References
- Ansell, C., and A. Gash. 2007. Collaborative governance in theory and practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18 (4):543–71. doi: 10.1093/jopart/mum032.
- Baker, M. 2022. Prescribed burns are encouraged. Why was a federal employee arrested for one? The New York Times, October 28. Accessed September 30, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/28/us/oregon-prescribed-burn-boss-arrested.html.
- Barros, A., K. Bevis, A. Blazina, S. Celt, D. Churchill, K. Davis, K. Fiefel, D. Gosztyla, C. Hersey, and D. Johnston. 2020. 2020 Forest Action Plan. Olympia, Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. Accessed September 25, 2021. https://WADNR.wa.gov/publications/rp_2020_forest_action_plan.pdf.
- Berton, H. 2020. ‘When the sparks just flew’: How power lines ignited dozens of Washington State fires during fierce Labor Day Winds. The Seattle Times, November 15. Accessed October 21, 2021. https://www.seattlestimes.com/seattle-news/environment/when-the-sparks-just-flew-how-power-lines-ignited-dozens-of-washington-state-fires-during-fierce-labor-day-winds/.
- Boyd, R. 1999. Indians, fire, and the land in the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.
- Brunner, J., and H. Bernton. 2015. Fighting fire with fire: State policy hampers use of controlled burns. The Seattle Times. Accessed October 8, 2021. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/fighting-fire-with-fire-state-policy-hampers-use-of-controlled-burns/#:∼:text=Fighting%20fire%20with%20fire%3A%20State%20policy%20hampers%20use%20of%20controlled%20burns,-Originally%20published%20Octoberandtext=The%20U.S.%20Forest%20Service%20wants,to%20step%20up%20the%20burns.
- Brummel, R. F. 2010. Burning through boundaries: Collaborative governance and wildland fire planning in the United States and New South Wales, Australia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
- Chasan, D. J. 2016. Next lands commissioner will rule one-fourth of Washington. Crosscut, November 1. Accessed September 30, 2021. https://crosscut.com/2016/11/washington-lands-commissioner-election-2016.
- Dana, S. T., and S. K. Fairfax. 1980. Forest and range policy: Its development in the United States. Montréal, QC: McGraw-Hill.
- Emerson, K., and T. Nabatchi. 2015. Evaluating the productivity of collaborative governance regimes: A performance review. Public Performance & Management Review 38 (4):717–47. doi: 10.1080/15309576.2015.1031016.
- Farley, G. 2021. KING 5’s Glenn Farley gives update on wildfires in Washington state. King 5 News. September 9. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://www.king5.com/article/entertainment/television/programs/new-day-northwest/king-5-glenn-farley-wildfires-washington-state-scorched-earth-climate-change/281-39fde688-6f9c-4118-a27d-07a32a5db521.
- Fredrickson, H. G., K. B. Smith, C. W. Larimer, and M. J. Licari. 2015. The Public Administration Theory Primer. Milton Park, UK: Routledge.
- Goldmark, P. 2016. Deadly wildfires demand more state funding. The Seattle Times. Accessed September 30, 2021. https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/deadly-wildfires-demand-more-state-funding/.
- Halofsky, J. E., D. L. Peterson, and B. J. Harvey. 2020. Changing wildfire, changing forests: The effects of climate change on fire regimes and vegetation in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Fire Ecology 16 (1). doi: 10.1186/s42408-019-0062-8.
- Halofsky, J. E., D. L. Peterson, and H. R. Prendeville. 2018. Accessing vulnerabilities and adapting to climate change in northwestern US forests. Climatic Change 146 (1-2):89–102. doi: 10.1007/s10584-017-1972-6.
- Haugo, R. D., B. S. Kellogg, C. A. Cansler, C. A. Kolden, K. B. Kemp, J. C. Robertson, K. L. Metlen, N. M. Vaillant, and C. M. Restaino. 2009. The missing fire: Quantifying human exclusion of wildfire in Pacific Northwest forests, USA. Ecosphere 10 (4), 1–16. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.2702.
- Haupt, I. 2021. Q and A: Commissioner of public lands Hilary Franz on Washington’s wildfires, new HB 1168, and more. The Northern Light. Accessed September 23, 202. https://www.thenorthernlight.com/stories/qa-commissioner-of-public-lands-hilary-franz-on-washingtons-wildfires-new-hb-1168-and-more,17729.
- HB 1168 – 2021-22 Legislative Session. 2021. Public Hearing: HB 1168 – Concerning long-term forest health and the reduction of wildfire dangers (22 January). House Rural Development, Agriculture & Natural Resources Committee, Washington State Legislature. Accessed September 24, 2021. https://tvw.org/video/house-rural-development-agriculture-natural-resources-committee-2021011325/?eventID=2021011325.
- Hessburg, P. F., and J. K. Agee. 2003. An environmental narrative of inland Northwest United States forests, 1800–2000. Forest Ecology and Management 178 (1-2):23–59. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00052-5.
- Hessburg, P. F., J. K. Agee, and J. F. Franklin. 2005. Dry forests and wildland fires of the inland Northwest USA: Contrasting the landscape ecology of the pre-settlement and modern eras. Forest Ecology and Management 211 (1-2):117–39. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.016.
- Jones, M. D., and M. K. McBeth. 2010. A narrative policy framework: Clear enough to be wrong? Policy Studies Journal 38 (2):329–53. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00364.x.
- Kiley, B. 2014. Washington State’s slippery rules on logging. The Stranger. Accessed September 30, 2021. https://www.thestranger.com/seattle/washington-states-slippery-rules-on-logging/Content?oid=19182073.
- KHQ. 2014. Homeowners blame WA DNR for allowing the Carlton Complex fire to get out of control. KHQ, Cowles Company, Spokane, WA. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://www.khq.com/news/homeowners-blame-WADNR-for-allowing-the-carlton-complex-fire-to-get-out-of-control/article_de632bbc-9267-5bb0-b78b-98dfcbae8188.html.
- Koontz, T. M. 2007. Federal and state public forest administration in the new millennium: Revisiting Herbert Kaufman’s The Forest Ranger. Public Administration Review 67 (1):152–64. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00704.x.
- Kramer, B. 2016. Crowed lands commissioner field wants to on wildfire preparedness. The Spokesman Review. Accessed August 30, 2022. https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2016/jul/05/crowded-field-wants-to-take-on-washingtons-wildfir/.
- Le, P. 2016. Two vying to become Washington’s next public lands chief. Peninsula Daily News. October 11. Accessed September 30, 2021. https://www.peninsuladailynews.com/politics/two-vying-to-become-washingtons-next-public-lands-chief/.
- Lindloff, T. R., and B. C. Taylor. 2011. Qualitative communication research methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Marlier, M. E., M. Xiao, R. Engel, B. Livneh, J. T. Abatzoglou, and D. P. Lettenmaier. 2017. The 2015 drought in Washington State: A harbinger of things to come? Environmental Research Letters 12 (11):114008. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa8fde.
- Merschel, A. G., P. A. Beedlow, D. C. Shaw, D. R. Woodruff, E. H. Lee, P. C. Steven, R. L. Comeleo, R. K. Hagmann, and M. J. Reilly. 2021. An ecological perspective on living with fire in ponderosa pine forests of Oregon and Washington: Resistance, gone but not forgotten. Trees, Forests and People 4:100074. doi: 10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100074.
- Miller, B. A., L. Yung, C. Wyborn, M. Essen, B. Gray, and D. R. Williams. 2022. Re-envisioning wildland fire governance: Addressing the transboundary, uncertain, and contested aspects of wildfire. Fire 5 (2):49. doi: 10.3390/fire5020049.
- Millar, C. I., and N. L. Stephenson. 2015. Temperate forest health in the era of emerging mega disturbance. Science 349 (6250):823–6. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9933.
- Monsanto, P. G., and J. K. Agee. 2008. Long-term post-wildfire dynamics of coarse woody debris after salvage logging and implications for soil heating in dry forests of the eastern Cascades, Washington. Forest Ecology and Management 255 (12):3952–61. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.03.048.
- Petersen, J. 2016. Peter Goldmark: Washington’s forest east of the Cascades…not a pretty picture. Evergreen. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://www.evergreenmagazine.com/peter-goldmark-washingtons-forests-east-of-the-cascades-not-a-pretty-picture/.
