References
- Abe, Y., Takeda, N., Irifune, M., Ogino, S., Kalubi, B., Imamura, I., Fukui, H., Wada, H., and Matsunaga, T. 1992. Effects of capsaicin desensitization on nasal allergy-like symptoms and his-tamine release in the nose induced by toluene diisocyanate in guinea pigs. Acta OtolaryngoL 112:703–709.
- Chan-Yeung, M., and Maio, J.-L. 1994. Aetiological agents in occupational asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 346–371.
- Ebino, K., Kramarik, J., Lemus, R., and Karol, M. 1998. A mouse model for study of localized toluene diisocyanate (TDI) adducts following intrabronchial administration of the chemical: inflamma-tion and antibody production. lnhal. Toxicol. 10:503–529.
- Falagiani, P., and Mistrello, G. 1997. Pharmacokinetics of allergens after local administration. Allergy 52\(suppl. 33):17–21.
- Fisher, A. N., Brown, K., Davis, S., Parr, G., and Smith, D. 1987. The effect of molecular size and nasal absorption of water-soluble compounds in the albino rat.]. Pharm. PharmacoL 39:357–362.
- Greenberg, M. M. 1994. Isocyanates and nasal toxicity: Risk assessment issues. InhaL ToxicoL 6(suppl.): 458–464.
- Jin, R., Day, B. W., and Karol, M. 1993. Toluene diisocyanate protein adducts in the broncheoalveo-lar lavage of guinea pigs exposed to vapors of the chemical. Chem. Res. ToxicoL 6:906–912.
- Karol, M., Jin, R., and Lantz, R. 1997. Immunohistochemical detection of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) adducts in pulmonary tissue of guinea pigs following inhalation exposure. InhaL ToxicoL 9:63–83.
- Kimber, I., Hilton, J., Basketter, D. A., and Dearman, R. J. 1996. Predictive testing for respiratory sen-sitization in the mouse. ToxicoL Lett. 86:193–198.
- McMartin, C., Hutchison, L., Hyde, R., and Peters, G. 1987. Analysis of structural requirements for the absorption of drugs and macromolecules from the nasal cavity.]. Pharm. Sci. 76:535–540.
- Niku lin, M., Reijula, K., Jarvis, B., Veijalainen, P., and Hintikka, E.-L. 1997. Effects of intranasal exposure to spores of Stachybotrys atra in mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 35: 182–188.
- Okamoto, Y., Konno, A., Terada, N., Togawa, K., Amano, Y., and Komatsu, S. 1985. The mechanism of systemic symptoms following nasal administration of allergens. Rhinology23:137–147.
- Robinson, M. K., Babcock, L., Horn, P., and Kawabata, T. 1996. Specific antibody responses to Subtili-sin carlsberg (alcalase) in mice: Development of an intranasal exposure model. Fundam. Appl. ToxicoL 34:15–24.
- Robinson, M., Horn, P., Kawabata, T., Babcock, L., Fletcher, E., and Sarlo, K. 1998. Use of the mouse intranasal test (MINT) to determine the allergenic potency of detergent enzymes: Com-parison to the guinea pig intratracheal (GPIT) test. ToxicoL Sci. 43:39–46.
- Satoh, T., Kramarik, J., Tollerud, D., and Karol, M. 1995. A murine model for assessing the respiratory hypersensitivity potential of chemical allergens. Toxicol. Lett. 78:57–66.
- Scheerens, H., Buckley, T., Davidse, E., Garssen, J., Nijkamp, F., and van Loveren, H. 1996. Toluene diisocyanate-induced in vitro tracheal hyperreactivity in the mouse. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 154:858–865.
- Sills, R., Morgan, K., and Boorman, G. 1994. Accessory nasal structures in toxicology studies. InhaL ToxicoL 6:221–248.
- Smith, G. 1991. A simple non-surgical method of intrabronchial instillation for the establishment of respiratory infections in the rat. Lab. Anim. 25:46–49.
- Starcher, B., and Williams, I. 1989. A method for intratracheal instillation of endotoxin into the lungs of mice. Lab. Anim. 23:234–240.
- Sugawara, Y., Okamoto, Y., Sawahata, T., and Tanaka, K. 1993. An asthma model developed in the guinea pig by intranasal application of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate. Int. Arch. Allergy ImmunoL 101: 95–101.