References
- Lohsiriwat V. Approach to hemorrhoids. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2013;15(7):332. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-013-0332-6.
- Gallo G, Sacco R, Sammarco G. Epidemiology of hemorrhoidal disease. In: Ratto C, Parello A, Litta F (ed.), Hemorrhoids. Coloproctology. Vol 2. Cham: Springer; 2018:3–7.
- Johanson JF. Nonsurgical treatment of hemorrhoids. J Gastrointest Surg. 2002;6(3):290–294. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1091-255X(01)00081-6.
- Serra R, Gallelli L, Grande R, et al. Hemorrhoids and matrix metalloproteinases: a multicenter study on the predictive role of biomarkers. Surgery 2016;159(2):487–494. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2015.07.003.
- Gallo G, Martellucci J, Sturiale A, et al. Consensus statement of the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR): management and treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. Tech Coloprocol. 2020;24(2):145–164. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10151-020-02149-1.
- Cocorullo GF, Tutino R, Falco N, et al. The non-surgical management for hemorrhoidal disease. A systematic review. G Chir. 2017;38(1):5–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.11138/gchir/2017.38.1.005.
- Uncu H. Sclerotherapy: a study comparing polidocanol in foam and liquid foam. Phlebology 2010;25(1):44–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2009.008064.
- Hamel-Desnos C, Desnos P, Wollmann JC, Ouvry P, Mako S, Allaert FA. Evalutaion of the efficacy of polidocanol in the form of foam compared with liquid form in sclerotherapy of the greater saphenous vein: initial results. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(12):1170–1175. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2003.29398.x.
- Takano M, Iwadare J, Ohba H, et al. Sclerosing therapy of internal hemorrhoids with a novel sclerosing agent. Comparison with ligation and excision. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006;21(1):44–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-005-0771-0.
- Yano T, Yano K. Comparison of injection sclerotherapy between 5% phenol in almond oil and aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid for grade 3 hemorrhoids. Ann Coloproctol. 2015;31(3):103–105.
- Moser K-H, Mosch C, Walgenbach M, et al. Efficacy and safety of sclerotherapy with polidocanol foam in comparison with fluid sclerosant in the treatment of first-grade haemorrhoidal disease: a randomized, controlled, single-blind, multicentre trial. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2013;28(10):1439–1447. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-013-1729-2.
- Moser KH. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of polidocanol foam in the sclerotherapy of first degree bleeding haemorrhoids. Phlebol Rev (Przeglad Flebologiczny) 2007;15:103–106.
- Yang P, Wang YJ, Li F, Sun JB. Hemorrhoid sclerotherapy with the complication of abdominal compartment syndrome: report of a case. Chin Med J. 2011;124 (12):1919–1920.
- Schulte T, Fandrich F, Kahlke V. Life-threatening rectal necrosis after injection sclerotherapy for haemorrhoids. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008;23(7):725–726. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-007-0402-z.
- Namasivayam J, Payne D, Maguire D. Prostatic abscess following injection of internal haemorrhoids. Clin Radiol. 2000;55(1):67–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1053/crad.1999.0066.
- Barwell J, Watkins RM, Lloyd-Davies E, Wilikins DC. Life-threatening retroperitoneal sepsis after hemorrhoid injection sclerotherapy: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42(3):421–423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02236364.
- Gupta N, Katoch A, Lal P, Hadke NS. Rectourethral fistula after injection sclerotherapy for haemorrhoids, a rare complication. Colorectal Dis. 2011;13(1):105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.02156.x.
- Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, Initiative STROBE. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Int J Surg. 2014;12(12):1495–1499. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.013.
- Goligher JC, Duthie HL, Nixon HH. Surgery of the anus, rectum and colon. Vol 5. London: Baillière Tindall; 1984:98–149.
- Vaizey CJ, Carapeti E, Cahill JA, Kamm MA. Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems. Gut 1999;44(1):77–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.44.1.77.
- Nystrom PO, Qvist N, Raahave D, Lindsey I, Mortensen N. Randomized clinical trial of symptom control after stapled anopexy or diathermy excision for haemorrhoid prolapse. Br J Surg. 2010;97(2):167–176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.6804.
- Lee MJ, Morgan J, Watson A, Jones GL, Brown SR. A validated severity score for haemorrhoids as an essential prerequisite for future haemorrhoid trial. Tech Coloproctol. 2019;23(1):33–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10151-019-01936-9.
- Lobascio P, Minafra M, Laforgia R, Giove C, Trompetto M, Gallo G. The use of sclerotherapy with polidocanol foam in the treatment of second-degree haemorrhoidal disease – a video vignette. Colorectal Dis. 2019; 21(2):244–245. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.14498.
- van der Vleuten CJ, Kater A, Wijnen MH, Schultze Kool LJ, Rovers MM. Effectiveness of sclerotherapy, surgery, and laser therapy in patients with venous malformations: a systematic review. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2014;37(4):977–989.
- Leopold CS, Maibach HI. Effect of cutaneously applied nonionic surfactants and local anesthetic bases on thermal sensations. Pharmazie. 2004;59(1):50–54.
- Orsini C, Brotto M. Immediate pathologic effects on the vein wall of foam sclerotherapy. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33(10):1250–1254. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.33261.x.
- Fernandes V, Fonseca J. Polidocanol foam injected at high doses with intravenous needle: the (almost) perfect treatment of symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. GE Port J Gastroenterol. 2019;26(3):169–175. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000492202.
- Brown SR, Tiernan JP, Watson AJM, et al. Haemorrhoidal artery ligation versus rubber band ligation for the management of symptomatic second-degree and third-degree haemorrhoids (HubBLe): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10042):356–364. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30584-0.
- Ronconi M, Casiraghi S, Schieppati M. EndoTHeF: endo-luminal treatment of hemorrhoids with foam. Ann Colorectal Res. 2019;6(4):e86297. doi:https://doi.org/10.5812/acr.86297.
- Gayer C, Chino A, Lucas S, et al. Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding in 1,112 patients admitted to an urban emergency medical center. Surgery 2009;146(4):600–606. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2009.06.055.