Sustainable Groundwater Management in California: A Grand Experiment in Environmental Governance

References

• Alley, W. M., L. Beutler, M. E. Campana, S. B. Megdal, and J. C. Tracy. 2016. Groundwater visibility: The missing link. Ground Water 54 (6):758–61. doi:10.1111/gwat.12466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell, C., and A. Gash. 2007. Collaborative governance in theory and practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18 (4):543–71. doi:10.1093/jopart/mum032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage, D. 2007. Governance and the commons in a multi-level world. International Journal of the Commons 2 (1):7–32. doi:10.18352/ijc.28.
   Google Scholar
• Axelrod, R. 1984. The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ayres, A. B., E. C. Edwards, and G. D. Libecap. 2018. How transaction costs obstruct collective action: The case of California’s groundwater. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 91:46–65. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2018.07.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird, J., R. Plummer, L. Schultz, D. Armitage, and Ö. Bodin. 2019. How does socio-institutional diversity affect collaborative governance of social-ecological systems in practice? Environmental Management 63 (2):200–14. doi:10.1007/s00267-018-1123-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balazs, C. L., and M. Lubell. 2014. Social learning in an environmental justice context: A case study of integrated regional water management. Water Policy 16 (S2):97–120. doi:10.2166/wp.2014.101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balazs, C. L., R. Morello-Frosch, A. E. Hubbard, and I. Ray. 2012. Environmental justice implications of arsenic contamination in California’s San Joaquin Valley: A cross-sectional, cluster-design examining exposure and compliance in community drinking water systems. Environmental Health 11 (1):84. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-11-84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balazs, C., R. Morello-Frosch, A. Hubbard, and I. Ray. 2011. Social disparities in nitrate-contaminated drinking water in California’s San Joaquin Valley. Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (9):1272–8. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balliet, D. 2010. Communication and cooperation in social dilemmas: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Conflict Resolution 54 (1):39–57. doi:10.1177/0022002709352443.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balliet, D., L. B. Mulder, and P. A. Van Lange. 2011. Reward, punishment, and cooperation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 137 (4):594–615. doi:10.1037/a0023489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balliet, D., C. Parks, and J. Joireman. 2009. Social value orientation and cooperation in social dilemmas: A meta-analysis. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 12 (4):533–47. doi:10.1177/1368430209105040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barron, D. J., and G. E. Frug. 2005. Defensive localism: View of the field from the field. Journal of Law & Politics 21 (3):261–92.
   Google Scholar
• Bernacchi, L. A., A. S. Fernandez-Bou, J. H. Viers, J. Valero-Fandino, and J. Medellín-Azuara. 2020. A glass half empty: Limited voices, limited groundwater security for California. The Science of the Total Environment 738:139529. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler, L. 2013. Personal accounts based on interviews with group members prior to development of the California Water Plan Update Process Guide, Vol. 4, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Blomquist, W. A., E. Schlager, and T. Heikkila. 2004. Common waters, diverging streams: Linking institutions to water management in Arizona, California, and Colorado. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
   Google Scholar
• Bostic, D., K. Dobbin, R. Pauloo, J. Mendoza, M. Kuo, and J. London. 2020. Sustainable for whom? The impact of groundwater sustainability plans on domestic wells. UC Davis Center for Regional Change. https://regionalchange.ucdavis.edu/publication/sustainable-whom-impact-groundwater-sustainability-plans-domestic-wells
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A., R. Langridge, and K. Rudestam. 2016. Coming to the table: Collaborative governance and groundwater decision-making in coastal. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 59 (12):2163–78. doi:10.1080/09640568.2015.1130690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brummel, R. F., K. C. Nelson, and P. J. Jakes. 2012. Burning through organizational boundaries? Examining inter-organizational communication networks in policy-mandated collaborative bushfire planning groups. Global Environmental Change 22 (2):516–28. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.12.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryner, G., and E. Purcell. 2003. Groundwater law sourcebook of the western United States. Natural Resources Law Center, University of Colorado at Boulder 6:2, 14–20.
   Google Scholar
• Caruson, K., and S. A. MacManus. 2006. Mandates and management challenges in the trenches: An intergovernmental perspective on homeland security. Public Administration Review 66 (4):522–36. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00613.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, A. S. 2006. Build it and they will come? Mandating collaboration in public lands planning and management. Natural Resources Journal 46 (4):841–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christian-Smith, J., and K. Abhold. 2016. Measuring what matters: Setting measurable objectives to achieve sustainable groundwater management in California. Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists
   Google Scholar
• Clark, B. Y., and A. B. Whitford. 2011. Does more federal environmental funding increase or decrease states’ efforts? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 30 (1):136–52. doi:10.1002/pam.20547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coglianese, C. 1997. Assessing consensus: The promise and performance of negotiated rulemaking. Duke: Duke University Law Journal.
   Google Scholar
• Conrad, E., T. Moran, M. DuPraw, D. Ceppos, J. Martinez, and W. Blomquist. 2018. Diverse stakeholders create collaborative, multilevel basin governance for groundwater sustainability. California Agriculture 72 (1):44–53. doi:10.3733/ca.2018a0002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crewson, P. E. 1997. Public-service motivation: Building empirical evidence of incidence and effect. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 7 (4):499–518. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024363.
   Google Scholar
• Dawes, R. M., and D. M. Messick. 2000. Social dilemmas. International Journal of Psychology 35 (2):111–6. doi:10.1080/002075900399402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeCaro, D. A., B. C. Chaffin, E. Schlager, A. S. Garmestani, and J. B. Ruhl. 2017. Legal and institutional foundations of adaptive environmental governance. Ecology and Society: A Journal of Integrative Science for Resilience and Sustainability 22 (1):1–32. doi:10.5751/ES-09036-220132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, E. M., W. Blomquist, A. Milman, and T. Moran. 2020. Path dependence, evolution of a mandate and the road to statewide sustainable groundwater management. Society & Natural Resources (2020): 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Water Resources (DWR). 2003. California’s Groundwater Bulletin 118 Update 2003. https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/Bulletin-118
   Google Scholar
• Department of Water Resources (DWR). 2015. California’s Groundwater Update 2013. https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/Groundwater-Management/Data-and-Tools/Files/Statewide-Reports/California-Groundwater-Update-2013/California-Groundwater-Update-2013—Statewide.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Department of Water Resources (DWR). 2019a. California Water Plan Update 2018. https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/California-Water-Plan/Docs/Update2018/Final/California-Water-Plan-Update-2018.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Department of Water Resources (DWR). 2019b. Sustainable Groundwater Management Act 2019 Basin Prioritization. https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/Basin-Prioritization
   Google Scholar
• Dobbin, K. B., and M. Lubell. 2019. Collaborative governance and environmental justice: Disadvantaged community representation in California sustainable groundwater management. Policy Studies Journal doi:10.1111/psj.12375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbin, K., D. Bostic, M. Kuo, and J. Mendoza. 2020. SGMA and the human right to water: To What extent do submitted groundwater sustainability plans address drinking water uses and issues? UC Davis Center for Environmental Policy and Behavior. https://environmentalpolicy.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk6866/files/files/person/Final%20Report%20-%20English.pdf
   Google Scholar
• DuPraw, M. E., S. D. Vittorio, D. Ceppos, M. D. Wylie, M. Kopell, S. Lucero, T. Carlone, M. Meyer, and S. Horii. 2017. Groundwater sustainability plans. The Water Report. Issue 162:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• EKI: Environment and Water. 2020. Estimated numbers of Californians Reliant on domestic wells impacted as a result of the sustainability criteria defined in selected San Joaquin Valley groundwater sustainability plans and associated costs to mitigate those impacts. White paper prepared for the California Water Foundation. https://waterfdn.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Domestic-Well-Impacts_White-Paper_2020-04-09.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Emerson, K., T. Nabatchi, and S. Balogh. 2012. An integrative framework for collaborative governance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 22 (1):1–29. doi:10.1093/jopart/mur011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson, K., P. J. Orr, D. L. Keyes, and K. M. McKnight. 2009. Environmental conflict resolution: Evaluating performance outcomes and contributing factors. Conflict Resolution Quarterly 27 (1):27–64. doi:10.1002/crq.247.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein, G., J. Pittman, S. M. Alexander, S. Berdej, T. Dyck, U. Kreitmair, K. J. Rathwell, S. Villamayor-Tomas, J. Vogt, and D. Armitage. 2015. Institutional fit and the sustainability of social–ecological systems. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 14 (0):34–40. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2015.03.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahey, B. K., and S. B. Pralle. 2016. Governing complexity: Recent developments in environmental politics and policy. Policy Studies Journal 44 (S1):S28–S49. doi:10.1111/psj.12159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Famiglietti, J. S. 2014. The global groundwater crisis. Nature Climate Change 4 (11):945–8. doi:10.1038/nclimate2425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feiock, R., and J. B. Carr. 2001. Incentives, entrepreneurs, and boundary change: A collective action framework. Urban Affairs Review 36 (3):382–405. doi:10.1177/10780870122184902.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero, A. M., Ö. Bodin, R. R. J. McAllister, and K. A. Wilson. 2015. Achieving social-ecological fit through bottom-up collaborative governance: An empirical investigation. Ecology and Society 20 (4):41. doi:10.5751/ES-08035-200441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunningham, N. 2009. The new collaborative environmental governance: The localization of regulation. Journal of Law and Society 36 (1):145–66. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6478.2009.00461.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, M. 2018. Understanding what shapes varying perceptions of the procedural fairness of transboundary environmental decision-making processes. Ecology and Society 23 (4):48. doi:10.5751/ES-10625-230448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, W., R. Courtney,, and, M. T. Niles. 2020. What is fair in groundwater allocation? Distributive and procedural fairness perceptions of California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act.” Society & Natural Resources (2020): 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardin, R. 1982. Collective action. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
   Google Scholar
• Heikkila, T., and A. K. Gerlak. 2013. Building a conceptual approach to collective learning: Lessons for public policy scholars. Policy Studies Journal 41 (3):484–512. doi:10.1111/psj.12026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui, I., N. Ulibarri, and B. Cain. 2020. Patterns of participation and representation in a regional water collaboration. Policy Studies Journal 48 (3):754–81. doi:10.1111/psj.12266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imperial, M. T., S. Ospina, E. Johnston, R. O'Leary, J. Thomsen, P. Williams, and S. Johnson. 2016. Understanding leadership in a world of shared problems: Advancing network governance in large landscape conservation. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 14 (3):126–34. doi:10.1002/fee.1248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiparsky, M., A. Milman, D. Owen, and A. T. Fisher. 2017. The importance of institutional design for distributed local-level governance of groundwater. Water 9 (10):755. doi:10.3390/w9100755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollock, P. 1998. Social dilemmas: The anatomy of cooperation. Annual Review of Sociology 24 (1):183–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komorita, S. S. 2019. Social dilemmas. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Koontz, T. M., and J. Newig. 2014. From planning to implementation: Top-down and bottom-up approaches for collaborative watershed management. Policy Studies Journal 42 (3):416–42. doi:10.1111/psj.12067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lance, K. T., Y. Georgiadou, and A. K. Bregt. 2009. Cross-agency coordination in the shadow of hierarchy: ‘Joining up’ government geospatial information systems. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 23 (2):249–69. doi:10.1080/13658810801909615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langridge, R. , and N. D. Van Schmidt. 2020. Groundwater and drought resilience in the SGMA Era. Society & Natural Resources (2020): 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Leahy, T. C. 2016. Desperate times call for sensible measures: The making of the California Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal 9:5.
   Google Scholar
• Littlefield, D. R. 1983. Water rights during the California gold rush: Conflicts over economic points of view. The Western Historical Quarterly 14 (4):415–34. Volume Issue October Pages. doi:10.2307/968199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubell, M. 2015. Collaborative partnerships in complex institutional systems. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 12:41–7. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2014.08.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubell, M., and L. Lippert. 2011. Integrated regional water management: A study of collaboration or water politics-as-usual in California, USA. International Review of Administrative Sciences 77 (1):76–100. doi:10.1177/0020852310388367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund, J., J. Medellin-Azuara, J. Durand, and K. Stone. 2018. Lessons from California’s 2012–2016 drought. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 144 (10):04018067. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, G. R. 2013. Transaction costs, collective action and adaptation in managing complex social-ecological systems. Ecological Economics 88:185–94. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.12.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Méndez-Barrientos, L., D. Bostic, and M. Lubell. 2019. Implementing SGMA: Results from a stakeholder survey. https://environmentalpolicy.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk6866/files/inline-files/SGMA%20Survey%20report_CEPB.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Milman, A., and M. Kiparsky. 2020. Concurrent governance processes of California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Society & Natural Resources (2020): 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Milman, A., L. Galindo, W. Blomquist, and E. Conrad. 2018. Establishment of agencies for local groundwater governance under California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Water Alternatives 11 (3):458–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miro, M. E., and J. S. Famiglietti. 2019. A framework for quantifying sustainable yield and California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Sustainable Water Resources Management 5 (3):1165–77. doi:10.1007/s40899-018-0283-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Méndez-Barrientos, L. E., A. DeVincentis, J. Rudnick, R. Dahlquist-Willard, B. Lowry, and, K. Gould. 2020. Farmer participation and institutional capture in common-pool resource governance reforms. The case of groundwater management in California. Society & Natural Resources (2020): 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Moe, T. 2005. Power and political institutions. Perspectives on Politics 3 (02):217–33. doi:10.1017/S1537592705050176.
   Google Scholar
• Moran, T., and A. Belin. 2019. A guide to water quality requirements under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Stanford Water in the West. https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:dw122nb4780/A%20Guide%20to%20Water%20Quality%20Requirements%20under%20SGMA.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, T. H., W. N. Adger, K. Brown, M. C. Lemos, D. Huitema, J. Phelps, L. Evans, P. Cohen, A. M. Song, R. Turner, et al. 2019. The black box of power in polycentric environmental governance. Global Environmental Change 57:101934. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101934.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mountjoy, D. C. 1996. Ethnic diversity and the patterned adoption of soil conservation in the strawberry hills of Monterey, California. Society & Natural Resources 9 (4):339–57. doi:10.1080/08941929609380979.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak, M. A. 2006. Five rules for the evolution of cooperation. Science 314 (5805):1560–3. doi:10.1126/science.1133755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Leary, R., and L. B. Bingham. 2003. The promise and performance of environmental conflict resolution. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
   Google Scholar
• Olson, M. 1965. The logic of collective action. Boston: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Olvera-Garcia, J., and S. Neil. 2020. Examining how collaborative governance facilitates the implementation of natural resource planning policies: A water planning policy case from the great barrier reef. Environmental Policy and Governance 30 (3):115–27. doi:10.1002/eet.1875.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the commons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E. 2005. Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E. 2007. A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (39):15181–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702288104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E. 2009. A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science 325 (5939):419–22. doi:10.1126/science.1172133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pannu, C. 2012. Drinking water and exclusion: A case study from California’s Central Valley. California Law Review 100 (1):223–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauloo, R., H. Dahlke, G. Fogg, H. Guillon, A. Fencl, and A. Escriva-Bou. 2019. Domestic well vulnerability to drought duration and unsustainable groundwater management in California's Central Valley, v2, UC Davis, Dataset, doi:10.25338/B8Q31D.
   Google Scholar
• Peck, J. C. 2012. The evolving nature of water rights as property rights in the United States. University of Kansas School of Law, paper reprinted by Canadian Bar Association (http://www.cba.org/cba/cle/PDF/ENV11_Peck_Paper.pdf, referenced August 31, 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Perry, J. L. 1997. Antecedents of public service motivation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 7 (2):181–97. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024345.
   Google Scholar
• Provan, K. G., and P. Kenis. 2007. Modes of network governance: Structure, management, and effectiveness. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18 (2):229–52. doi:10.1093/jopart/mum015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdy, J. M. 2012. A framework for assessing power in Collaborative governance processes. Public Administration Review 72 (3):409–17. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02525.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarker, A. 2013. The role of state-reinforced self-governance in averting a tragedy of the irrigation commons in Japan. Public Administration 91 (3):727–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer, J. G. 2016. Mandates to coordinate: The case of the Southern Nevada Public Lands Management Act. Public Performance & Management Review 40 (1):23–47. doi:10.1080/15309576.2016.1177555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlager, E., W. Blomquist, and S. Y. Tang. 1994. Mobile flows, storage, and self-organized institutions for governing common-pool resources. Land Economics 70 (3):294–317. doi:10.2307/3146531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, M., P. Teske, and M. Mintrom. 1995. Public entrepreneurs: Agents for change in American government. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, P. D., and M. H. McDonough. 2001. Beyond public transporation: Fairness in natural resource decision making. Society and Natural Resources 14 (3):239–49. doi:10.1080/089419201750111056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowerwine, J., C. Getz, and N. Peluso. 2015. The myth of the protected worker: Southeast Asian micro-farmers in California agriculture. Agriculture and Human Values 32 (4):579–95. doi:10.1007/s10460-014-9578-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB). 2017. Frequently asked questions on groundwater sustainability agencies. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues//programs/gmp/docs/eligbility/gsa_faq.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Stork, N., and C. Altare. 2020. State water resources control board: Update on SGMA implementation. https://mavensnotebook.com/2020/06/10/state-water-board-update-on-sgma-implementation-2/
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, B. F. 2019. Sustainability indices to evaluate groundwater adaptive management: A case study in California for the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Hydrogeology Journal 27 (1):239–48. doi:10.1007/s10040-018-1863-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, T. R., and S. L. Blader. 2000. Cooperation in groups: Procedural justice, social identity, and behavioral engagement. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weil, S. C. 1911. Water rights in the Western States. 3rd ed., 85–117. San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney Company.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, R. K. 1995. “Say it ain’t so, Uncle Joe,” leadership, cooperation and collective dilemmas. Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, April 6.
   Google Scholar
• WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme). 2015. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2015: Water for a Sustainable World. Paris, UNESCO.
   Google Scholar