References
- American Psychiatric Association . 2004 . Guidelines for psychological practice with older adults . American Psychologist , 59 : 236 – 260 .
- Ayllon , T. and Azrin , N. H. 1965 . The measurement and reinforcement of behavior of psychotics . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior , 8 : 357 – 383 .
- Ayllon , T. and Azrin , N. H. 1968 . TheToken Economy: A motivational system for therapy and rehabilitation , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
- Baker , R. and Hall , J. N. 1983 . “ Rehabilitation evaluation of Hall and Baker ” . Aberdeen : Vine Publishing .
- Baldwin , R. and Wild , R. 2004 . Management of depression in later life . Advances in Psychiatric Treatment , 10 : 131 – 139 .
- Baltes , P. B. and Baltes , M. M. 1990 . “ Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation ” . In Successful aging: perspectives from the behavioural sciences , Edited by: Baltes , P. and Baltes , M. 1 – 34 . Canada : Cambridge University Press .
- Blazer , D. G. 1980 . “ The epidemiology of mental illness in late life ” . In Handbook of Geriatric Psychiatry , Edited by: Busse , E. N. and Blaser , D. G. New York : Nostrand Reinhold .
- Blazer , D. G. 2002a . Depression in late life , New York : Springer Publishing Company, Inc. .
- Blazer , D. G. 2002b . Self-efficacy and depression in late life: A primary intervention proposal . Aging and Mental Health , 6 : 315 – 324 .
- Botelho , A. 2005 . “ A funcionalidade dos idosos ” . In Envelhecer em Portugal: Psicologia, saúde e prestação de cuidados , Edited by: Paúl , C. and Fonseca , A. M. 115 – 138 . Lisboa : Climepsi Editores .
- Bourgeois , M. , Schulz , R. , Burgio , L. and Beach , S. 2004 . Skills training for spouses of patients with Alzheimer's disease: Outcomes of an intervention study . Journal of Clinic Geropsychology , 8 : 53 – 73 .
- Bowling , A. and Farquhar , M. 1996 . Outcome of anxiety and depression at two and a half years after baseline interview: Associations with changes in psychiatric morbidity among three samples of elderly people living at home . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 11 : 119 – 129 .
- Bruce , D. G. , Paley , G. A. , Nichols , P. , Roberts , D. , Underwood , P. J. and Schaper , F. 2005 . Physical disability contributes to caregiver stress in dementia caregivers . The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences , 60 : 345 – 349 .
- Carballo , V. E. 1993 . Manual de evaluación y entrenamiento de las habilidades sociales , Madrid : Siglo Veintiuno de España Editores .
- Chen , Y. , Ryden , M. , Feldt , K. and Savik , K. 2000 . The relationship between social interaction and characteristics of aggressive, cognitively impaired nursing home residents . American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias , 15 : 10 – 17 .
- Coelho , C. M. and Palha , A. P. 2006 . Treino de habilidades sociais aplicado a doentes com esquizofrenia , Lisboa : Climepsi Editores .
- Coleman , M. and Gillberg , C. 1996 . The schizophrenias: A biological approach to the schizophrenia spectrum disorders , New York : Springer Publishing Company, Inc. .
- Coleman , J. C. and Paul , G. L. 2001 . Relationship between staffing ratios and effectiveness of inpatient psychiatric units . Psychiatric Services , 52 : 1374 – 1379 .
- Corrigan , P. W. , Williams , O. B. , McCracken , S. G. , Kommana , S. , Edwards , M. and Brunner , J. 1998 . Staff attitudes that impede the implementation of behavioral treatment programs . Behavior Modification , 22 : 548 – 562 .
- Costa , A. 2005 . “ A depressão nos idosos portugueses ” . In Envelhecer em Portugal: Psicologia, saúde e prestação de cuidados , Edited by: Paúl , C. and Fonseca , A. M. 157 – 176 . Lisboa : Climepsi Editores . Cap. 6
- Dickerson , F. B. 2007 . Women, aging, and schizophrenia . Journal of Women & Aging , 19 : 49 – 61 .
