REFERENCES
- Mammen E F. The haematological manifestations of sepsis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41(Suppl A)17–24
- Levi M, van der Poll T, ten Cate H, et al. The cytokine mediated imbalance between coagulant and anticoagulant mechanisms in sepsis and endotoxaemia. Eur J Clin Invest 1997; 27: 39
- Bauss F, Droge W, Mannel D N. Tumour necrosis factor mediates endotoxic effects in mice. Infect Immun 1987; 55: 1622–1625
- Yirmiya R, Rosen H, Donchin O, et al. Behavioral effects of lipopolysaccharide in rats: involvement of endogenous opioids. Brain Res 1994; 648: 80–86
- Dogan M D, Ataoglu H, Akarsu E S. Characterization of the hypothermic component of LPS-induced dual thermoregulatory response in rats. Pharmacology. Biochem Behav 2002; 72: 143–150
- Blanque R, Meakin C, Millet S, et al. Hypothermia as an indicator of the acute effects of lipopolysaccharides: comparison with serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Gen Pharmacol 1996; 27: 937–977
- Pittet J F, Morel D R, Steinig D, et al. Beneficial effect of heparin on a lethal constant rate infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin in sheep. Abstr Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: A2
- Salas A, Sans M, Soriano A, et al. Heparin attenuates TNF-α induced inflammatory response through a CD11b dependent mechanism. Gut 2000; 47: 88–96
- Wang L, Brown J R, Varki A, et al. Heparin's anti-inflammatory effects require glucosamine 6-O-sulfation and are mediated by blockade of L- and P-selectins. J Clin Invest 2002; 110: 127–136
- Miniño A M, Arias E, Kochanek K D, et al. Deaths: final data for 2000. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2002; 50: 1–16
- Angus D C, Linde-Zwirble W T, Lidicker J, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 1303–1310
- Mokart D, Leone M, Sannini A, et al. Predictive perioperative factors for developing severe sepsis after major surgery. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95: 776–781
- Lever R, Hoult J R, Page C P. The effects of heparin and related molecules upon the adhesion of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes to vascular endothelium in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 129: 533–540
- Lantz M, Thysell H, Nilsson E, et al. On the binding of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to heparin and the release in vivo of the TNF-binding protein I by heparin. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 2026–2031
- Carr J. The anti-inflammatory action of heparin: heparin as an antagonist to histamine, bradykinin and prostaglandin E1. Thromb Res 1979; 16: 507–516
- Levi M, ten Cate H, Bauer K A, et al. Inhibition of endotoxin-induced activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis by pentoxifylline or by a monoclonal anti-tissue factor antibody in chimpanzees. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 114–120
- Davidson B L, Geerts W H, Lensing A W. Low-Dose heparin for severe sepsis. N Eng J Med 2002; 347: 1036–1037
- Fareed J, Walenga J M, Hoppensteadt D, et al. Comparative study on the in vitro and in vivo activities of seven low-molecular-weight heparins. Haemostasis 1998; 18(Suppl 3)3–15
- Hirsh J, Levine M N. Low molecular weight heparin: laboratory properties and clinical evaluation. A review. Eur J Surg Suppl 1994; 571: 9–22
- Leon L R. Hypothermia in systemic inflammation: role of cytokines. Front Biosci 2004; 9: 1877–1888
- Burgess W H, Maciag T. The heparin-binding (fibroblast) growth factor family of proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 1989; 58: 575–606
- Kjellen L, Lindahl U. Proteoglycans: structures and interactions. Annu Rev Biochem 1991; 60: 443–475
- Miller M D, Krangel M S. Biology and biochemistry of the chemokines: a family of chemotactic and inflammatory cytokines. Crit Rev Immunol 1992; 12: 17–46
- Redini F, Tixier J M, Petitou M, et al. Inhibition of leucocyte elastase by heparin and its derivatives. Biochem J 1988; 252: 515–519
- Nelson R M, Cecconi O, Roberts W G, et al. Heparin oligosaccharides bind L- and P-selectin and inhibit acute inflammation. Blood 1993; 82: 3253–3258
- Weiler J M, Edens R E, Linhardt R J, et al. Heparin and modified heparin inhibit complement activation in vivo. J Immunol 1992; 148: 3210–3215
- Pernerstorfer T, Hollenstein U, Hansen J, et al. Heparin blunts endotoxin-induced coagulation activation. Circulation 1999; 100: 2485–2490