- Pingree, M. R., and T. H. DeLuca. 2018. The influence of fire history on soil nutrients and vegetation cover in mixed-severity fire regime forests of the eastern Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 422 (2018):95–107. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.03.037.
- Podschwit, H., C. Miller, and E. Alvarado. 2021. Spatiotemporal prescribed fire patterns in Washington State, USA. Fire 4 (2):19. doi: 10.3390/fire4020019.
- Pyne, S. J. 2015. Between two fires: A fire history of contemporary America. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press.
- Rabotyagov, S., L. Roger, B. Danley, J. Comnick, A. Cooke, A. Solemsile, P. K. Roy Chowdhury, and D. Diaz. 2021. Washington’s Small Forest Landowners in 2020. Seattle, WA: School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Colleges of the Environment, University. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://apps.leg.wa.gov/ReportsToTheLegislature/Home/GetPDF?fileName=Small-Forestland-Owners-ESSB-5330-Report-2021011_8378259f-f9fb-47f4-8727-58819fc10027.pdf.
- Roengtam, S., and A. Agustiyara. 2022. Collaborative governance for forest land use policy implementation and development. Cogent Social Sciences 8 (1):1. doi: 10.1080/23311886.2022.2073670.
- Ryan, K. C., E. E. Knapp, and J. M. Varner. 2013. Prescribed fire in North American forests and woodlands: History, current practices, and challenges. Frontiers and Ecology and the Environment 11 (1), e15–e24.
- Shanahan, E. A., M. D. Jones, and M. K. McBeth. 2011. Policy narratives and policy processes. Policy Studies Journal 39 (3):535–61. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0072.2011.00420.x.
- Shanahan, E. A., M. D. Jones, and M. K. McBeth. 2018a. How to conduct a narrative policy study. Social Science Journal 55 (3):332–345.
- Shanahan, E. A., M. D. Jones, M. K. McBeth, and C. M. Radelli. 2018b. The narrative policy framework. In Theories of the policy process, ed. C. M. Weible and P. A. Sabatier, 225–266. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Skowronek, S. 1993. The politics that presidents make. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Smith, K. B., and C. W. Larimer. 2017. The public policy theory primer. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Smith, R. 2020. Hilary Franz does Epic Shit. The Stranger. Accessed October 1, 2022. https://www.thestranger.com/features/2020/02/26/42971323/hilary-franz-does-epic-shit.
- Smith, R. C., and J. K. Gilless. 2011. Institutional obstacles to success in implementing a statewide community-based fire planning mandate. California Journal of Politics and Policy 3 (1):1–9. doi: 10.5070/P23G62.
- Souder, J. A., and S. K. Fairfax. 1996. State trusts lands history, management and sustainable use. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press.
- Stamper, M. 2015a. Kudos, criticism and questions. In Trail by fire: The Methow Valley’s summer of disaster, ed. D. Nelson, 9–18. Twisp, WA: The Methow Valley News.
- Stamper, M. 2015b. State denies claims for $9 million + of losses in Carlton Complex. The Methow Valley News. Accessed July 13, 2023. http://methowvalleynews.com/2015/01/07/state-denies-claims-for-9-million%E2%80%89-of-losses-in-carlton-complex.
- Storm, L., and D. Shebitz. 2006. Evaluating the purpose, extent, and ecological restoration applications of Indigenous burning practices in Southwestern Washington. Ecological Restoration 24 (4):256–68. doi: 10.3368/er.24.4.256.
- The Spokesman-Review. 2015. WALeg day 18: DNR response to Central WA fires blasted. The Spokesman-Review. Accessed July 12, 2023. https://www.spokesman.com/blogs/spincontrol/2015/jan/29/waleg-day-18-dnr-response-central-wa-fires-blasted/.
- Thompson, L. 2021. Bill would bolster local resources to fight Washington wildfires. The Yakima Herald. Accessed September 1, 2021. https://www.yakimaherald.com/news/local/bill-would-bolster-local-resources-to-fight-washington-wildfires/article_1e18cc58-e392-5d7d-8d89-1b4c8b4720b6.html.
- Torgerson, L., G. Geissler, G. Day, E. Wisch, C. Turley, J. Halofsky, D. Churchill, D. Siemann, C. Hersey, and J. Sackett. 2019. Washington State wildland fire protection 10 year-strategic plan: Solutions for a prepared, safe, resilient Washington. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. Accessed September 25, 2021. http://www.WADNR.wa.gov/publications/rp_wildfire_strategic_plan.pdf.
- Ulibarri, N., K. Emerson, M. T. Imperial, N. W. Jager, J. Newig, and E. Weber. 2020. How does collaborative governance evolve? Insights from a medium-n case comparison. Policy and Society 39 (4):617–37. doi: 10.1080/14494035.2020.1769288.
- United States Forest Service. n.d. Prescribed fire and smoke management. Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. Accessed September 1, 2021. https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/okawen/landmanagement/resourcemanagement/?cid=fsbdev3_053643.
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources. n.d. Good Neighbor Authority. Department of Natural Resources. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://www.WADNR.wa.gov/GNA.
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 1998. Smoke management plan. Olympia, WA: Department of Natural Resources.
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 2010. Strategic plan 2010-2014 the Goldmark agenda. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. Accessed September 30, 2021. https://www.WADNR.wa.gov/publications/em_strategic_plan_2010_goldmark_agenda.pdf.
- Washington State Department of Natural Renounces. 2014a. 2014 annual report. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. Accessed October 8, 2022. https://issuu.com/waWADNR/docs/em_annualreport14.
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 2014b. Strategic plan 2014-2017 update to the Goldmark agenda. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. Accessed September 22, 2021. https://www.WADNR.wa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/em_strategic_plan_2014_2017.pdf.
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 2015. 2015 annual report. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. Accessed October 8, 2022. https://issuu.com/waWADNR/docs/em_annualreport15.
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 2016. 2016 annual report. Accessed October 8, 2022. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. https://issuu.com/waWADNR/docs/em_annualreport16.
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 2017a. Forest Action Plan 2017. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. Accessed September 22, 2022. https://www.stateforesters.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/FINAL-Washington-State-Forest-Action-Plan-2017.pdf.
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 2017b. WA DNR, Forest Service sign Good Neighbor agreement. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. Accessed September 22, 2022. https://www.WADNR.wa.gov/WADNR-usfs-sign-histoic-agreeement.
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 2019. Washington state wildland fire protection 10-year strategic plan. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. Accessed October 2, 2022. https://www.WADNR.wa.gov/publications/rp_wildfire_strategic_plan.pdf.
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 2020. Wildfire season 2020 wildfire division season summary. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. Accessed September 30, 2022. https://www.WADNR.wa.gov/publications/rp_fire_annual_report_2020.pdf.
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 2021a. Commissioner Hilary Franz unveils sweeping wildfire and forest health funding proposal. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. Accessed September 30, 2022. https://www.WADNR.wa.gov/news/commissioner-hilary-franz-unveils-sweeping-wildfire-and-forest-health-funding-proposal.
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 2021b. WA DNR awards largest batch of ‘building forest partnership’ grants in program history. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. Accessed September 30, 2022. https://www.WADNR.wa.gov/news/WADNR-awards-largest-batch-%E2%80%98building-forest-partnership%E2%80%99-grants-program-history.
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 2021c. Forest and trust lands. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. Accessed September 30, 2022. https://www.WADNR.wa.gov/managed-lands/forest-and-trust-lands.
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources. 2022. Report on Long-Term Forest Health & Reduction of Wildfire Danger (HB 1168). Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA. Accessed July 8, 2023. https://foresthealthtracker.WADNR.wa.gov/FileResource/DisplayResource/97571fd7-485b-45d8-af9f-e3750c0ba964.
- Washington State Legislature, House. 2021. Concerning long-term forest health and the reduction of wildfire dangers, 2SHB 1168. 67th Legislature, 1st session, introduced in House January 13, 2021. Accessed September 30, 2022. https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2021-22/Pdf/Bills/Session%20Laws/House/1168-S2.SL.pdf?q=20211022105653.
- Westerling, A. L. 2016. Increasing western US forest wildfire activity: Sensitivity to changes in the timing of spring. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371 (1696):20150178. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0178.
- Wilma, D. 2003. Washington legislature creates the Department of Natural Resources in 1957. HistoryLink.org. Accessed September 1, 2022. https://www.historylink.org/File/5293.