Fraud victimization across the lifespan: evidence on repeat victimization using perpetrator data

References

• Alves, L. M., & Wilson, S. R. (2008). The effects of loneliness on telemarketing fraud vulnerability among older adults. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 20(1), 63–85. https://doi.org/10.1300/J084v20n01_04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, K. B. (2019). Mass-market consumer fraud in the United States: A 2017 update. Federal Trade Commission. https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/mass-market-consumer-fraud-united-states-2017-update/p105502massmarketconsumerfraud2017report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, K. B. (2021). To whom do victims of mass-market consumer fraud complain? SSRN Electronic Journal, Available at SSRN 3852323. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3852323
   Google Scholar
• Aziz, S. J., Bolick, D. C., Kleinman, M. T., & Shadel, D. P. (2000). The national telemarketing victim call center: Combating telemarketing fraud in the United States. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 12(2), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1300/J084v12n02_10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beals, M. E., Carr, D. C., Mottola, G. R., Deevy, M. J., & Carstensen, L. L. (2017). How does survey context impact self-reported fraud victimization? The Gerontologist, 57(2), 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, P. A., Yu, L., Wilson, R. S., Segawa, E., Buchman, A. S., & Bennett, D. A. (2013). Cognitive decline impairs financial and health literacy among community-based older persons without dementia. Psychology and Aging, 28(3), 614–624. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, L., Meyll, T., Stolper, O., & Walter, A. (2020). Consumer fraud victimization and financial well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 76, 102243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2019.102243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, J., Kieffer, C., Mottola, G., & Perez-Arce, F. (2022). Can educational interventions reduce susceptibility to financial fraud? Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 198, 250–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.03.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Button, M., Lewis, C., & Tapley, J. (2014). Not a victimless crime: The impact of fraud on individual victims and their families. Security Journal, 27(1), 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2012.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen-Mansfield, J., Shmotkin, D., & Hazan, H. (2012). Homebound older persons: Prevalence, characteristics, and longitudinal predictors. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54(1), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2011.02.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J. (2009). Measuring social isolation among older adults using multiple indicators from the NSHAP study. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64(suppl_1), i38–i46. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross, C. (2015). No laughing matter: Blaming the victim of online fraud. International Review of Victimology, 21(2), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758015571471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deem, D. L. (2000). Notes from the field: Observations in working with the forgotten victims of personal financial crimes. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 12(2), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1300/J084v12n02_05
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLiema, M., Deevy, M., Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2017). Exploring the risks and consequences of elder fraud victimization: Evidence from the health and retirement study. Michigan Retirement Research Center Research Paper, (2017–364), 2018–06. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3124952
   Google Scholar
• DeLiema, M., Shadel, D., Pak, K., Toubia, O., Johar, G. V., & Inman, J. J. (2020). Profiling victims of investment fraud: Mindsets and risky behaviors. Journal of Consumer Research, 46(5), 904–914. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucz020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLiema, M., & Witt, P. (2023). Profiling consumers who reported mass marketing scams: Demographic characteristics and emotional sentiments associated with victimization. Security Journal, 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-023-00401-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell, G. (1995). Preventing repeat victimization. Crime and Justice, 19, 469–534. https://doi.org/10.1086/449236
   Google Scholar
• Federal Trade Commission. (2022). Protecting older consumers 2021-2022. https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2021/10/ftc-issues-annual-report-congress-protecting-older-adults
   Google Scholar
• Federal Trade Commission. (2023). Consumer sentinel network data book 2022. https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/CSN-Data-Book-2022.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gottfredson, M. (1984). Victims of crime: The dimensions of risk. Home Office Research Study 81, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office.
   Google Scholar
• Han, S. D., Boyle, P. A., James, B. D., Yu, L., & Bennett, D. A. (2016). Mild cognitive impairment and susceptibility to scams in old age. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 49(3), 845–851. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope, A., Schwaba, T., & Piper, A. M. (2014). Understanding digital and material social communications for older adults. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Toronto, Canada (pp. 3903–3912).
