References
- Dwyer ME, Krambeck AE, Bergstralh EJ, Milliner DS, Lieske JC, Rule AD. Temporal trends in incidence of kidney stones among children: a 25-year population based study. J Urol. 2012;188(1):247–252. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.03.021.
- Bush NC, Xu L, Brown BJ, et al. Hospitalizations for pediatric stone disease in United States, 2002-2007. J Urol. 2010;183(3):1151–1156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.11.057.
- Aldaqadossi HA, Kotb Y, Mohi K. Efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children with previous renal stone operations. J Endourol. 2015;29(8):878–882. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2014.0912.
- Hellstrom M, Hjalmas K, Jacobsson B, Jodal U, Oden A. Normal ureteral diameter in infancy and childhood. Acta Radiol Diagn Stockh. 1985;26(4):433–439. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/028418518502600412.
- Guven S, Istanbulluoglu O, Ozturk A, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is highly efficient and safe in infants and children under 3 years of age. Urol Int. 2010;85(4):455–460. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000316077.
- Resorlu B, Unsal A, Tepeler A, et al. Comparison of retrograde intrarenal surgery and minipercutaneous nephrolithotomy in children with moderatesize kidney stones: results of multi-institutional analysis. Urology. 2012;80(3):519–523. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2012.04.018.
- Dede O, Sancaktutar AA, Dağguli M, Utangaç M, Baş O, Penbegul N. Ultra-mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy in pediatric nephrolithiasis: both low pressure and high efficiency. J Pediatr Urol. 2015;11(5):253.e1–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2015.03.012.
- Muslumanoglu AY, Tefekli A, Sarilar O, Binbay M, Altunrende F, Ozkuvanci U. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy as frst line treatment alternative for urinary tract stones in children: a large scale retrospective analysis. J Urol. 2003;170(6):2405–2408. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000096422.72846.80.
- Smaldone MC, Docimo SG, Ost MC. Contemporary surgical management of pediatric urolithiasis. Urol Clin North Am. 2010;37(2):253–267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2010.03.006.
- Helal M, Black T, Lockhart J, Figueroa TE. The Hickman peel-away sheath: alternative for pediatric percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Endourol. 1997; 11(3):171–172. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/end.1997.11.171.
- Kukreja R, Desai M, Patel S, Bapat S, Desai M. Factors affecting blood loss during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: prospective study. J Endourol Endourol Soc. 2004;18(8):715–722. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2004.18.715.
- Skolarikos A, de la Rosette J. Prevention and treatment of complications following percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Curr Opin Urol. 2008;18(2):229–234. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/MOU.0b013e3282f46afc.
- Michel MS, Trojan L, Rassweiler JJ. Complications in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Eur Urol. 2007;51(4):899–906. Discussion 906. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2006.10.020.
- Unsal A, Resorlu B, Kara C, Bozkurt OF, Ozyuvali E. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in infants, preschool age, and older children with different sizes of instruments. Urology. 2010;76(1):247–252. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2009.08.087.
- Kapoor R, Solanki F, Singhania P, Andankar M, Pathak HR. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the pediatric population. J Endourol. 2008;22(4):637–640. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2007.0254.
- Tefekli A, Ali Karadag M, Tepeler K, et al. Classification of percutaneous nephrolithotomy complications using the modified Clavien grading system: looking for a standard. Eur Urol. 2008;53(1):184–190. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2007.06.049.
- Jones P, Bennett G, Aboumarzouk OM, Griffin S, Somani BK. Role of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy techniques-micro and ultra-mini PCNL (<15F) in the pediatric population: a systematic review. J Endourol. 2017;31(9):816–824.
- Landau EH, Shenfeld OZ, Pode D, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in prepubertal children: 22-year experience at a single institution with a single lithotriptor. J Urol. 2009;182(4S):1835–1839. CrossRef][10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.084]
- Tan AH, Al-Omar M, Watterson JD, Nott L, Denstedt JD, Razvi H. Results of shockwave lithotripsy for pediatric urolithiasis. J Endourol. 2004;18(6):527–530. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2004.18.527.
- Sancak EB, Kılınç MF, Yücebaş SC. Evaluation with decision trees of efficacy and safety of semirigid ureteroscopy in the treatment of proximal ureteral calculi. Urol Int. 2017;99(3):320–325. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000474954.
- Hong Y, Xu Q, Huang X, Zhu Z, Yang Q, An L. Ultrasound-guided minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the treatment of pediatric patients <6 years: A single-center 10 years’ experience. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(13):e174.
- Schuster TK, Smaldone MC, Averch TD, Ost MC. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children. J Endourol. 2009;23(10):1699–1705. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2009.0198.
- Celik H, Camtosun A, Dede O, Dagguli M, Altintas R, Tasdemir C. Comparison of the results of pediatric percutaneous nephrolithotomy with different sized instruments. Urolithiasis. 2017;45(2):203–208. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-016-0887-4.
- Özden E, Mercimek MN, Yakupoǧlu YK, Özkaya O, Sarikaya Ş. Modified Clavien classification in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: assessment of complications in children. J Urol. 2011;185(1):264–268. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2010.09.023.
- Guven S, Istanbulluoglu O, Gul U, et al. Successful percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children: multicenter study on current status of its use, efficacy and complications using Clavien classification. J Urol. 2011;185(4):1419–1424. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2010.11.055.
- Önal B, Dogan HS, Satar N, et al. Factors affecting complication rates of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children: results of a multi-institutional retrospective analysis by the Turkish pediatric urology society. J Urol. 2014;191(3):777–782. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2013.09.061.
- Özden E, Şahin A, Tan B, Doğan HS, Eren MT, Tekgül S. Percutaneous renal surgery in children with complex stones. J Pediatr Urol. 2008;4(4):295–298. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2008.01.212.
- Desai MR, Kukreja RA, Patel SH, Bapat SD. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for complex pediatric renal calculus disease. J Endourol. 2004;18(1):23–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/089277904322836613.
- Badawy H, Salama A, Eissa M, Kotb E, Moro H, Shoukri I. Percutaneous management of renal calculi: experience with percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 60 children. J Urol. 1999;162(5):1710–1713. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)68220-1.
- Knoll T, Wezel F, Michel MS, Honeck P, Wendt-Nordahl G. Do patients benefit from miniaturized tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy?A comparative prospective study. J Endourol. 2010;24(7):1075–1079. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2010.0111.
- de la Rosette JJMCH, Opondo D, Daels FPJ, et al. Categorisation of complications and validation of the Clavien score for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Eur Urol. 2012;62(2):246–255. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2012.03.055.
- Reisiger K, Vardi I, Yan Y, et al. Pediatric nephrolithiasis: does treatment affect renal growth? Urology. 2007;69(6):1190–1194. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2007.01.072.
- Cicekbilek I, Resorlu B, Oguz U, Kara C, Unsal A. Effect of percutaneous nephrolithotomy on renal functions in children: assessment by quantitative SPECT of (99m)Tc-DMSA uptake by the kidneys. Ren Fail. 2015;37(7):1118–1121. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2015.1056063.