- Dickerson , F. B. , Tenhula , W. N. and Green-Paden , L. D. 2005 . The token economy for schizophrenia: Review of the literature and recommendations for future research . Schizophrenia Research , 74 : 405 – 416 .
- Ebmeier , K. P. , Donaghey , C. and Steele , J. D. 2006 . Recent developments and current controversies in depression . Lancet , 367 : 137 – 167 .
- Encinas , F. L. and Cruzado , J. A. 1993 . “ Técnicas de control de contingencias ” . In Manual Prático de modificación de conduta , Edited by: Vallejo , M. A. , Angeles , P. M. and Fernandez , R. Madrid : Fundacion Universidad Empresa .
- Folstein , M. , Folstein , S. and McHugh , P. 1975 . Mini Mental State . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 : 189 – 198 .
- Form , A. F. 2000 . Does old age reduce the risk of anxiety and depression? A review of epidemiological studies across the life span . Psychological Medicine , 30 : 11 – 22 .
- Frazer , C. J. , Christensen , H. and Griffiths , K. M. E. 2005 . Effectiveness of treatments for depression in older people . Medical Journal of Australia , 182 : 627 – 632 .
- Goldstein , A. P. , Sprafkin , R. P. and Gershaw , M. J. 1976 . Skill training for community living: Applying structural learning theory , New York : Pergamon Press .
- Hopkins , R. , Kilik , L. , Day , D. , Bradford , L. and Rows , C. 2006 . The Kingston Standardized Behavioural Assessment . American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias , 21 : 339 – 346 .
- INE . 2002 . O envelhecimento em Portugal , Portugal : Serviço de Estudos para a População do Departamento de Estatísticas Censitárias e de População .
- Katona , C. and Shankar , K. 1999 . Depression in old age . Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , 9 : 343 – 361 .
- Katona , C. and Shankar , K. 2004 . Depression in old age . Reviews in Clinical Gerontology , 14 : 283 – 306 .
- Kimuna , S. R. , Knox , D. and Zusman , M. 2005 . College students' perceptions about older people and aging . Educational Gerontology , 31 : 563 – 572 .
- Kincannon , C. L. , He , W. and West , L. A. 2005 . Demography of aging in China and the United States and the economic well-being of their older populations . Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology , 20 : 243 – 255 .
- Lee , K. M. , Volans , P. J. and Gregory , N. 2003 . Attitudes toward psychotherapy with older persons among trainee clinical psychologists . Aging & Mental Health , 7 : 133 – 141 .
- Lehmann , S. W. 2003 . Psychiatric disorders in older women . International Review of Psychiatry , 15 : 269 – 279 .
- LePage , J. P. 1999 . The impact of a token economy on injuries and negative events on an acute psychiatric unit . Psychiatric Service , 50 : 941 – 944 .
- LePage , J. P. , DelBen , K. , Pollard , S. , McGhee , M. , VanHorn , L. , Murphy , J. , Lewis , P. , Aboraya , A. and Mogge , N. 2003 . Reducing assaults on an acute psychiatric unit using a token economy: A 2 year follow-up . Behavioral Interventions , 18 : 179 – 190 .
- Liberman , R. P. 1991 . Réhabilitation psychiatrique des malades mentaux chroniques , Paris : Masson .
- Lindsley , O. R. and Skinner , B. F. 1954 . A method for the experimental analysis of the behavior of psychotic patients . American Psychologist , 9 : 419 – 420 .
- Löpönen , M. , Räiha , I. , Isoaho , R. , Vahlberg , T. and Kivelä , S. 2003 . Diagnosing cognitive impairment and dementia in primary health care—a more active approach is needed . Age and Aging , 32 : 606 – 612 .
- Lutz , W. , Kritzinger , S. and Skirbekk , V. 2006 . Population: The demography of growing European identity . Science , 314 ( 5798 ) : 425
- Lutzker , J. R. and Withaker , D. J. 2005 . The expanding role of behavior analysis and support: Current status and future directions . Behavior Modification , 29 : 575 – 594 .
- Martin-Cook , K. , Davis , B. A. , Hynan , L. S. and Weiner , M. F. 2005 . A randomized, controlled study of an Alzheimer's caregiver skills training program . American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias , 20 : 204 – 210 .
- McMonagle , T. and Sultana , A. 2000 . Token economy for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review). . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , 3 CD001473.
- Michel , L. , Danion , J. M. , Grangé , D. and Sandner , G. 1998 . Cognitive skill learning and schizophrenia: Implications for cognitive remediation . Neuropsychology , 12 : 590 – 599 .
- Mills , T. L. 2001 . Comorbid depressive symptomatology: Isolating the effects of chronic medical conditions on self-reported depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults . Social Science & Medicine , 53 : 569 – 578 .
- Moore , L. and Davis , B. 2002 . Quilting narrative: Using repetition techniques to help elderly communicators . Geriatric Nursing , 23 : 2 – 5 .
- Murphy , S. 2000 . Provision of psychotherapy services for older people . Psychiatric Bulletin , 24 : 181 – 184 .
- Paúl , C. , Ayis , S. and Ebrahim , S. 2006 . Psychological distress, loneliness, and disability in old age . Psychology, Health & Medicine , 11 : 221 – 232 .
- Paul , G. L. , Licht , M. H. , Mariotto , M. J. , Power , C. T. and Engel , K. L. 1987 . Observational assessment instrumentation for service and research , Champaign, IL : Research Press . The Time-Sample Behavioral Checklist: Assessment in residential treatment settings (Part 2)
- Pentland , W. , Miscio , G. , Eastabrook , S. and Krupa , T. 2003 . Aging women with schizophrenia . Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal , 26 : 290 – 303 .
- Reeder , C. , Smedely , N. , Butt , K. , Bogner , D. and Wykes , T. 2006 . Cognitive predictors of social functioning improvements following cognitive remediation for schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 32 : 123 – 131 .
- Rimm , D. C. and Masters , J. C. 1974 . Terapia de la conducta: técnicas y hallazgos empíricos , México : Trillos .
- Siegler , C. I. and Poon , W. L. 1989 . “ A Psicologia do envelhecimento. Busse e Blazer ” . In Psiquiatria Geriátrica , Porto : Artes Médicas .
- Skinner , B. F. 1953 . Science and human behavior , New York : McMillan .
- Tafaro , L. , Cicconetti , P. , Zannino , G. , Tedeschi , G. , Tombolilla , M. , Ettore , E. and Marigliano , V. 2002 . Depression and aging: A survival study on centenarians . Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Supplement , 8 : 371 – 376 .
- Tenhula , W. N. , Bellack , A. S. , Suarez , E. , Lambert , M. and Ford , R. 2003 . Integration of a token economy program with psychosocial and psychopharmacological research on a treatment refractory schizophrenia unit . Schizophrenia Research , 60 : 329 – 330 .
- Voyer , P. and Martin , L. S. 2003 . Improving geriatric mental health nursing care: Making a case for going beyond psychotropic medications . International Journal of Mental Health Nursing , 12 : 11 – 21 .
- Warner , R. 1994 . Recovery from schizophrenia: Psychiatry and political economy , 2nd , New York : Routledge .
- Whanger , A. D. 1992 . “ Tratamento Hospitalar do paciente psiquiátrico idoso ” . In Psiquiatria Geriátrica , Edited by: Busse , E. W. and Blazer , D. G. Porto Alegre : Artes Médicas .
- Woods , R. T. 1999 . “ Mental health problems in later life ” . In Psychological Problems of ageing: Assessment, Treatment and Care , Edited by: Woods , R. T. 73 – 110 . Chap. 4 .
- World Health Organization . 1992 . The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders , Geneva : WHO .
- Wykes , T. , Reeder , C. , Williams , C. , Corner , J. , Rice , C. and Everitt , B. 2003 . Are the effects of cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) durable? Results from an exploratory trial in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 61 : 163 – 174 .