References
- Levy MM, Artigas A, Phillips GS, et al. Outcomes of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign in intensive care units in the USA and Europe: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(12):919–924. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70239-6.
- Polat G, Ugan RA, Cadirci E, Halici Z. Sepsis and septic shock: current treatment strategies and new approaches. Eurasian J Med. 2017;49(1):53–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.5152/eurasianjmed.2017.17062.
- Ozdulger A, Cinel I, Koksel O, et al. The protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on apoptotic lung injury in cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis model. Shock. 2003;19:366–372.
- Cavaillon J-M, Annane D. Invited review: compartmentalization of the inflammatory response in sepsis and SIRS. J Endotoxin Res. 2006;12:151–170.
- Araz O. Current pharmacological approach to ARDS: the place of Bosentan. Eurasian J Med. 2020;52(1):81–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.5152/eurasianjmed.2020.19218.
- Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–810. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.0287.
- Force ADT, Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, Ferguson ND, Caldwell E. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA. 2012;307:2526–2533.
- Polat B, Cadirci E, Halici Z, Bayir Y, et al. The protective effect of amiodarone in lung tissue of cecal ligation and puncture-induced septic rats: a perspective from inflammatory cytokine release and oxidative stress. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2013;386(7):635–643. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-013-0862-3.
- Raghavendran K, Napolitano LM. Definition of ALI/ARDS. Crit Care Clin. 2011;27(3):429–437. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2011.05.006.
- Slutsky AS, Tremblay LN. Multiple system organ failure. Is mechanical ventilation a contributing factor?Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(6 Pt 1):1721–1725. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.157.6.9709092.
- Needham DM, Colantuoni E, Mendez-Tellez PA, et al. Lung protective mechanical ventilation and two year survival in patients with acute lung injury: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2012;344:e2124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e2124.
- Xie K, Yu Y, Huang Y, et al. Molecular hydrogen ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice through reducing inflammation and apoptosis. Shock. 2012;37(5):548–555. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0b013e31824ddc81.
- Martin-Loeches I, Levy MM, Artigas A. Management of severe sepsis: advances, challenges, and current status. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:2079–2088. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S78757.
- Ley K, Reutershan J. Leucocyte-endothelial interactions in health and disease. In: The Vascular Endothelium II. Salvador Moncada, Annie Higgs; Springer; 2006:97–133.
- Jekarl DW, Kim JY, Lee S, et al. Diagnosis and evaluation of severity of sepsis via the use of biomarkers and profiles of 13 cytokines: a multiplex analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2015;53(4):575–581. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2014-0607.
- Toscano MG, Ganea D, Gamero AM. Cecal ligation puncture procedure. JoVE. 2011;7(51):e2860. doi:https://doi.org/10.3791/2860.
- Demir M, Taylan M, Kaya H, et al. Histopathological and biochemical effects of Ecballium elaterium on sepsis-induced lung injury. J Invest Surg. 2016;29(5):302–308. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/08941939.2015.1111474.
- Raker VK, Becker C, Steinbrink K. The cAMP pathway as therapeutic target in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol. 2016;7:123. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00123.
- Yan KUO, Gao LN, Cui YL, Zhang YI, Zhou XIN. The cyclic AMP signaling pathway: exploring targets for successful drug discovery (review). Mol Med Rep. 2016;13(5):3715–3723. doi:https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5005.
- Bundschuh DS, Eltze M, Barsig J, Wollin L, Hatzelmann A, Beume R. In vivo efficacy in airway disease models of roflumilast, a novel orally active PDE4 inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001;297:280–290.
- Schmidt EP, Damarla M, Rentsendorj O, et al. Soluble guanylyl cyclase contributes to ventilator-induced lung injury in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008;295(6):L1056–L1065. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.90329.2008.
- Witzenrath M, Gutbier B, Schmeck B, et al. Phosphodiesterase 2 inhibition diminished acute lung injury in murine pneumococcal pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(2):584–590. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181959814.
- Houslay MD, Schafer P, Zhang KYJ. Keynote review: phosphodiesterase-4 as a therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today. 2005;10(22):1503–1519. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03622-6.
- Chang X, Hu LF, Ma XJ, Yin J, Liu XY, Li JB. Influence of roflumilast on sepsis mice through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;23:1335–1341.
- Kalkan F, Ucar EY, Kalkan K, Araz O. Comparison of functional capacity and symptoms of COPD patients with and without pulmonary hypertension. Eurasian J Med. 2020;52(2):166–170. doi:https://doi.org/10.5152/eurasianjmed.2020.19391.
- Fabbri LM, Beghé B, Yasothan U, Kirkpatrick P. Roflumilast. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9(10):761–762.
- Albayrak A, Halici Z, Polat B, et al. Protective effects of lithium: a new look at an old drug with potential antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in an animal model of sepsis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013;16(1):35–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2013.03.018.
- van Griensven M, Kuzu M, Breddin M, et al. Polymicrobial sepsis induces organ changes due to granulocyte adhesion in a murine two hit model of trauma. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2002;54(3):203–209. doi:https://doi.org/10.1078/0940-2993-00247.
- Starr ME, Takahashi H, Okamura D, et al. Increased coagulation and suppressed generation of activated protein C in aged mice during intra-abdominal sepsis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015;308(2):H83–H91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00289.2014.
- Cadirci E, Halici Z, Bayir Y, et al. Peripheral 5-HT7 receptors as a new target for prevention of lung injury and mortality in septic rats. Immunobiology. 2013;218(10):1271–1283. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2013.04.012.
- Cadirci E, Ugan RA, Dincer B, et al. Urotensin receptors as a new target for CLP induced septic lung injury in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2019;392(2):135–145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-018-1571-8.
- Ugan RA, Un H, Gurbuz MA, et al. Possible contribution of the neprilysin/ACE pathway to sepsis in mice. Life Sci. 2020;258:118177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118177.
- Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402–408. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262.
- Sun Y, Oberley LW, Li Y. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clin Chem. 1988;34(3):497–500. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.3.497.
- Sedlak J, Lindsay RH. Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman’s reagent. Anal Biochem. 1968;25(1):192–205. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(68)90092-4.
- Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 1979;95(2):351–358. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3.
- Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951;193(1):265–275. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6.
- Aksak Karamese S, Toktay E, Unal D, Selli J, Karamese M, Malkoc I. The protective effects of beta-carotene against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat ovarian tissue. Acta Histochem. 2015;117(8):790–797. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2015.07.006.
- Hotchkiss RS, Nicholson DW. Apoptosis and caspases regulate death and inflammation in sepsis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6(11):813–822. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1943.
- Hirano Y, Aziz M, Yang WL, et al. Neutralization of osteopontin attenuates neutrophil migration in sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Crit Care. 2015;19:53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-0782-3.
- Cadirci E, Altunkaynak BZ, Halici Z, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid as a potential target for the treatment of lung injury caused by cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis model in rats. Shock. 2010;33(5):479–484. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0b013e3181c3cf0e.
- Meyerholz DK, Sieren JC, Beck AP, Flaherty HA. Approaches to evaluate lung inflammation in translational research. Vet Pathol. 2018;55(1):42–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985817726117.
- Schouten M, Wiersinga WJ, Levi M, van der Poll T. Inflammation, endothelium, and coagulation in sepsis. J Leukoc Biol. 2008;83(3):536–545. doi:https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0607373.
- Wang P, Ba ZF, Chaudry IH. Mechanism of hepatocellular dysfunction during early sepsis. Key role of increased gene expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6. Arch Surg. 1997;132(4):364–369. discussion 369-370. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1997.01430280038005.
- Matthay MA, Ware LB, Zimmerman GA. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(8):2731–2740. doi:https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI60331.
- Matthay MA, Zemans RL, Zimmerman GA, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):1–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0069-0.
- Calverley PMA, Rabe KF, Goehring U-M, Kristiansen S, Fabbri LM, Martinez FJ. Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet. 2009;374(9691):685–694. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61255-1.
- Grootendorst DC, Gauw SA, Verhoosel RM, et al. Reduction in sputum neutrophil and eosinophil numbers by the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2007;62(12):1081–1087. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2006.075937.
- Fitzgerald MF, Spicer D, Lisle H, et al. Efficacy of the PDE4 inhibitor, Bay 19-8004, in a smoke-induced model of pulmonary inflammation in the guinea pig. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:A905.
- Fitzgerald MF, Spicer D, Henning R. Efficacy of the PDE4 inhibitor, BAY 19-8004 and a steroid in tobacco smoke-induced models of pulmonary inflammation in the mouse. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:A91.
- Fox JC, Spicer D, Henning R, et al. Efficacy of the PDE4 inhibitor, BAY 19-8004, in tobacco smoke models of COPD in the guinea pig. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:A91.
- Jones NA, Boswell-Smith V, Lever R, Page CP. The effect of selective phosphodiesterase isoenzyme inhibition on neutrophil function in vitro. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2005;18(2):93–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2004.10.001.
- Martorana PA, Lunghi B, Lucattelli M, et al. Effect of roflumilast on inflammatory cells in the lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed mice. BMC Pulm Med. 2008;8:17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-8-17.
- Hatzelmann A, Morcillo EJ, Lungarella G, et al. The preclinical pharmacology of roflumilast-a selective, oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor in development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2010;23(4):235–256. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2010.03.011.
- Sanz MJ, Cortijo J, Taha MA, et al. Roflumilast inhibits leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, expression of adhesion molecules and microvascular permeability. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;152(4):481–492. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707428.
- Hatzelmann A, Schudt C. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of the novel PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001;297:267–279.
- Schick MA, Wunder C, Wollborn J, et al. Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibition as a therapeutic approach to treat capillary leakage in systemic inflammation. J Physiol. 2012;590(11):2693–2708. doi:https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.232116.
- Feng H, Chen J, Wang H, et al. Roflumilast reverses polymicrobial sepsis-induced liver damage by inhibiting inflammation in mice. Lab Invest. 2017;97(9):1008–1019. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2017.59.
- Cross LJM, Matthay MA. Biomarkers in acute lung injury: insights into the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. Crit Care Clin. 2011;27(2):355–377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2010.12.005.
- Akpinar E, Halici Z, Cadirci E, et al. What is the role of renin inhibition during rat septic conditions: preventive effect of aliskiren on sepsis-induced lung injury. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2014;387(10):969–978. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-014-1014-0.
- Wang AM, Xiao ZM, Zhou LP, Zhang J, Li XM, He QC. The protective effect of atractylenolide I on systemic inflammation in the mouse model of sepsis created by cecal ligation and puncture. Pharm Biol. 2016;54(1):146–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2015.1024330.
- Nishi Y, Yoh J, Hiejima H, Kojima M. Structures and molecular forms of the ghrelin-family peptides. Peptides. 2011;32(11):2175–2182. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2011.07.024.
- Cinar I, Sirin B, Aydin P, et al. Ameliorative effect of gossypin against acute lung injury in experimental sepsis model of rats. Life Sci. 2019;221:327–334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.039.
- Ugan RA, Cadirci E, Halici Z, Toktay E, Cinar I. The role of urotensin-II and its receptors in sepsis-induced lung injury under diabetic conditions. Eur J Pharmacol. 2018;818:457–469. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.011.
- de Visser YP, Walther FJ, Laghmani EH, van Wijngaarden S, Nieuwland K, Wagenaar GTM. Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibition attenuates pulmonary inflammation in neonatal lung injury. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(3):633–644. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00071307.
- Chang WY, Chen J, Schlueter CF, Rando RJ, Pathak YV, Hoyle GW. Inhibition of chlorine-induced lung injury by the type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012;263(2):251–258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2012.06.017.
- Rennard SI, Calverley PMA, Goehring UM, Bredenbroker D, Martinez FJ. Reduction of exacerbations by the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast - the importance of defining different subsets of patients with COPD. Respir Res. 2011;12:18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-12-18.
- Giembycz MA, Newton R. How phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors work in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of the severe, bronchitic, frequent exacerbator phenotype. Clin Chest Med. 2014;35(1):203–217. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2013.09.007.
- Andrades ME, Ritter C, Dal-Pizzol F. The role of free radicals in sepsis development. Front Biosci (Elite Ed)). 2009;1:277–287.
- Barichello T, Fortunato JJ, Vitali ÂM, et al. Oxidative variables in the rat brain after sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(3):886–889. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000201880.50116.12.
- Cortijo J, Iranzo A, Milara X, et al. Roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, alleviates bleomycin-induced lung injury. Br J Pharmacol. 2009;156(3):534–544. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00041.x.