Depression in older women who died by suicide: associations with other suicide contributors and suicide methods

References

• Abrams, L. R., & Mehta, N. K. (2019). Changes in depressive symptoms over age among older Americans: Differences by gender, race/ethnicity, education, and birth cohort. SSM - Population Health, 7, 100399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alessi, M., Szanto, K., & Dombrovski, A. (2019). Motivations for attempting suicide in mid- and late-life. International Psychogeriatrics, 31(1), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218000571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, P. (2012). Statistical horizons. When can you safely ignore multicollinearity? http://statisticalhorizons.com/multicollinearity
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
   Google Scholar
• Anestis, M. D., & Capron, D. W. (2018). Deadly experience: The association between firing a gun and various aspects of suicide risk. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 48(6), 699–708. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appel, J. E., & van Wijngaarden, E. J. (2021). Older adults who experience their lives to be completed and no longer worth living: A systematic mini-review into used terminology, definitions, and interpretations. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 734049. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.734049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagge, C. L., Lamis, D. A., Nadorff, M., & Osman, A. (2014). Relations between hopelessness, depressive symptoms and suicidality: mediation by reasons for living. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 18–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Brown, G., Berchick, R. J., Stewart, B. L., & Steer, R. A. (1990). Relationship between hopelessness and ultimate suicide: A replication with psychiatric outpatients. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 147(2), 190–195. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.147.2.190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beghi, M., Butera, E., Cerri, C. G., Cornaggia, C. M., Febbo, F., Mollica, A., Berardino, G., Piscitelli, D., Resta, E., Logroscino, G., Daniele, A., Altamura, M., Bellomo, A., Panza, F., & Lozupone, M. (2021). Suicidal behaviour in older age: A systematic review of risk factors associated to suicide attempts and completed suicides. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 127, 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, J. R., Gan, D. R. Y., Wister, A. V., & Cosco, T. D. (2021). Age and sex trends in depressive symptoms across middle and older adulthood: Comparison of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging to American and European cohorts. Journal of Affective Disorders, 295, 1169–1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickford, D., Morin, R. T., Woodworth, C., Verduzco, E., Khan, M., Burns, E., Nelson, J. C., & Mackin, R. S. (2021). The relationship of frailty and disability with suicidal ideation in late life depression. Aging & Mental Health, 25(3), 439–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1698514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostwick, J. M., Pabbati, C., Geske, J. R., & McKean, A. J. (2016). Suicide attempt as a risk factor for completed suicide: Even more lethal than we knew. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(11), 1094–1100. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15070854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brådvik, L. (2018). Suicide risk and mental disorders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 2028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, M. L., Ten Have, T. R., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, Katz, I. I., Schulberg, H. C., Mulsant, B. H., Brown, G. K., McAvay, G. J., Pearson, J. L., & Alexopoulos, G. S. (2004). Reducing suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms in depressed older primary care patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 291(9), 1081–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.9.1081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brüdern, J., Stähli, A., Gysin-Maillart, A., Michel, K., Reisch, T., Jobes, D. A., & Brodbeck, J. (2018). Reasons for living and dying in suicide attempters: a two-year prospective study. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 234. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1814-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burr, E. M., Rahm-Knigge, R. L., & Conner, B. T. (2018). The differentiating role of state and trait hopelessness in suicidal ideation and suicide attempt. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 22(3), 510–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2017.1366960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Suicide data and statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/suicide-data-statistics.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC Wonder. (2023). Provisional mortality statistics, 2018 through last week results: suicide death. https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/datarequest/
   Google Scholar
• Choi, N. G., Marti, C. N., & Conwell, Y. (2016). Effect of problem-solving therapy on depressed low-income homebound older adults’ death/suicidal ideation and hopelessness. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 46(3), 323–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, N. G., DiNitto, D. M., Marti, C. N., & Conwell, Y. (2019). Physical health problems as a late-life suicide precipitant: Examination of coroner/medical examiner and law enforcement reports. The Gerontologist, 59(2), 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, N. G., Marti, C. N., & Choi, B. Y. (2022a). Job loss, financial strain, and housing problems as suicide precipitants: Associations with other life stressors. SSM - Population Health, 19, 101243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, N. G., Marti, C. N., & Choi, B. Y. (2022b). Three leading suicide methods in the United States, 2017-2019: Associations with decedents’ demographic and clinical characteristics. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 955008. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.955008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conejero, I., Olié, E., Courtet, P., & Calati, R. (2018a). Suicide in older adults: current perspectives. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 13, 691–699. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S130670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conejero, I., Olié, E., Calati, R., Ducasse, D., & Courtet, P. (2018b). Psychological pain, depression, and suicide: Recent evidences and future directions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20(5), 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0893-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuijpers, P., de Beurs, D. P., van Spijker, B. A., Berking, M., Andersson, G., & Kerkhof, A. J. (2013). The effects of psychotherapy for adult depression on suicidality and hopelessness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 144(3), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, O. J., & Kennedy, G. J. (2021). Understanding vulnerability to late-life suicide. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23(9), 58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01268-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dombrovski, A. Y., Hallquist, M. N., Brown, V. M., Wilson, J., & Szanto, K. (2019). Value-based choice, contingency learning, and suicidal behavior in mid- and late-life depression. Biological Psychiatry, 85(6), 506–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducasse, D., Holden, R. R., Boyer, L., Artéro, S., Calati, R., Guillaume, S., Courtet, P., & Olié, E. (2018). Psychological Pain in Suicidality: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 79(3), 16r10732. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.16r10732
   Google Scholar
• Fässberg, M. M., van Orden, K. A., Duberstein, P., Erlangsen, A., Lapierre, S., Bodner, E., Canetto, S. S., De Leo, D., Szanto, K., & Waern, M. (2012). A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(3), 722–745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9030722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fässberg, M. M., Cheung, G., Canetto, S. S., Erlangsen, A., Lapierre, S., Lindner, R., Draper, B., Gallo, J. J., Wong, C., Wu, J., Duberstein, P., & Wærn, M. (2016). A systematic review of physical illness, functional disability, and suicidal behaviour among older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 20(2), 166–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1083945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Rodrigues, V., Sanchez-Carro, Y., Lagunas, L. N., Rico-Uribe, L. A., Pemau, A., Diaz-Carracedo, P., Diaz-Marsa, M., Hervas, G., & de la Torre-Luque, A. (2022). Risk factors for suicidal behaviour in late-life depression: A systematic review. World Journal of Psychiatry, 12(1), 187–203. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnett, M. F., Elgaddal, N., & Spencer, M. R. (2023). Suicide Mortality in the United States, 2001-2021. National Health Statistics Reports, 189, 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Grimes, D. A., & Schulz, K. F. (2008). Making sense of odds and odds ratios. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 111(2 Pt 1), 423–426. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000297304.32187.5d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji, X., Zhao, J., Fan, L., Li, H., Lin, P., Zhang, P., Fang, S., Law, S., Yao, S., & Wang, X. (2022). Highlighting psychological pain avoidance and decision-making bias as key predictors of suicide attempt in major depressive disorder-A novel investigative approach using machine learning. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78(4), 671–691. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, J. (2013). Men, married, Southerners most likely to be gun owners. https://news.gallup.com/poll/160223/men-married-southerners-likely-gun-owners.aspx#:∼:text=Gender%20is%20an%20important%20factor,31%25%20who%20are%20not%20married.
   Google Scholar
• Kok, R. M., & Reynolds, C. F. 3rd (2017). Management of depression in older adults: A review. JAMA, 317(20), 2114–2122. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.5706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KoKoAung, E., Cavenett, S., McArthur, A., & Aromataris, E. (2015). The association between suicidality and treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in older people with major depression: a systematic review. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 13(3), 174–205. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2015-2272
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuffel, R. L., Morin, R. T., Covinsky, K. E., Boscardin, W. J., Lohman, M. C., Li, Y., & Byers, A. L. (2023). Association of frailty with risk of suicide attempt in a national cohort of US veterans Aged 65 years or older. JAMA Psychiatry, 80(4), 287–295. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.5144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laflamme, L., Vaez, M., Lundin, K., & Sengoelge, M. (2022). Prevention of suicidal behavior in older people: A systematic review of reviews. PloS One, 17(1), e0262889. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lengvenyte, A., Conejero, I., Courtet, P., & Olié, E. (2021). Biological bases of suicidal behaviours: A narrative review. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 53(1), 330–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.1463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C., Huang, C. M., Karim, H. T., Liu, H. L., Lee, T. M., Wu, C. W., Toh, C. H., Tsai, Y. F., Yen, T. H., & Lee, S. H. (2021). Greater white matter hyperintensities and the association with executive function in suicide attempters with late-life depression. Neurobiology of Aging, 103, 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, M., Li, L., Liu, Z., & Li, A. (2023). Sociodemographic dynamics and age trajectories of depressive symptoms among adults in mid- and later life: a cohort perspective. Aging & Mental Health, 27(1), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.2010182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz, J., & Fiske, A. (2018). Functional disability and suicidal behavior in middle-aged and older adults: A systematic critical review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 260–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meerwijk, E. L., Parekh, A., Oquendo, M. A., Allen, I. E., Franck, L. S., & Lee, K. A. (2016). Direct versus indirect psychosocial and behavioural interventions to prevent suicide and suicide attempts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 3(6), 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00064-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meerwijk, E. L., & Weiss, S. J. (2014). Toward a unifying definition: response to 'The concept of mental pain. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 62–63. https://doi.org/10.1159/000348869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, M., Barber, C., White, R. A., & Azrael, D. (2013). Firearms and suicide in the United States: is risk independent of underlying suicidal behavior? American Journal of Epidemiology, 178(6), 946–955. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morichi, V., Dell'Aquila, G., Trotta, F., Belluigi, A., Lattanzio, F., & Cherubini, A. (2015). Diagnosing and treating depression in older and oldest old. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 21(13), 1690–1698. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612821666150130124354
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) Coding Manual. Revised [Online]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (producer). Available from URL: www.cdc.gov/injury.
   Google Scholar
• Niu, L., Jia, C., Ma, Z., Wang, G., Sun, B., Zhang, D., & Zhou, L. (2020). Loneliness, hopelessness and suicide in later life: a case-control psychological autopsy study in rural China. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, e119. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796020000335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, E., Whitman, K., Buerke, M., Galfalvy, H., & Szanto, K. (2023). Life-satisfaction, engagement, mindfulness, flourishing, and social support: Do they predict depression, suicide ideation, and history of suicide attempt in late life? The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(6), 415–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2022.12.192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okolie, C., Dennis, M., Simon Thomas, E., & John, A. (2017). A systematic review of interventions to prevent suicidal behaviors and reduce suicidal ideation in older people. International Psychogeriatrics, 29(11), 1801–1824. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610217001430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oude Voshaar, R. C., van der Veen, D. C., Hunt, I., & Kapur, N. (2016). Suicide in late-life depression with and without comorbid anxiety disorders. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(2), 146–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raue, P. J., Morales, K. H., Post, E. P., Bogner, H. R., Have, T. T., & Bruce, M. L. (2010). The wish to die and 5-year mortality in elderly primary care patients. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(4), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181c37cfe
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raue, P. J., Ghesquiere, A. R., & Bruce, M. L. (2014). Suicide risk in primary care: identification and management in older adults. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(9), 466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0466-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, J. D., Huang, X., Fox, K. R., & Franklin, J. C. (2018). Depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation, attempts and death: meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 212(5), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs-Ericsson, N., Hames, J. L., Joiner, T. E., Corsentino, E., Rushing, N. C., Palmer, E., Gotlib, I. H., Selby, E. A., Zarit, S., & Steffens, D. C. (2014). Differences between suicide attempters and nonattempters in depressed older patients: depression severity, white-matter lesions, and cognitive functioning. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(1), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaeffer, K. (2021). Pew Research Center: Key facts about Americans and guns. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/09/13/key-facts-about-americans-and-guns/
   Google Scholar
• Schmutte, T. J., & Wilkinson, S. T. (2020). Suicide in older adults with and without known mental illness: Results from the National Violent Death Reporting System, 2003-2016. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 58(4), 584–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shneidman, E. S. (1993). Suicide as psychache. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(3), 145–147. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199303000-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddaway, A. P., Taylor, P. J., Wood, A. M., & Schulz, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of perceptions of defeat and entrapment in depression, anxiety problems, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicidality. Journal of Affective Disorders, 184, 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szanto, K., Galfalvy, H., Vanyukov, P. M., Keilp, J. G., & Dombrovski, A. Y. (2018). Pathways to late-life suicidal behavior: Cluster analysis and predictive validation of suicidal behavior in a sample of older adults with major depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 79(2), 17m11611. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.17m11611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szanto, K., Galfalvy, H., Kenneally, L., Almasi, R., & Dombrovski, A. Y. (2020). Predictors of serious suicidal behavior in late-life depression. European Neuropsychopharmacology: The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, P. J., Gooding, P., Wood, A. M., & Tarrier, N. (2011). The role of defeat and entrapment in depression, anxiety, and suicide. Psychological Bulletin, 137(3), 391–420. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Orden, K., & Conwell, Y. (2011). Suicides in late life. Current Psychiatry Reports, 13(3), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-011-0193-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. Jr (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, W., Li, H., Luo, X., Fu, R., Ying, X., Wang, N., Yin, Q., Zou, Y., Cui, Y., Wang, X., & Shi, C. (2014). Anhedonia and pain avoidance in the suicidal mind: behavioral evidence for motivational manifestations of suicidal ideation in patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(7), 681–692. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar