Misgivings about Environmental Outreach as a Barrier in a Neighborhood Opinion Leader Campaign

References

• Abrahamse, W., and L. Steg. 2013. Social influence approaches to encourage resource conservation: A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change 23 (6):1773–85. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.07.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. 2011. The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychology & Health 26 (9):1113–27. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2011.613995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamberg, S., P. Schmidt, and I. Ajzen. 2003. Choice of travel mode in the theory of planned behavior. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 25 (3):175–87. doi: 10.1207/S15324834BASP2503_01.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergquist, M., A. Nilsson, and W. P. Schultz. 2019. A meta-analysis of field-experiments using social norms to promote pro-environmental behaviors. Global Environmental Change 59 (November):101941. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101941.
   Google Scholar
• Boone, H. N., and D. A. Boone. 2012. Analyzing Likert data. Journal of Extension 50 (2): Article 48. doi: 10.34068/joe.50.02.48.
   Google Scholar
• Bosworth, K. 2022. Pipeline populism: Grassroots environmentalism in the twenty-first century. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10<?sch-permit JATS-0034-007?>.5749/j.ctv2h6vkc6.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, P., and S. C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• California Water Service. 2021. New water-saving landscaping programs now available. https://www.calwater.com/latest-news/2021-0902-new-water-saving-landscaping-programs-now-available/. (accessed May 5, 2022)
   Google Scholar
• Center for Community Health and Development. 2022. Community tool box. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019. Understanding the training of trainers model. CDC healthy schools. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/tths/train_trainers_model.htm (accessed September 16, 2023).
   Google Scholar
• Champely, S., C. Ekstrom, P. Dalgaard, J. Gill, S. Weibelzahl, C. Ford, and R. Volcic. 2022. Package “pwr.” https://github.com/heliosdrm/pwr.
   Google Scholar
• City of Houston. 2020. Incentives for green development. Houston, TX: Mayor’s Office. https://www.houstontx.gov/igd/ (accessed February 24, 2023)
   Google Scholar
• City of Madison Engineering. 2022. 1,000 Rain garden goal. https://www.cityofmadison.com/engineering/stormwater/programs-initiatives/rain-gardens/1000-rain-garden-goal (accessed June 26, 2022).
   Google Scholar
• City of Madison Wisconsin. 2015. Lake Wingra watershed plan. Madison, WI: City of Madison Engineering.
   Google Scholar
• Clean Lakes Alliance. 2016. DeForest leaf-free streets pilot. Madison, WI. https://cleanlakesalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Deforest-Leaf-Pilot_2016-01.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. 2007. Designing a qualitative study. In: Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches, eds. L. Cuevas Shaw, D. Santoyo, and J. Robinson, 42–68. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Dalrymple, K. E., B. R. Shaw, and D. Brossard. 2013. Following the leader: Using opinion leaders in environmental strategic communication. Society & Natural Resources 26 (12):1438–53. doi: 10.1080/08941920.2013.820812.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dane County. 2022. Plant Dane native plant program. Ripple effects. https://ripple-effects.com/-plant-dane-native-plant-program (accessed April 15, 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Digby, C. L. B. 2013. The influences of socio-demographic factors, and non-formal and informal learning participation on adult environmental behaviors the impact of non-formal and informal learning on adult environmental behaviors. International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education 3 (1):37–55.
   Google Scholar
• Dilotsotlhe, N., and H. I. Duh. 2021. Drivers of middle-class consumers’ green appliance attitude and purchase behavior: A multi-theory application. Social Marketing Quarterly 27 (2):150–71. doi: 10.1177/15245004211013737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drescher, M., and S. Sinasac. 2021. Social-psychological determinants of the implementation of green infrastructure for residential stormwater management. Environmental Management 67 (2):308–22. doi: 10.1007/s00267-020-01393-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton, W. M., K. J. Brasier, M. E. Burbach, W. Whitmer, E. W. Engle, M. Burnham, B. Quimby, A. Kumar Chaudhary, H. Whitley, J. Delozier, et al. 2021. A conceptual framework for social, behavioral, and environmental change through stakeholder engagement in water resource management. Society & Natural Resources 34 (8):1111–32. doi: 10.1080/08941920.2021.1936717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrow, K., G. Grolleau, and L. Ibanez. 2017. Social norms and pro-environmental behavior: A review of the evidence. Ecological Economics 140:1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischhoff, B., P. Slovic, S. Lichtenstein, S. Read, and B. Combs. 1978. How safe is safe enough? A psychometric study of attitudes toward technological risks and benefits. Policy Sciences 9 (2):127–52. doi: 10.1007/BF00143739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., and I. Ajzen. 2009. Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, J., and S. Weisberg. 2019. An {R} companion to applied regression. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Friends of Lake Wingra. 2003. Lake Wingra watershed management plan – storm water. Madison, WI: Friends of Lake Wingra Stormwater Committee.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, R. A. 2015. Regression analysis for the social sciences: Second edition. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Griskevicius, V., R. B. Cialdini, and N. J. Goldstein. 2008. Social norms: An underestimated and underemployed lever for managing climate change. Energy 3 (2008):5–13.
   Google Scholar
• Gutierrez, S. C. 2014. Toward sustainable water resource management: Challenges and opportunities. In Comprehensive Water Quality and Purification, ed. S. Ahuja. Waltham, MA: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Hanna-Attisha, M. 2019. What the eyes don’t see: A story of crisis, resistance, and hope in an American City. New York, NY: One World.
   Google Scholar
• Hastings, S. O., and G. Castle Bell. 2018. Facing our heuristic limits: Expanding the terminology for types of positive face. Communication Quarterly 66 (1):96–110. doi: 10.1080/01463373.2017.1340317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. 2005. Multiple linear regression. In: Statistical methods for communication science, 310–65. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Heberlein, T. A. 2012. Navigating environmental attitudes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holbrook, A. 2008. Self-reported measure. In Encyclopedia of survey research methods, ed. P. J. Lavrakas, 805–6. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Howell, A. P., B. R. Shaw, and G. Alvarez. 2015. Bait shop owners as opinion leaders: A test of the theory of planned behavior to predict pro-environmental outreach behaviors and intentions. Environment and Behavior 47 (10):1107–26. doi: 10.1177/0013916514539684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC 2018. In Global warming of 1.5 °C An: An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, eds. V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, and R. Pidcock. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
   Google Scholar
• Jungnickel, K. 2018. New methods of measuring opinion leadership: A systematic, interdisciplinary literature analysis. International Journal of Communication 12:2707–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasperson, R. E. 1986. Six propositions on public participation and their relevance for risk communication. Risk Analysis 6 (3):275–81. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1986.tb00219.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, E. 1957. The two-step flow of communication: An up-to-date report on an hypothesis. Public Opinion Quarterly 21 (1, Anniversary Issue Devoted to Twenty Years of Public Opinion Research):61–78. doi: 10.1086/266687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, E., and P. F. Lazarsfeld. 1955. Personal influence: The part played by people in the flow of mass communications. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• LaDuke, W. 2020. To be a water protector: The rise of the Wiindigoo Slayers. Winnipeg, MB: Fernwood Publishing. https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/book/to-be-a-water-protector.
   Google Scholar
• Larese-Casanova, M., and M. Prysby. 2018. Engaging people in nature stewardship through Master Naturalist programs. Human-Wildlife Interactions 12 (2):259–71. doi: 10.26077/EYKS-GB93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Las Vegas Valley Water District. 2023. Rebates and coupons. https://www.lvvwd.com/conservation/rebates/index.html (accessed 2023 Feb 24).
   Google Scholar
• Liang, Y. (J.)., K. F. Kee, and L. K. Henderson. 2018. Towards an integrated model of strategic environmental communication: Advancing theories of reactance and planned behavior in a water conservation context. Journal of Applied Communication Research 46 (2):135–54. doi: 10.1080/17524032.2017.1288648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, T.-S., and J. W. Bowers. 1991. Facework solidarity, approbation, and tact. Human Communication Research 17 (3):415–50. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1991.tb00239.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, J. A. 2020. Package “topcat”: Impute vales of top-coded, categorical income or wealth variables. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, H., W. Zhang, B. Diao, Y. Liu, H. Chen, R. Long, and S. Cai. 2023. The progress and trend of pro-environmental behavior research: A bibliometrics-based visualization analysis. Current Psychology 42 (8):6912–32. doi: 10.1007/s12144-021-01809-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCallum, R. C., S. Zhang, K. J. Preacher, and D. D. Rucker. 2002. On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychological Methods 7 (1):19–40. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madison Area Municipal Stormwater Partnership. 2017. 2016 City of Middleton neighborhood leaf pilot summary report Madison Area Municipal Stormwater Partnership (MAMSWaP). Middleton, Wisconsin: The Friends of Pheasant Branch Conservancy, City of Middleton, Wisconsin and Ripple Effects, Dane County.
   Google Scholar
• Madison Area Municipal Stormwater Partnership. 2021. Leaf-free streets for clean waters. Ripple effects. https://www.ripple-effects.com/Leaf-free-Streets (accessed July 2, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Malka, A., J. A. Krosnick, and G. Langer. 2009. The association of knowledge with concern about global warming: Trusted information sources shape public thinking. Risk Analysis 29 (5):633–47. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01220.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann, L., H. Gedikoglu, B. Broz, J. Lory, and R. Massey. 2014. Effects of observability and complexity on farmers’ adoption of environmental practices. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 58 (8):1346–62. doi: 10.1080/09640568.2014.924911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie-Mohr, D. 2011. Fostering sustainable behavior: An introduction to community-based social marketing. Gabroila, BC: New Society Publishers. https://cbsm.com/book.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie-Mohr, D. 2021. Community-based social marketing: Fostering sustainable, healthy & safe behaviors. https://cbsm.com (accessed May 11, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Merenlender, A. M., A. W. Crall, S. Drill, M. Prysby, and H. Ballard. 2016. Evaluating environmental education, citizen science, and stewardship through naturalist programs. Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology 30 (6):1255–65. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, G. E. 2005. Action research. In: The basics of action research, 222–35. Boston, MA: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, D. L. 2008. Snowball sampling. In The SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research methods, ed. L. M. Given. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Niebuur, J., L. Van Lente, A. C. Liefbroer, N. Steverink, and N. Smidt. 2018. Determinants of participation in voluntary work: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. BMC Public Health 18 (1):1213. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-6077-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemiec, R. M., N. M. Ardoin, F. K. Brewer, S. Kung, and K. Lopez. 2018. Increased neighbor interaction and fear of social sanctions: Associations with resident action to control the invasive little fire ant. Society & Natural Resources 31 (10):1149–68. doi: 10.1080/08941920.2018.1456594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemiec, R. M., M. S. Jones, S. Lischka, and V. Champine. 2021. Efficacy-based and normative interventions for facilitating the diffusion of conservation behavior through social networks. Conservation Biology 35 (4):1073–85. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemiec, R. M., R. Willer, N. M. Ardoin, and F. K. Brewer. 2019. Motivating landowners to recruit neighbors for private land conservation. Conservation Biology 33 (4):930–41. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbet, M. C., and J. E. Kotcher. 2009. A two-step flow of influence?: Opinion-leader campaigns on climate change. Science Communication 30 (3):328–54. doi: 10.1177/1075547008328797.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan, J. M., P. W. Schultz, R. B. Cialdini, N. J. Goldstein, and V. Griskevicius. 2008. Normative social influence is underdetected. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 34 (7):913–23. doi: 10.1177/0146167208316691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, G. 2010. Likert scales, levels of measurement and the “laws” of statistics. Advances in Health Sciences Education: Theory and Practice 15 (5):625–32. doi: 10.1007/s10459-010-9222-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osbaldiston, R., and J. P. Schott. 2012. Environmental sustainability and behavioral science: Meta-analysis of proenvironmental behavior experiments. Environment and Behavior 44 (2):257–99. doi: 10.1177/0013916511402673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouellette, J. A., and W. Wood. 1998. Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior. Psychological Bulletin 124 (1):54–74. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, A. R., J. P. Schuldt, R. Romero-Canyas, M. T. Ballew, and D. Larson-Konar. 2018. Diverse segments of the US public underestimate the environmental concerns of minority and low-income Americans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 (49):12429–34. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1804698115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peñaloza, D., É. Mata, N. Fransson, H. Fridén, Á. Samperio, A. Quijano, and A. Cuneo. 2022. Social and market acceptance of photovoltaic panels and heat pumps in Europe: A literature review and survey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 155:111867. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. 2021, April 7. Social media fact sheet. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/social-media/.
   Google Scholar
• Priest, S. H., H. Bonfadelli, and M. Rusanen. 2003. The “trust gap” hypothesis: Predicting support for biotechnology across national cultures as a function of trust in actors. Risk Analysis 23 (4):751–66. doi: 10.1111/1539-6924.00353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priest, S. H., T., R. Greenhalgh, H. Neill, and G. R. Young. 2015. Rethinking diffusion theory in an applied context: Role of environmental values in adoption of home energy conservation. Applied Environmental Education & Communication 14 (4):213–22. doi: 10.1080/1533015X.2015.1096224.
   Google Scholar
• Reimer, A. P., D. K. Weinkauf, and L. S. Prokopy. 2012. The influence of perceptions of practice characteristics: An examination of agricultural best management practice adoption in two Indiana watersheds. Journal of Rural Studies 28 (1):118–28. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.09.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robitzsch, A. 2020. Why ordinal variables can (almost) always be treated as continuous variables: Clarifying assumptions of robust continuous and ordinal factor analysis estimation methods. Frontiers in Education 5:589965. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2020.589965.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, E. M. 2003. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Slovic, P., B. Fischhoff, and S. Lichtenstein. 1982. Why study risk perception? Risk Analysis 2 (2):83–93. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1982.tb01369.x.
   Google Scholar
• van Buuren, S. 2012. Flexible imputation of missing values. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• van Sonderen, E., R. Sanderman, and J. C. Coyne. 2013. Ineffectiveness of reverse wording of questionnaire items: Let’s learn from cows in the rain. PLOS One 8 (7):e68967. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Synek, S., and J. Koenigstorfer. 2019. Health effects from bicycle commuting to work: Insights from participants of the German company-bicycle leasing program. Journal of Transport & Health 15 (April):100619. doi: 10.1016/j.jth.2019.100619.
   Google Scholar
• United States Geological Survey. 2016. Using leaf collection and street cleaning to reduce nutrients in urban stormwater. Madison, WI: Upper Midwest Water Science Center.
   Google Scholar
• University of Minnesota Extension Regional Office. 2020. Empowering citizens to engage resource managers to minimize the impact of invasive species on forests and across ecosystems. https://portal.nifa.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/1014056-empowering-citizens-to-engage-resource-managers-to-minimize-the-impact-of-invasive-species-on-forests-and-across-ecosystems.html (accessed September 27, 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Van Swol, L. M., E. L. MacGeorge, and A. Prahl. 2017. Advise with permission?: The effects of advice solicitation on advice outcomes. Communication Studies 68 (4):476–92. doi: 10.1080/10510974.2017.1363795.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vander Woude, T. 2021. Factors influencing opinion leadership on water issues in residential neighborhoods surrounding an urban lake. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison.
   Google Scholar
• Von Hippel, P. T., S. V. Scarpino, and I. Holas. 2016. Robust estimation of inequality from binned incomes. Sociological Methodology 46 (1):212–51. doi: 10.1177/0081175015599807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wamsler, C., J. Alkan-Olsson, H. Björn, H. Falck, H. Hanson, T. Oskarsson, E. Simonsson, and F. Zelmerlow. 2020. Beyond participation: when citizen engagement leads to undesirable outcomes for nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation. Climatic Change 158 (2):235–54. doi: 10.1007/s10584-019-02557-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willits, F. K., G. L. Theodori, and A. E. Luloff. 2016. Another look at Likert Scales. Journal of Rural Social Sciences, 31(3): Article 3. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/jrss/vol31/iss3/6
   Google Scholar
• Wisconsin Salt Wise Partnership. 2020. Wisconsin salt wise. https://www.wisaltwise.com/ (accessed June 24, 2021)
   Google Scholar
• Witzling, L., B. R. Shaw, C. Strader, C. Sedlak, and E. Jones. 2020. The role of community: CSA member retention. British Food Journal 122 (7):2289–302. doi: 10.1108/BFJ-09-2019-0727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zedler, J. B., J. M. Doherty, and I. M. Rojas. 2014. Leopold’s arboretum needs upstream water treatment to restore wetlands downstream. Water 6 (1):104–21. doi: 10.3390/w6010104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar