N. 2010. Sea change: Exploring the international effort to promote marine protected Areas. Conservation and Society 8 (4):331–8. doi:10.4103/0972-4923.78149.
  • Gray, N. J., N. J. Bennett, J. C. Day, R. L. Gruby, T. Wilhelm, and P. Christie. 2017. Human dimensions of large-scale marine protected areas: Advancing research and practice. Coastal Management 45 (6):407–11. doi:10.1080/08920753.2017.1373448.
  • Grenier, C. 2007. Conservación contra Natura. Las Islas Galápagos [Conservation in contrast to Natura. The Galapagos Islands]. Quito-Ecuador, Abya-Yala: Universidad Andina Simón Bolivar, IFEA, IRD, Coopération Francaise.
  • Gruby, R. L., N. J. Gray, L. M. Campbell, and L. Acton. 2016. Toward a social science research agenda for large marine protected areas. Conservation Letters 9 (3):153–63. doi:10.1111/conl.12194.
  • Hearn, A. 2008. The rocky path to sustainable fisheries management and conservation in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Ocean and Coastal Management 51:567–74. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2008.06.009.
  • Heylings, P., B. Bensted-Smith, and M. Altamirano. 2002. Zonificación e Historia de la Reserva Marina de Galápagos. In Reserva Marina de Galápagos. Línea Base de la Biodiversidad, eds. E. Danulat and G. J. Edgar, 10–23. Puerto Ayora-Santa Cruz, Ecuador: Fundación Charles Darwin and Servicio Parque Nacional Galápagos.
  • Hilborn, R., K. Stokes, J.-J. Maguire, T. Smith, L. W. Botsford, M. Mangel, J. Orensanz, A. Parma, J. Rice, J. Bell, et al. 2004. When can marine reserves improve fisheries management? Ocean & Coastal Management 47 (3–4):197–205. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.04.001.
  • Jones, P. J. S. 2001. Marine protected area strategies: Issues, divergences and the search for middle ground. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 11 (3):197–216. doi:10.1023/A:1020327007975.
  • Jones, P. J. S. 2006. Collective action problems posed by no-take zones. Marine Policy 30 (2):143–56. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2004.10.003.
  • Jones, P. J. S. 2008. Fishing industry and related perspectives on the issues raised by no-take marine protected area proposals. Marine Policy 32 (4):749–58. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2007.12.009.
  • Jones, P. J. S. 2009. Equity, justice, and power issues raised by no-take marine protected area proposals. Marine Policy 33 (5):759–65. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2009.02.009.
  • Jones, P. J. S. 2013. A governance analysis of the Galápagos Marine Reserve. Marine Policy 41:65–71. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2012.12.019.
  • Jones, P. J. S., L. M. Lieberknecht, and W. Qiu. 2016. Marine spatial planning in reality: Introduction to case studies and discussion of findings. Marine Policy 71:256–64. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.026.
  • Kamat, V. R. 2018. Dispossession and disenchantment: The micropolitics of marine conservation in southeastern Tanzania. Marine Policy 88:261–8. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.12.002.
  • Krippendorff, K. 2004. Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: SagePublications Inc.
  • Laurier, E. 2010. Participant observation. In Key methods in geography, eds. N. J. Clifford, S. French, and G. Valentine, 116–30. London: Sage Publications.
  • Leleu, K., F. Alban, D. Pelletier, E. Charbonnel, Y. Letourneur, and C. F. Boudouresque. 2012. Fishers, perceptions as indicators of the performance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Marine Policy 36 (2):414–22. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2011.06.002.
  • Llerena, E., T. Quisingo, and R. Maldonado. 2015. Analysis of agreements reached in the Participatory Management Board 2010-2015. In Galapagos report 2015-2016, eds. Galapagos National Park Directorate, Governing Council of Galapagos, Charles Darwin Foundation, and Galapagos Conservancy, 105–11. Puerto Ayora-Santa Cruz, Ecuador: GNPD, GCREG, CDF, and GC.
  • Mascia, M. B. 2004. Social dimensions of marine reserves. In Marine reserves: A guide to science, design, and use, eds. C. Dahlgren and J. Sobel, 164–86. Washington, DC: Island Press.
  • Mascia, M. B., and C. A. Claus. 2009. A property rights approach to understanding human displacement from protected areas: The case of marine protected areas. Conservation Biology 23 (1):16–23. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01050.x.
  • Mascia, M. B., C. A. Claus, and R. Naidoo. 2010. Impacts of marine protected areas on fishing communities. Conservation Biology 24 (5):1424–9. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01523.x.
  • Miles, M. B., A. M. Huberman, and J. Saldaña, eds. 2014. Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Moity, N. 2018. Evaluation of No-Take Zones in the Galapagos Marine Reserve, Zoning Plan 2000. Frontiers in Marine Science 5:244. doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00244.
  • McGuirk, P. M., and P. O’Neill. 2010. Using questionnaires in qualitative human geography. In Qualitative research methods in human geography, ed. I. Hay, 3rd ed., 192–216. Canada: Oxford University Press.
  • McNeill, A., J. Clifton, and E. S. Harvey. 2018. Attitudes to a marine protected area associated with perceived social impacts. Marine Policy 94:106–18. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.04.020.
  • Palacios, P., and A. Schuhbauer. 2012. Tourism as an economic alternative for Galapagos fishers: Opportunities and lessons learned. In Galapagos Report 2011-2012, eds. Galapagos National Park Directorate, Governing Council of Galapagos, Charles Darwin Foundation, and Galapagos Conservancy, 109–13. Puerto Ayora-Santa Cruz, Ecuador: GNPD, GCREG, CDF, and GC.
  • Pita, C., G. J. Pierce, and I. Theodossiou. 2010. Stakeholders’ participation in the fisheries management decision-making process: Fishers’ perceptions of participation. Marine Policy 34 (5):1093–102. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.03.009.
  • Pita, C., G. J. Pierce, L. Theodossiou, and K. Macpherson. 2011. An overview of commercial fishers’ attitudes towards marine protected areas. Hydrobiologia 670 (1):289–306. doi:10.1007/s10750-011-0665-9.
  • Pita, C., B. Horta e Costa, G. Franco, R. Coelho, I. Sousa, E. J. Goncalves, J. M. S. Goncalves, and K. Erzini. 2020. Fisher’s perceptions about a marine protected area over time. Aquaculture and Fisheries. doi:10.1007/s10750-011-0665-9.
  • Pollnac, R. B., P. Christie, J. E. Cinner, T. Dalton, T. M. Daw, G. E. Forrester, A. J. Graham, and T. R. McClanahan. 2010. Marine reserves as linked social-ecological systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (43):18262–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908266107.
  • Richmond, L., and D. Kotowicz. 2015. Equity and access in marine protected areas: The history and future of ‘traditional indigenous fishing’ in the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument. Applied Geography 59:117–24. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.11.007.
  • Russ, G., A. C. Alcala, A. P. Maypa, H. P. Calumpong, and A. T. White. 2004. Marine reserve benefits local fisheries. Ecological Applications 14 (2):597–606. doi:10.1890/03-5076.
  • Sala, E., J. Lubchenco, K. Grorud-Colvert, C. Novelli, R. Callum, and U. R. Sumaila. 2018. Assessing real progress towards effective ocean protection. Marine Policy 91:11–3. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.02.004.
  • Salas, S., and D. Gaertner. 2004. The behavioral dynamics of fishers: Management implications. Fish and Fisheries 5 (2):153–67. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2004.00146.x.
  • Saldaña, J., ed. 2013. The coding manual for qualitative researchers. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
  • Suuronen, P., P. Jounela, and V. Tschernij. 2010. Fishermen responses on marine protected areas in the Baltic cod fishery. Marine Policy 34 (2):237–43. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2009.07.001.
  • Schep, S., M. Ruesen, and V. Luján-Gallegos. 2014. Does tourism growth on the Galapagos Islands contribute to sustainable economic development? An ecosystem valuation from a tourist-perspective and a cost-benefit analysis of tourism growth scenarios. IVM Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Amsterdam, and Wolfs Company.
  • Shenton, A. K. 2004. Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information 22 (2):63–75. doi:10.3233/EFI-2004-22201.
  • Smith, C. P. 2000. Content analysis and narrative analysis. In Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology, eds. H. T. Reis and C. M. Judd, 313–35. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Smith, M. D., J. Lynham, J. N. Sanchirico, and A. J. Wilson. 2010. Political economy of marine reserves: Understanding the role of opportunity costs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (43):18300–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907365107.
  • Stump, N., and L. Kriwoken. 2006. Tasmanian marine protected areas: Attitudes and perceptions of wild capture fishers. Ocean & Coastal Management 49 (5–6):298–307. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.03.007.
  • The National Geographic. 2015. Pristine seas project – expeditions: Galapagos Islands. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/expeditions/galapagos-islands/ (accessed February 19, 2019).
  • Voyer, M., W. Gladstone, and H. Goodall. 2014. Understanding marine park opposition: The relationship between social impacts, environmental knowledge and motivation to fish. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 24 (4):441–62. doi:10.1002/aqc.2363.
  • Voyer, M., W. Gladstone, and H. Goodall. 2015. Obtaining a social licence for MPAs – Influences on social acceptability. Marine Policy 51:260–6. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2014.09.004.
  • Ward, B. M., E. D. Doney, K. Vodden, and A. J. Bath. 2018. The importance of beliefs in predicting support for a South Coast National Marine Conservation Area in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Ocean & Coastal Management 162:6–12. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.12.021.
  • Willis, T. J., R. B. Millar, R. C. Babcock, and N. Tolimieri. 2003. Burdens of evidence and the benefits of marine reserves: Putting Descartes before des horse? Environmental Conservation 30 (2):97–103. doi:10.1017/S0376892903000092.
  • Zapata, C. 2005. Entre el conflicto y la colaboración - El manejo participativo en la Reserva Marina de Galápagos: Sistematización, evaluación y factores de éxito del modelo participativo [Between conflict and collaboration - Participatory management in the Galapagos Marine Reserve: Systematization, evaluation, and factors of success of the participatory model]. Puerto Ayora-Santa Cruz, Ecuador: FUNDAR.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.