   Google Scholar
• International Mass-Marketing Fraud Working Group. (2010). Mass-marketing fraud: A threat assessment. https://ub01.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/87570/immftafinal_0.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• James, B. D., Boyle, P. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2014). Correlates of susceptibility to scams in older adults without dementia. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 26(2), 107–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knüpfer, S., Rantala, V., & Vokata, P. (2021). Scammed and scarred: Effects of investment fraud on its victims. Fisher College of Business Working Paper, (2021–03), 008. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3850928
   Google Scholar
• Lachs, M. S., & Han, S. D. (2015). Age-associated financial vulnerability: An emerging public health issue. Annals of Internal Medicine, 163(11), 877–878. https://doi.org/10.7326/M15-0882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamar, M., Arfanakis, K., Yu, L., Zhang, S., Han, S. D., Fleischman, D. A. … Boyle, P. A. (2020). White matter correlates of scam susceptibility in community-dwelling older adults. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 14(5), 1521–1530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-019-00079-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamar, M., Yu, L., Leurgans, S., Aggarwal, N. T., Wilson, R. S., Han, S. D., … Boyle, P. (2022). Self‐reported fraud victimization and objectively measured blood pressure: Sex differences in post‐fraud cardiovascular health. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 70(11), 3185–3194. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenberg, P. A., Stickney, L., & Paulson, D. (2013). Is psychological vulnerability related to the experience of fraud in older adults? Clinical Gerontologist, 36(2), 132–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2012.749323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenberg, P. A., Sugarman, M. A., Paulson, D., Ficker, L. J., & Rahman-Filipiak, A. (2016). Psychological and functional vulnerability predicts fraud cases in older adults: Results of a longitudinal study. Clinical Gerontologist, 39(1), 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2015.1101632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, R. (2021). Financial fraud in the United States, 2017. Bureau of justice statistics. No. 255817. https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/financial-fraud-united-states-2017
   Google Scholar
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2020). Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: Opportunities for the health care system. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25663
   Google Scholar
• Ozga, A. K., Kieser, M., & Rauch, G. (2018). A systematic comparison of recurrent event models for application to composite endpoints. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-017-0462-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pak, K., & Shadel, D. (2011). AARP foundation national fraud victim study. AARP.
   Google Scholar
• Perrin, A. (2021). Mobile technology and home broadband 2021. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/06/03/mobile-technology-and-home-broadband-2021/
   Google Scholar
• Prentice, R. L., Williams, B. J., & Peterson, A. V. (1981). On the regression analysis of multivariate failure time data. Biometrika, 68(2), 373–379. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/68.2.373
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinheimer, B., Aldag, L., Mayer, P., Mossano, M., Duezguen, R., Lofthouse, B., … Volkamer, M. (2020). An investigation of phishing awareness and education over time: When and how to best remind users. In Proceedings of the Sixteenth USENIX Conference on Usable Privacy and Security (pp. 259–284).
   Google Scholar
• Ross, M., Grossmann, I., & Schryer, E. (2014). Contrary to psychological and popular opinion, there is no compelling evidence that older adults are disproportionately victimized by consumer fraud. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9(4), 427–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614535935
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, J., Zhang, Q., Ren, Y., Li, X., & Lin, T. (2019). Why are older adults victims of fraud? Current knowledge and prospects regarding older adults’ vulnerability to fraud. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 31(3), 225–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/08946566.2019.1625842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreng, R. N., Karlawish, J., & Marson, D. C. (2016). Cognitive, social, and neural determinants of diminished decision-making and financial exploitation risk in aging and dementia: A review and new model. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 28(4–5), 320–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/08946566.2016.1237918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stensrud, M. J., & Hernán, M. A. (2020). Why test for proportional hazards? JAMA, 323(14), 1401–1402. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Postal Inspection Service. (2021). United States postal inspection service annual report 2021. https://www.uspis.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/USPIS-FY2021-Annual-Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Postal Service. (2021). 2020-2021 USPS generational report. https://www.uspsdelivers.com/2020-2021-generational-research-report/#reference-12
   Google Scholar
• Wen, X., Xu, L., Wang, J., Gao, Y., Shi, J., Zhao, K., Tao, F., & Qian, X. (2022). Mental states: A key point in scam compliance and warning compliance in real life. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), e8294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen, J., Yang, H., Zhang, Q., & Shao, J. (2022). Understanding the mechanisms underlying the effects of loneliness on vulnerability to fraud among older adults. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 34(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/08946566.2021.2024105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xing, T., Sun, F., Wang, K., Zhao, J., Wu, M., & Wu, J. (2020). Vulnerability to fraud among Chinese older adults: Do personality traits and loneliness matter? Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 32(1), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/08946566.2020.1731042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yassa, M. A., Lacy, J. W., Stark, S. M., Albert, M. S., Gallagher, M., & Stark, C. E. (2011). Pattern separation deficits associated with increased hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus activity in nondemented older adults. Hippocampus, 21(9), 968–979. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, L., Mottola, G., Bennett, D. A., & Boyle, P. A. (2021). Adverse impacts of declining financial and health literacy in old age. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(11), 1129–1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2021.02.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar