Condensed matter chemistry under ‘extreme’ high pressure–high temperature conditions

References

• Hemley R. J. Ashcroft N. W. The revealing role of pressure in the condensed-matter sciences Physics Today 51 26 (1998) R. J. Hemley, G. L. Chiarotti, M. Beruasconi and L. Ulivi (Eds.), High Pressure Phenomena, Proc. Int. School Phys. “Enrico Fermi”, Course CXLVII IOS Press Amsterdam 2002
   Google Scholar
• Hemley R. J. (Ed.), Ultrahigh-Pressure Mineralogy: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth's Deep Interior Mineralogical Society of America Washington, DC 1998
   Google Scholar
• Hemley , R. J. (2000) . Effects of pressure on molecules . Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. , 51 : 763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao , H. K. and Hemley , R. J. (2002) . New windows on earth and planetary interiors . Mineral. Mag. , 66 : 791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan P. F. New materials from high pressure experiments Nature Materials 1 19 (2002) P. F. McMillan, New materials from high pressure experiments: Challenges and opportunities, High Pressure Research, 23, 7 (2003); P. F. McMillan, Chemistry of materials under extreme high pressure-high temperature conditions, Chem. Comm., 919, 2003; P. F. McMillan, Solid state chemistry at high pressure and high temperature, In: R. J. Hemley, G. L. Chiarotti, M. Beruasconi and L. Ulivi (Eds.), High Pressure Phenomena, Proc. Int. School of Physics “Enrico Fermi”, Course CXLVII IOS Press Amsterdam 2002 pp. 477–507
   Google Scholar
• Katrusiak A. McMillan P. F. (Eds.), High-Pressure Crystallography, NATO Adv. Study Inst., 34th Erice Crystallography Course, and EuroSummerSchool Kluwer Press Holland in press 2003
   Google Scholar
• Holzapfel W. B. Isaacs N. S. (Eds.), High-Pressure Techniques in Chemistry and Physics: A Practical Approach Oxford University Press Oxford 1997 M. Eremets, High Pressure Experimental Methods Oxford University Press Oxford 1996
   Google Scholar
• van Eldik R. (Ed.), Inorganic High Pressure Chemistry Elsevier Amsterdam 1986
   Google Scholar
• Jonas J. (Eds.), High Pressure Molecular Science Kluwer Academic Dordrecht 1999
   Google Scholar
• Schettino , V. and Bini , R. (2003) . Matter under extreme conditions: Chemical reactions at high pressure . Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 5 : 1951 – 1965 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citroni , M. , Cepatelli , M. , Bini , R. and Schettino , V. (2003) . Pressure and laser induced selectivity of chemical reactions. Dimerization and polymerization of butadiene . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 367 : 186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridgman P. W. The Physics of High Pressure G. Bell & Sons London 1958
   Google Scholar
• Bridgman P. W. Collected Experimental Papers Harvard University Press Cambridge MA 1964
   Google Scholar
• Bundy F. Hall H. T. Strong H. R. Wentorf Jr. Man-made diamonds Nature 176 51 (1955 H. Bovenkerk, F. Bundy, H. T. Hall, H. Strong and R. Wentorf, Jr., Preparation of diamond, Nature, 184, 1094 (1959); F. P. Bundy, W. A. Bassett, M. S. Weathers, R. J. Hemley, H.-K. Mao and A. F. Goncharov, The pressure–temperature phase and transformation diagram for carbon; updated through 1994, Carbon, 34, 141 (1996)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazen R. M. The Diamond Makers Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1999 R. M. Hazen, The New Alchemists times Books, Random House New York 1993
   Google Scholar
• Wentorf , R. Jr. (1957) . Cubic form of boron nitride . J. Chem. Phys. , 26 : 956
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Wentorf (Ed.), Modern Very High Pressure Research Butterworth's Washington, DC 1962
   Google Scholar
• Hall H. T. Compton L. A. Group IV analogs and high pressure, high temperature synthesis of B2O Inorg. Chem. 4 1213 (1965) T. Endo, T. Sato and M. Shimida, High-pressure synthesis of B2O with diamond-like structure, J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 6, 683 (1987); H. Hubert, L. A. J. Garvie, K. Leinenweber, P. Buseck, W. T. Petuskey and P. F. McMillan, High pressure, high temperature synthesis of superhard boron suboxide, MRS Symp., 410, 191 (1996)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veprek . (1999) . The search for novel, superhard Materials . J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A , 17 : 2401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Riedel (Ed.), Handbook of Hard Ceramic Materials 2 Wiley VCH New York 2000
   Google Scholar
• Haines , J. , Léger , J. M. and Bocquillon , J. (2001) . Synthesis and design of superhard Materials . Ann. Rev. Mater. Res. , 31 : 1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malkow , T. (2001) . Critical observations in the research of carbon nitride . Mat. Sci. Eng. A , 302 : 309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazhkin , V. V. , Lyapin , A. G. and Hemley , R. J. (2002) . Harder than diamond: Dreams and reality . Phil. Mag. A , 82 : 231
   Google Scholar
• Solozhenko V. L. Dub S. N. Novikov N. Mechanical properties of cubic BC2N, a new superhard phase Diamond and Related Materials 10 2228 (2001) V. L. Solozhenko, Synthesis of novel superhard phases in the B–C–N system, High Press. Res., 22, 519 (2002); V. L. Solozhenko, D. Andrault, G. Fiquet, M. Mezouar and D. C. Rubie, Synthesis of superhard cubic BC2N, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 1385 (2001)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung C.-M. Tai M.-F. Reactivities of transition metals with carbon: Implications to the mechanism of diamond synthesis under high pressure Int. J. Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 15 237 (1997) V. L. Solozhenko, V. Z. Turkevich, O. O. Kurakevych, W. A. Crichton and M. Mezouar, Kinetics of diamond crystallization from the melt of the Fe–Ni–C system, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, 6634 (2002)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demazeau G. Biardeau G. Vel L. Synthesis of cubic boron nitride using Magnesium or Magnesium-based fluoronitrides Mat. Letts. 10 (1990) V. L. Solozhenko, Y. Le Godec, S. Klotz, M. Mezouar, V. Z. Turkevich and J. M. Besson, In situ studies of boron nitride crystallization from BN solutions in supercritical N-H fluid at high pressures and temperatures, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 5386 (2002); V. L. Solozhenko, Synchrotron radiation studies of the kinetics of cBN crystallization in the NH4F–BN system, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 1033 (2002)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubert H. Devouard B. Garvie L. A. J. O'Keeffe M. Buseck P. R. Petuskey W. T. McMillan P. F. Icosahedral packing of B12 icosahedra in boron suboxide (B6O) Nature 391 376 (1998) H. Hubert, L. A. J. Garvie, B. Devouard, P. R. Buseck, W. T. Petuskey and P. F. McMillan, High-pressure, high-temperature synthesis and characterization of boron suboxide (B6O), Chem. Mater., 10, 1530 (1998); P. F. McMillan, H. Hubert, A. Chizmeshya, L. A. J. Garvie, W. T. Petuskey and B. Devouard, Nucleation and growth of icosahedral boron suboxide clusters at high pressure, J. Solid State Chem., 147, 281 (1999)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akaishi M. Shaji Kumar M. D. Kanda H. Yamaoka S. Reactions between carbon and a reduced C–O–H fluid under diamond-stable HP-HT condition Diamond Related Mater. 10 2125 (2001) S. Yamaoka, M. D. Shaji Kumar, H. Kanda and M. Akaishi, Thermal decomposition of glucose and diamond formation under diamond-stable high pressure-high temperature conditions, Diamond Related Mater., 11, 118 (2002)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal'yanov Y. N. Sokol A. G. Borzdov Y. M. Khokhryakov A. F. Sobolev N. V. Diamond formation through carbonate-silicate interaction Am. Mineral. 87 1009 (2002) A. G. Sokol, Y. N. Pal'yanov, G. A. Pal'yanova, A. F. Khokhryakov and Y. M. Borzdov, Diamond and graphite crystallization from C–O–H fluids under high pressure and high temperature conditions, Diamond Related Mater., 10, 2131 (2001)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angus , J. C. and Hayman , C. C. (1988) . Low-pressure, metastable growth of diamond and diamond-like phases . Science , 241 : 913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vohra Y. K. Weir S. T. Designer diamond anvils in high pressure research: Recent results and future opportunities In: R. J. Hemley, G. L. Chiarotti, M. Beruasconi and L. Ulivi (Eds.) High Pressure Phenomena, Proc. Int. School Phys. “Enrico Fermi”, Course CXLVII IOS Press Amsterdam 2002 p. 87; C.-S. Yan and Y. K. Vohra, Enlargement of diamond crystals using a 6 kW microwave plasma chemical vapour deposition system, In: M. H. Manghnani, W. J. Nellis, M. F. Nicol (Eds.), Science and Technology of High Pressure, Proc. AIRAPT-17 (Universities Press, Hyderabad, India, 2000), pp. 885–888; J. R. Patterson, Y. K. Vohra, S. T. Weir and J. Akella, Single-wall carbon nanotubes under high pressures to 62 GPa studied using designer diamond anvils, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 1, 143 (2001); N. Velisavljevic, G. N. Chesnut, Y. K. Vohra, S. T. Weir, V. Malba and J. Akella, Structural and electrical properties of beryllium metal to 66 GPa studied using designer diamond anvils, Phys. Rev. B, 65, 172107 (2002); D. D. Jackson, G. Aracne-Ruddle, V. Malba, S. T. Weir, S. A. Catledge and Y. K. Vohra, Magnetic susceptibility measurements at high pressure using designer diamond anvils, Rev. Sci. Instr., 74, 2467 (2003)
   Google Scholar
• Yan , C.-S. , Vohra , Y. K. , Mao , H.-k. and Hemley , R. J. (2003) . Very high growth rate chemical vapor deposition of single-crystal diamond . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA , 99 : 12523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Music D. Chinta V. Kreissig U. Czigany Z. Schneider J. M. Helmersson U. Quantum design and synthesis of a boron-oxygen-yttrium phase Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 2003 (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Sekine T. Proc. Japan. Acad. Ser. B. 68 95 (1992) C. S. Yoo, W. J. Nellis, M. L. Sattler and R. G. Musket, Appl. Phys. Letts., 61, 273 (1992); Y. Li, Y. Qian, H. Liao, Y. Ding, L. Yang, C. Xu, F. Li and G. Zhou, A reduction-pyrolysis-catalysis synthesis of diamond, Science, 281, 246 (1998); A. V. Kurdyumov, V. L. Solozhenko, M. Gubachek, N. I. Borimchuk, V. B. Zelyavskii, N. F. Ostrovskaya and V. V. Yarosh, Shock synthesis of ternary diamond-like phases in the B–C–N system, Powder Met. Met. Ceram., 39, 467 (2000)
   Google Scholar
• Sumiya , H. , Toda , N. and Satoh , S. (2000) . High-quality large diamond crystals . New Diamond Frontier Carbon Technology , 10 : 233
   Google Scholar
• Taniguchi T. Appearance of n-type semiconducting properties of cBN single crystals grown at high pressure Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 241 L109 (2002)
   Google Scholar
• Krukowski S. Bockowski M. Lucznik B. Grzegory I. Porowski S. Suski T. Romanowski Z. High-nitrogen-pressure growth of GaN single crystals: Doping and physical properties J. Phys. Cond. Matter 13 8881 (2001) M. Bockowski, M. Wroblewski, B. Lucznik and I. Grzegory, Crystal growth of aluminum nitride under high pressure of nitrogen, Mater. Sci. Semiconductor Processing, 4, 543 (2001)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood B. J. Fraser D. G. Elementary Thermodynamics for Geologists Oxford University Press Oxford 1976
   Google Scholar
• Carmichael I. S. E. Eugster H. P. (Eds.), Thermodynamic Modelling of Geological Materials: Minerals, Fluids and Melts. Rev. Mineral Mineralogical Society of America Washington, DC 1987 17
   Google Scholar
• Holloway J. R. Wood B. J. Simulating the Earth: Experimental Geochemistry Unwin Hyman Boston 1988
   Google Scholar
• Liu L.-G. Bassett W. A. Elements, Oxides, Silicates: High-Pressure Phases with Implications for the Earth's Interior Oxford University Press New York 1986
   Google Scholar
• Tonkov E. Y. (Ed.), High Pressure Phase Transformations Gordon and Breach Philadelphia 1992 Vols. 1–3
   Google Scholar
• Kawai , N. and Endo , S. (1970) . The generation of ultrahigh pressure by a split sphere apparatus . Rev. Sci. Instr. , 41 : 1178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syono Y. Manghnani M. H. (Eds.), High-Pressure Research: Application to Earth and Planetary Sciences Terra Pub. Co./Am. Geophys. Union Tokyo/Washington, DC 1992 I. Sunagawa (Ed.), Materials Science of the Earth's Interior (Dordrecht, Holland, 1984); M. H. Manghnani and T. Yagi (Eds.), Properties of Earth and Planetary Materials at High Pressure and Temperature Am. Geophys. Union Washington, DC 1996
   Google Scholar
• Irifune T. Application of synchrotron radiation, Kawai-type apparatus to various studies in high-pressure mineral physics Mineral. Mag. 66 769 (2002) O. Shimomura, Synchrotron studies in large-volume devices, In: A. Katrusiak and P. F. McMillan (Eds.), “High-Pressure Crystallography”, NATO Adv. Study Inst. and Erice Crystallography Course, EuroSummerSchool Kluwer Press Holland in press
   Google Scholar
• Weidner D. Rheological studies at high pressure Rev. Mineral. 37 493 (1998) R. C. Liebermann and B. Li, Elasticity at high pressure and temperatures, Rev. Mineral., 37, 459 (1998)
   Google Scholar
• Besson J. -M. Pressure generation, electrical measurements, neutron scattering, optical measurements, X-ray absorption In: W. B. Holzapfel and N. S. Isaacs (Eds.), High-Pressure Techniques in Chemistry and Physics: A Practical Approach Oxford University Press Oxford 1997 J.-M. Besson and J. P. Pinceaux, Science, 206, 1073 (1979); J.-M. Besson and J. P. Pinceaux, Rev. Sci. Instr., 50, 541 (1979); J.-C. Chervin, B. Canny, M. Gauthier and Ph. Pruzan, Rev. Sci. Instr., 66, 2595 (1995); J. -M. Besson, G. Hamel, T. Grima, R. J. Nelmes, J. S. Loveday, S. Hull and D. Haüsermann, A large volume pressure cell for high temperatures, High Pressure Res., 8, 625 (1992)
   Google Scholar
• Ito , E. and Takahashi , E. (1989) . Post-spinel transition in the system Mg2SiO4–Fe2SiO4 and some geophysical implications . J. Geophys. Res. , 94 : 10637
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stishov S. M. Popova S. V. A new dense modification of silica Geochemistry 10 923 (1961) S. M. Stishov, Memoir on the discovery of high-density silica, High Press. Res., 13, 245 (1995)
   Google Scholar
• Ringwood A. E. The olivine-spinel inversion in fayalite Am. Mineral. 44 659 (1959) A. E. Ringwood, Phase tranformations in the Mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 5, 401 (1969)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L.-G. Silicate perovskite from phase transformations of pyrope-gamet at high pressure, temperature Geophys. Res. Letts. 1 277 (1974) E. Knittle and R. Jeanloz, Synthesis and equation of state of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite to over 100 Gigapascals, Science, 235, 668 (1987)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodenough J. B. Kafalas J. A. Longho J. M. High pressure synthesis In: P. Hagenmuller (Ed.), Preparative Methods in Solid State Chemistry Academic Press New York 1972
   Google Scholar
• Demazeau , G. (1997) . High pressures: A route to the synthesis of new Materials . Eur. J. Solid State Inorg. Chem. , 34 : 759
   Google Scholar
• Dubrovinsky L. S. Dubrovinskaia N. A. Swamy V. Muscat J. Harrison N. M. Ahuja R. Holm B. Johansson B. The hardest known oxide Nature 410 653 (2001) U. Lundin, L. Fast, L. Nordström and B. Johansson, Transition-metal oxides with a bulk modulus comparable to diamond, Phys. Rev. B, 57, 4979 (1998); D. W. He, M. Akaishi, and B. L. Scott, Growth of boron suboxide crystals in the B-B2O3 system at high pressure and high temperature, J. Mat. Res., 17, 284 (2002)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landskron K. Huppertz H. Senker J. Schnick W. High-pressure synthesis of γ-P3N5 at 11 GPa and 1500°C in a multianvil assembly: A binary phosphorus (V) nitride with a three-dimensional network structure from PN4 tetrahedra and tetragonal PN5 pyramids Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 2643 (2001) G. Demazeau, H. Montigaud, B. Tanguy, M. Birot and J. Dunogues, The stabilization of C3N4: New development of such a Material as Macroscopic samples, Rev. High Pressure Sci. Technol., 7, 1345 (1998); Z. Zhang, K. L., M. Bauer, L. A. J. Garvie, P. F. McMillan and G. H. Wolf, High-pressure bulk synthesis of crystalline C6N9H3 · HCl: A novel C3N4 graphitic derivative, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 7788 (2001); W. Schnick, Ang. Chem. Int. Ed., 38, 3309 (1999); E. Soignard, M. Somayazulu, H.-k. Mao, J. Dong, O. F. Sankey and P. F. McMillan, High pressure-high temperature investigation of nitride spinels in the system Si3N4–Ge3N4 Solid State Comm., 120, 237 (2001); A. Andreyev, M. Akaishi and D. Golberg, Synthesis of nanocrystalline nitrogen-rich carbon nitride powders at high pressure, Diamond Related Mater., 112, 1885 (2002); A. Andreyev, M. Akaishi and D. Golberg, Sodium flux-assisted low-temperature high-pressure synthesis of carbon nitride with high nitrogen content, Chem. Phys. Letts., 372, 635 (2003)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai M. Hirano T. Electrical resistivity of metastable phases of BaSi2 synthesized under high pressure and high temperature J. Alloys and Compounds 224 111 (1995) M. Imai, Phase transitions of BaSi2 at high pressures and high temperatures, Phys. Rev. B, 58, 11922 (1998); S. Yamanaka, E. Enishi, H. Fuknoka and M, Yasukawa, High-pressure synthesis of a new silicon clathrate superconductor, Ba8Si46, Inorg. Chem., 39, 56 (1999); J. Evers, G. Oehlinger and G. Sextl, LiSi, a unique Zintl phase—although stable, it long evaded synthesis, Eur. J. Solid State Inorg. Chem., 34, 773 (1997); L. A. Stearus, J. Gryko, J. Diefenbacher, G. K. Ramachandran and P. F. McMillan, Synthesis and characterization of lithium monosilicide (LiSi), a low-dimensional silicon-based Material, J. Solid State Chem., 173, 251 (2003)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerr A. Miehe G. Serghiou G. Schwarz M. Kroke E. Riedel R. Fueβ H. Kroll P. Boehler R. Synthesis of cubic silicon nitride Nature 400 340 (1999) G. Serghiou, G. Miehe, O. Tschauner, A. Zerr and R. Boehler, Synthesis of a cubic Ge3N4 phase at high pressures and temperatures, J. Chem. Phys., 111, 4659 (1999); W. Schnick, The first nitride spinels—new synthetic approaches to binary group 14 nitrides, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 38, 3309 (1999)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leinenweber , K. , O'Keeffe , M. , Somayazulu , M. , Hubert , H. , McMillan , P. F. and Wolf , G. H. (1999) . Synthesis and structure refinement of the spinel, γ-Ge3N4 . Chem. Eur. J. , 5 : 3076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz M. Zerr A. Kroke E. Miehe G. Chen I.-W. Heck M. Thybusch B. Poe B. T. Riedel R. Spinel sialons Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41 788 (2002) Sekine; J. Z. Jiang, F. Kragh, D. J. Frost, K. Stahl and H. Lindelov, Hardness and thermal stability of cubic silicon nitride, J. Phys. Cond. Mat., 13, L515 (2001); T. Sekine, H. He, T. Kobayashi, M. Zhang and F. Xu, Shock-induced transformation of β-Si3N4 to a high-pressure cubic spinel phase, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 3706 (2000); T. Sekine, et al., Cubic Si6−z Al z O z N8−z (z = 1.8 and 2.8) spinels formed by shock compression, Chem. Phys. Lett., 344, 395 (2001); E. Soignard, M. Somayazulu, J. Dong, O. F. Sankey and P. F. McMillan, High pressure–high temperature synthesis and elasticity of the cubic nitride spinel γ-Si3N4 J. Phys. C, 13, 555 (2001)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iota V. Yoo C. S. Cynn H. Quartzlike carbon dioxide: An optically nonlinear extended solid at high pressures and temperatures Science 283 1510 (1999) C. S. Yoo, H. Cynn, F. Gygi, G. Galli, V. Iota, M. Nicol, S. Carlson, D. Hausermann and C. Mailhiot, Crystal structure of carbon dioxide at high pressure: “Superhard” polymeric carbon dioxide, Phys. Rev. Lett., 83, 5527 (1999); C. -S. Yoo, V. Iota and H. Cynn, Nonlinear carbon dioxide at high pressure and temperatures, Phys. Rev. Letts., 86, 444 (2001); V. Iota and C. -S. Yoo, Phase diagram of carbon dioxide: Evidence for a new associated phase, Phys. Rev. Lett., 86, 5922 (2001); O. Tschauner, H. k. Mao and R. J. Hemley, New transformations of CO2 at high pressures and temperatures, Phys. Rev. Lett., 87, 75701 (2001); E. Gregoryanz, A. F. Goncharov, R. J. Hemley and H.-k. Mao, High-pressure amorphous nitrogen, Phys. Rev. B, 64, 2001; M. Somayazulu, A. Madduri, O. Tschauner, P. F. McMillan, H.-k. Mao and R. J. Hemley, High pressure-high temperature chemistry of N2O: Formation of nitrosonium nitrate, Phys. Rev. Lett., 87, 135504 (2001); J. Dong, O. F. Sankey, J. Tomfohr, M. Somayazulu, K. Leinenweber and P. F. McMillan, Investigation of hardness in tetrahedrally bonded nonmolecular CO2 solids by density-functional theory, Phys. Rev. B, 62, 14685 (2000); R. Bini, L. Ulivi, J. Kreutz and H. J. Jodl, High-pressure phases of solid nitrogen by Raman and infrared spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 112, 8522 (2000)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeanloz R. Kavner A. Melting criteria and imaging spectroradiometry in laser- heated diamond-cell experiments Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London 24, 24 (1996) R. Boehler, Melting temperature of the Earth's Mantle and core: Earth's thermal structure, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 24, 15 (1996); G. Fiquet, (1996) Andrault, J.-P. Itié, Ph. Gillet and P. Richet, X-ray diffraction of periclase in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 95, 1 (1996); L. S. Dubrovinsky, S. K. Saxena and P. Lazor, X-ray study of iron with in situ heating at ultrahigh pressure, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1835 (1997); L. S. Dubrovinsky, (1996) A. Dubrovinskaia, V. Swamy, J. Muscat, N. M. Harrison, R. Ahuja, B. Holm and B. Johansson, The hardest known oxide, Nature, 410, 653–654 (2001)
   Google Scholar
• Katayama Y. Mizutani T. Utsumi W. Shimomura O. Yamakata M. Funakohi K.-I. A first-order liquid–liquid phase transition in phosphorous Nature 403 170 (2000) G. Monaco, S. Falconi, W. A. Crichton and M. Mezouar, Nature of the first-order phase transition in fluid phosphorous at high temperature and pressure, Phys. Rev. Lett., (in press); T. Grande, S. Stolen, A. Grzechnik, W. A. Crichton and M. Mezouar, Metastable melting and pressure-induced amorphization of GeSe2, Physica A, 314, 560 (2002)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klotz , S. , Besson , J. M. , Braden , M. , Karch , K. , Pavone , P. , Strauch , D. and Marshall , W. G. (1997) . Pressure induced frequency shifts of transverse acoustic phonons in germanium to 9.7 GPa . Phys. Rev. Lett. , 79 : 1313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loveday J. S. Nelmes R. J. Guthrie M. Klug D. D. Tse J. S. Handa Y. P. Stable methane hydrate above 2 GPa and the source of Titan's atmospheric methane Nature 410 661 (2001) J. M. Besson, S. Klotz, G. Hamel, W. G. Marshall, R. J. Nelmes and J. S. Loveday, Structural instability in ice VIII under pressure, Phys. Rev. Lett., 78, 3141 (1997); J. S. Loveday and R. J. Nelmes, High-pressure neutron diffraction and models of Titan, High Press. Res., 23, 41 (2003)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Loveday, this volume; J. Loveday, Neutron diffraction studies of ices, ice mixtures, In: A. Katrusiak and P. F. McMillan (Eds.), High-Pressure Crystallography, NATO Adv. Study Inst., 34^th Erice Crystallography Course, and EuroSummerSchool Kluwer Press Holland in press
   Google Scholar
• Lasaga A. C. Multicomponent exchange, diffusion in silicates Geochim. Cosmochim, Acta 43 455 (1979) S. K. Saxena (Ed.), Kinetics and equilibrium in mineral reactions, Adv. Phys. Geochem. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1983), Vol. 2; S. Chakraborty, Diffusion in silicate melts, Rev. Mineral., 32, 411 (1994); J. Ganguly, Diffusion kinetics in minerals: Principles and applications to tectono-metamorphic processes, In: C. M. Gramaccioli (Ed.), Energy Modelling in Minerals, Eur. Mineral. Union Notes in Mineralogy, Vol. 4 (Eötvös University Press, Budapest, 2002), p. 271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poe , B. T. , Rubie , D. C. , Chakraborty , S. , Yarger , J. , Diefenbacher , J. and McMillan , P. F. (1997) . Silicon and oxygen self diffusivities in silicate liquids measured to 15 Gigapascals and 2800 Kelvin . Science , 276 : 1245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihinger P. D. Hervig R. L. McMillan P. F. Analytical methods for volatiles in glasses In: M. R. Carroll and J. R. Holloway (Eds.), Volatiles in Magmas, Rev. Mineral Mineral. Soc. Am. Washington, DC 1994 30 p. 67
   Google Scholar
• Reed S. J. B. Electron Microprobe Analysis Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1975 F. C. Hawthorue and R. F. Martin (Eds.), Microbeam Techniques in the Earth Sciences, Can. Mineral., 33, 201 (1995)
   Google Scholar
• McGuire A. V. Francis C. A. Dyar M. D. Mineral standards for electron microprobe analysis of oxygen Am. Mineral. 77 1087 (1992) P. McMillan, M. Akaogi, R. Sato, B. Poe and J. Foley, Hydroxyl groups in ß-Mg2SiO4, Am. Mineral., 76, 354 (1991); J. J. McGee, J. F. Slack and C. R. Herrington, Boron analysis by electron microprobe using MoB4C layered synthetic crystals, Am. Mineral., 76, 681 (1991)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egerton R. F. Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope Plenum Press New York 1986 P. R. Buseck (Ed.), Minerals and Reactions at the Atomic Scale: Transmission Electron Microscopy, Rev. Mineral. Mineral. Soc. Am. Washington, DC 27
   Google Scholar
• Benninghoven A. Huber A. M. Waruer H. W. (Eds.), Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Wiley New York 1988
   Google Scholar
• Grande T. Holloway J. R. McMillan P. F. Angell C. A. (1994) Nitride glasses obtained by high pressure synthesis Nature 369 43 (1994) T. Grande, S. Jacob, J. R. Holloway, P. F. McMillan and C. A. Angell, High-pressure synthesis of nitride glasses, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 184, 151 (1995)
   Google Scholar
• Garvie , L. A. J. , Hubert , H. , Buseck , P. R. , Petuskey , W. T. and McMillan , P. F. (1997) . High-pressure, high-temperature syntheses in the B–C–N–O system: Part II: electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) . J. Solid State Chem. , 133 : 365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman L. C. Mayer J. W. Fundamentals of Surface and Thin Film Analysis North Holland Press Amsterdam 1986 M. Mosbah, A. Bastoul and M. Cuney, Nuclear microprobe analysis of 14N and its application to the study of ammonium-bearing minerals, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res., 77, 450 (1993); E. Mathez, J. Blacic, J. Beery, C. Maggiore and M. Hollander, Carbon abundances in Mantle minerals determined by nuclear reaction analysis, Geophys. Res. Letts., 11, 947 (1984)
   Google Scholar
• Hawthorue F. A. (Ed.), Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology, Rev. Mineral. Mineral. Soc. AmericaWashington, DC 1988 18
   Google Scholar
• Grzechnik A. Zimmerman H. D. Hervig R. King P. McMillan P. F. FTIR micro-reflectance measurements of the CO3 2- ion content in basanite and leucitite glasses Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 125 311 (1996) E. Chamoro-Pérez, Ph. Gillet, A. Jambon, J. Badro and P. F. McMillan, Low argon solubility in silicate melts at high pressure, Nature, 393, 352 (1998); R. A. Brooker, S. C. Kohn, J. R. Holloway, P. F. McMillan and M. R. Carroll, Solubility, speciation and dissolution mechanisms for CO2 in melts on the NaAlO2–SiO2 join, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63, 3549 (2000); G. Moore, P. F. McMillan and A. V. G. Chizmeshya, Quantitative measurement of the dissolved molecular CO2 concentration in rhyolitic glasses using reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 3571 (2000)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihde A. J. The Development of Modern Chemistry Harper & Row New York 1964: Reprinted by Dover Press 1984
   Google Scholar
• Carmichael I. S. E. Turuer F. J. Verhoogen J. Igneous Petrology McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York 1974 R. B. Hargraves (Ed.), Physics of Magmatic Processes (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1980); M. Ghiorso and I. S. E. Carmichael, Chemical Mass transfer in Magmatic processes, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 90, 121 (1985); B. O. Mysen (Ed.), Magmatic Processes: Physicochemical Principles Geochemical Society, Spec. Pub. 1 Washington, DC 1987
   Google Scholar
• Young D. A. Phase Diagrams of the Elements University of California Press Berkeley 1976
   Google Scholar
• Ponyatovsky , E. G. and Barkalov , O. I. (1992) . Pressure-induced amorphous phases . Mater. Sci. Rep. , 8 : 147
   Google Scholar
• Gryko J. McMillan P. F. Marzke R. F. Ramachandran G. K. Patton D. Deb S. K. Sankey O. F. A low-density form of crystalline silicon with a wide optical bandgap Phys. Rev. B 62 7707 (2000) G. K. Ramachandran, P. F. McMillan, S. K. Deb, M. Somayazulu, J. Gryko, J. Dong and O. F. Sankey, High-pressure phase transformation of the silicon clathrate Si136, J. Phys. Cond. Matter, 12, 4013 (2000); S. K. Deb, M. C. Wilding, M. Somayazulu and P. F. McMillan, Pressure-induced amorphisation and an amorphous-amorphous transition in densified porous silicon, Nature, 414, 528 (2001); G. S. Nolas, M. Beekman, J. Gryko, G. Lamberton, T. M. Tritt and P. F. McMillan, Thermal conductivity of the elemental crystalline silicon clathrate Si136 Appl. Phys. Lett.; M. Wilson and P. F. McMillan, Crystal-liquid phase relations in silicon at negative pressure, Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 135703 (2003)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soignard , E. , Somayazulu , M. , Mao , H.-k. , Dong , J. , Sankey , O. F. and McMillan , P. F. (2001) . High pressure–high temperature investigation of nitride spinels in the system Si3N4–Ge3N4 . Solid State Comm. , 120 : 237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soignard E. McMillan P. F. Control of the chemical composition in nitride spinels in high pressure chemical synthesis experiments, in prep (2003)
   Google Scholar
• Badzian , A. R. (1988) . Superhard Material comparable in hardness to diamond . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 53 : 2495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezouar M. Faure P. Crichton W. Rambert N. Sitaud B. Bauchau S. Blattmann G. Multichannel collimator for structural investigation of liquids and amorphous materials at high pressures and temperatures Rev. Sci. Instr. 73 3570 (2002) W. A. Crichton, M. Mezouar, T. Grande, S. Stolen and A. Grzechnik, Breakdown of intermediate-range order in liquid GeSe2 at high pressure, Nature, 414, 622 (2001); W. A. Crichton, G. B. M. Vaughan and M. Mezouar, In situ structure solution of helical sulphur at 3 GPa and 400 degrees C, Z. Krist., 216, 417 (2001)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riordan M. Hoddeson L. Crystal fire The Invention of the Transitor and the Birth of the Information Age W.W. Norton and Co. New York 1997
   Google Scholar
• Gaál-Nagy , K. , Bauer , A. , Schmitt , M. , Karch , K. , Pavone , P. and Strauch , D. (1999) . Temperature and dynamical effects on the high-pressure cubic-diamond β-tin phase transition in Si and Ge . Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) , 211 : 275
   Google Scholar
• Dong J. McMillan P. F. unpublished results Phys. Rev. B (in preparation)
   Google Scholar
• Poole P. H. Grande T. Angell C. A. McMillan P. F. Polymorphic phase transitions in liquids and glasses Science 24, 24 (1997) V. V. Brazhkin, S. V. Popova and R. N. Voloshin, High-pressure transformations in simple melts, High Press. Res., 15, 267 (1997); V. V. Brazhkin, (1997) V. Buldyrev, V. N. Ryshov and H. E. G. Stanley (Eds.), New Kinds of Phase Transitions in Disordered Substances, NATO Adv. Res. Workshop (Kluwer Press, Dordrecht, 2002); P. F. McMillan, Liquid state polymorphism, In: R. J. Hemley, G. L. Chiarotti, M. Bernasconi and L. Ulivi (Eds.), High Pressure Phenomena, Proc. Int. School of Physics “Enrico Fermi”, Course CXLVII IOS Press Amsterdam 2002 pp. 511–543
   Google Scholar
• Wilding M. C. McMillan P. F. Navrotsky A. A calorimetric study of liquids in the polyamorphic system Y2O3-Al2O3 J. Phys. Chem. Glasses 43 306 (2002) M. C. Wilding and P. F. McMillan, Polyamorphic transitions in yttria-alumina liquids, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 293, 357 (2001)
   Google Scholar
• Cros C. Pouchard M. Hagenmuller P. Sur une nouvelle famille de clathrates minéraux isotypes des hydrates de gaz et de liquids J. Solid State Chem. 2 570 (1970) J. Gallmeier, H. Schäfer and A. Weiss, Eine käfigstruktur als gemeinsames bauprinzip der verbindungen K8E46 (E = Si, Ge, Sn), Z. Naturforschg. 24b, 665 (1969); S. Bobev and S. C. Sevov, Clathrates of group 14 with alkali metals: An exploration, J. Solid State Chem., 153, 92 (2000); G. K. Ramachandran, J. Dong, J. Diefenbacher, J. Gryko, R. F. Marzke, O. F. Sankey and P. F. McMillan, Synthesis and X-ray characterization of silicon clathrates, J. Solid State Chem., 145, 716 (1999)
   Google Scholar
• Kuhs W. F. Klapproth A. Gotthardt F. Techmer K. Heinrichs T. The formation of meso- and Macroporous gas hydrates Geophys. Res. Lett. 27 2929 (2000) C. Sanloup, H.-k. Mao and R. J. Hemley, High-pressure transformations in xenon hydrates, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 25 (2002); W. F. Claussen, J. Chem. Phys., 19, 1425 (1951); L. Pauling and R. E. Marsh, The structure of the chlorine hydrate, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 36, 112 (1952); W. F. Kuhs, The high pressure crystallography of gas hydrates, In: A. Katrusiak and P. F. McMillan (Eds.), High-Pressure Crystallography, NATO Adv. Study Inst., 34th Erice Crystallography Course, and EuroSummerSchool Kluwer Press Holland in press
   Google Scholar
• Soignard E. McMillan P. F. Leinenweber K. Somayazulu M. (in preparation)
   Google Scholar
• Mackay A. L. News, views Nature (1998) A. L. Mackay, Acta Crystallogr., 15, 916 (1962)
   Google Scholar
• Deb , S. K. , Dong , J. , Hubert , H. , McMillan , P. F. and Sankey , O. F. (2000) . An experimental and theoretical study of the Raman spectra of the hexagonal and cubic forms of Ge3N4 . Solid State Comm. , 114 : 137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bini , R. , Ulivi , L. , Kreutz , J. and Jodl , H. J. (2000) . High-pressure phase of solid nitrogen by Raman and infrared spectroscopy . J. Chem. Phys. , 112 : 8522
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishii M. Hiraishi J. Yamanaka T. Phys. Chem. Min. 8 64 (1982) M. P. O'Horo, A. L. Frisillo and W. B. White, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 34, 23 (1973); G. A. de Wijs, C. M. Fang, G. Kresse and G. de With, Phys. Rev. B, 65, 2002; H. Cynn, S. K. Sharma, T. F. Cooney and M. Nicol, Phys. Rev. B, 45, 500 (1992)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West A. R. Solid State Chemistry and its Applications Wiley New York 1984
   Google Scholar
• Dong J. Deslippe J. Sankey O. F. Soignard E. McMillan P. F. Theoretical study of the ternary spinel nitride system Si3N4–Ge3N4 Phys. Rev. B (in press)
   Google Scholar