Cross-National Explorations of the Impact of Affect at Work Using the State-Trait Emotion Measure: A Coordinated Series of Studies in the United States, China, and Romania

REFERENCES

• Ahmed , E. and Braithwaite , J. 2006 . “ Shame, pride and workplace bullying ” . In Emotions, crime and justice , Edited by: Karstedt , S. , Loader , I. and Strang , H. 55 – 79 . Oxford, , UK : Hart Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, and the National Council on Measurement in Education . 1999 . Standards for educational and psychological tests , Washington, DC : American Educational Research Association .
   Google Scholar
• Arbuckle , J. L. and Wothke , W. 1999 . Amos 4.0 user's guide , Chicago : Smallwaters Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Ashforth , B. E. and Kreiner , G. E. 2002 . Normalizing emotion in organizations: Making the extraordinary seem ordinary . Human Resource Management Review , 12 : 215 – 236 .
   Google Scholar
• Bagozzi , R. P. , Verbeke , W. J. M. I. and Gavino , J. C. 2003 . Culture moderates the self-regulation of shame and its effects on performance: The case of salespersons in the Netherlands and the Philippines . Journal of Applied Psychology , 88 : 219 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsade , S. G. and O'Neil , O. A. August 2004 . “ Affective culture in organizations. In Seung-Yoon Rhee (Chair) ” . In Exploring the dynamics of collective emotion: Perspectives from multiple levels , August , New Orleans, , Louisiana : Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management .
   Google Scholar
• Barsade , S. G. and Gibson , D. E. 2007 . Why does affect matter in organizations? . Academy of Management Perspectives , 1 : 36 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Barsky , A. and Kaplan , S. A. 2007 . If you feel bad, it's unfair: A quantitative synthesis of affect and organizational justice perceptions . Journal of Applied Psychology , 92 : 286 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , R. J. and Robinson , S. L. 2000 . Development of a measure of workplace deviance . Journal of Applied Psychology , 85 : 349 – 360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenbaum , H. 2002 . Varieties of joy-related pleasurable activities and feelings . Cognition and Emotion , 16 : 473 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkowitz , L. and Harmon-Jones , E. 2004 . Toward an understanding of the determinants of anger . Emotion , 4 : 107 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bing , M. N. , Whanger , J. C. , Davison , H. K. and Van Hook , J. 2004 . Incremental validity of the frame-of-reference effect in personality scale scores: a replication and extension . Journal of Applied Psychology , 89 : 150 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brief , A. P. , Butcher , A. H. and Roberson , L. 1995 . Cookies, disposition, and job attitudes: The effects of positive mood-inducing events and negative affectivity on job satisfaction in a field experiment . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 62 : 55 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brief , A. P. and Weiss , H. M. 2002 . Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace . Annual Review of Psychology , 53 : 279 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brislin , R. 1971 . Back-translation for cross-cultural research . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 1 : 185 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buunk , B. and Hupka , R. B. 1987 . Cross-cultural differences in the elicitation of sexual jealousy . Journal of Sex Research , 23 : 12 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Carver , C. S. and Harmon-Jones , E. 2009 . Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications . Psychological Bulletin , 135 : 183 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascio , W. F. and Aguinis , H. 2005 . Applied psychology in human resource management , 6th , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Pearson Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Cheang , A.W. 1993 . Poetry, politics, philosophy: Su Shih as The Man of The Eastern Slope . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , 53 : 325 – 387 .
   Google Scholar
• Cheung , F. M. 2004 . Use of Western and indigenously developed personality tests in Asia . Applied Psychology: An International Review , 53 : 173 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clore , G. L. and Ortony , A. 2008 . “ Appraisal theories: How cognition shapes affect into emotion ” . In Handbook of emotions , 3rd , Edited by: Lewis , M. , Haviland-Jones , J. M. and Barrett , L. F. 628 – 642 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen-Charash , Y. and Mueller , J. S. 2007 . Does perceived unfairness exacerbate or mitigate interpersonal counterproductive work behaviors related to envy? . Journal of Applied Psychology , 92 : 666 – 680 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , M. S. , Walter , F. and Bruch , H. 2008 . Affective mechanisms linking dysfunctional behavior to performance in work teams: A moderated mediation study . Journal of Applied Psychology , 93 : 945 – 958 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly , J. J. and Viswesvaran , C. 2000 . The role of affectivity in job satisfaction: A meta-analysis . Personality and Individual Differences , 29 : 265 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelius , R. R. 1996 . The science of emotion: Research and tradition in the psychology of emotion , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Cropanzano , R. , James , K. and Konovsky , M. A. 1993 . Dispositional affectivity as a predictor of work attitudes and job performance . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 14 : 595 – 606 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi , M. 2000 . Flow: The psychology of optimal experience , New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics .
   Google Scholar
• Edelstein , R. S. and Shaver , P. R. 2005 . “ A cross-cultural examination of lexical studies of self-conscious emotions ” . In The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research , Edited by: Tracy , J. L. , Robins , R. W. and Tangney , J. P. 194 – 208 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Elfenbein , H. A. 2007 . Emotion in organizations: A review and theoretical integration . Academy of Management Annals , 1 : 371 – 457 .
   Google Scholar
• Farh , J. L. , Zhong , C. B. and Organ , D. W. 2004 . Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the People's Republic of China . Organization Science , 15 : 241 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischbach , A. 2009 . Cross-national cross-cultural research of emotions at work: a review and some recommendations . Research on Emotions in Organizations , 5 : 299 – 325 .
   Google Scholar
• Fiske , S. T. 2004 . Social beings: A core motives approach to social psychology , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. L. 2003 . The value of positive emotions . American Scientist , 91 : 330 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , B. L. and Losada , M. F. 2005 . Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing . American Psychologist , 60 : 678 – 686 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. 1993 . “ Moods, emotion episodes, and emotions ” . In Handbook of emotions , 2nd , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Haviland-Jones , J.M . 59 – 74 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. , Markam , S. , Sato , K. and Wiers , W. 1995 . “ Emotion and emotion words ” . In Everyday conceptions of emotions , Edited by: Russell , A. A. , Fernandez-Dols , J.-M. , Manstead , A. S. R. and Wellenkamp , J. C. 121 – 143 . Boston : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• George , J. M. 1989 . Mood and absence . Journal of Applied Psychology , 74 : 317 – 324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George , J. M. 1990 . State or trait: Effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work . Journal of Applied Psychology , 75 : 299 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• George , J. M. and Bettenhausen , K. 1990 . Understanding prosocial behavior, sales performance and turnover: A group-level analysis in a service context . Journal of Applied Psychology , 75 : 698 – 709 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George , J. M. and Brief , A. P. 1996 . “ Motivational agendas in the workplace: The effects of feelings on focus of attention and work motivation ” . In Research in organizational behavior , Edited by: Staw , B. M. and Cummings , L. L. Vol. 18 , 75 – 109 . Greenwich, CT : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grandey , A. A. , Tam , A. P. and Brauburger , A. L. 2002 . Affective states and traits in the workplace: Diary and survey data from young workers . Motivation and Emotion , 26 : 31 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones , E. , Harmon-Jones , C. , Abramson , L. and Peterson , C. K. 2009 . PANAS positive activation is associated with anger . Emotion , 9 : 183 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hersey , R. B. 1932 . Workers' emotions in shop and home: A study of individual workers from psychological and physiological standpoint , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede , G. 2001 . Cultural consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations , 2nd , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• House , R. J. , Hanges , P. J. , Javidan , M. , Dorfman , P. W. and Gupta , V. 2004 . Culture, leadership, and organizations: the GLOBE study of 62 societies , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Huang , C. S. 2004 . A study on the link between job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intension , Fujian, , China : Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Xiamen University .
   Google Scholar
• Huang , L. , Yang , T. and Li , Z. 2003 . Applicability of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale in Chinese . Chinese Mental Health Journal , 17 : 54 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Hunthausen , J. M. , Truxillo , D. M. , Bauer , T. N. and Hammer , L. B. 2003 . A field study of frame-of-reference effects on personality test validity . Journal of Applied Psychology , 88 : 545 – 551 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hupka , R. B. and Bachelor , B. 1979 . Validation of a scale to measure romantic jealousy , San Diego, CA : Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Isen , A. M. and Baron , R. A. 1991 . Positive affect as a factor in organizational-behavior . Research in Organizational Behavior , 13 : 1 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard , C. E. 1994 . Innate and universal facial expressions: Evidence from developmental and cross-cultural research . Psychological Bulletin , 115 : 288 – 299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard , C. E. 2009 . Emotion theory and research: Highlights, unanswered questions, and emerging issues . Annual Review of Psychology , 60 : 1 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jehn , K. A. 1995 . A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict . Administrative Science Quarterly , 40 : 256 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , J. A. 1981 . The ‘self-disclosure' and ‘self-presentation' views of item response dynamics and personality scale validity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 40 : 761 – 769 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judge , T. A. , Scott , B. A. and Ilies , R. 2006 . Hostility, job attitudes, and workplace deviance: Test of a multilevel model . Journal of Applied Psychology , 91 : 126 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitayama , S. , Markus , H. R. and Kurokawa , M. 2000 . Culture, emotion and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the US . Cognition and Emotion , 14 : 93 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam , D. 1999 . Parenting stress and anger: The Hong Kong experience . Child and Family Social Work , 4 : 337 – 346 .
   Google Scholar
• Larsen , R. J. , Diener , E. and Lucas , R. E. 2002 . “ Emotion: Models, measures, and individual differences ” . In Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior , Edited by: Lord , R. G. , Klimoski , R. J. and Kanfer , R. 64 – 106 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. 1991 . Emotion and adaptation , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• K , Lee. and Allen , N. J. 2002 . Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 : 131 – 142 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liden , R. C. and Maslyn , J. M. 1998 . Multidimensionality of leader–member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development . Journal of Management , 24 : 43 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord , R. G. and Kanfer , R. 2002 . “ Emotions and organizational behavior ” . In Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior , Edited by: Lord , R. , Klimoski , R. and Kanfer , R. 5 – 19 . San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky , S. , King , L. A. and Diener , E. 2005 . The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? . Psychological Bulletin , 131 : 803 – 855 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus , H. R. and Kitayama , S. 1991 . Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation . Psychological Review , 98 : 224 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathes , E. W. 1992 . Jealousy: The psychological data , New York : University Press of America .
   Google Scholar
• Mauro , R. , Sato , K. and Tucker , J. 1992 . The role of appraisal in human emotions: A cross-cultural study . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 62 : 301 – 317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntire , S. A. and Miller , L. A. 2007 . Foundations of psychological testing: A practical approach , 2nd , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Mesquita , B. and Frijda , N. H. 1992 . Cultural variations in emotions: A review . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 179 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muchinsky , P. M. 2000 . Emotions in the workplace . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 21 : 801 – 805 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally , J. C. 1978 . Psychometric theory , 2nd , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Pitariu , H. D. , Levine , E. L. , Musat , S. and Ispas , D. 2006 . Validarea chestionarului de masurare a emotilor ca stare si trasatura (MEST-ro) la baschetbaliste [Validation of the State-Trait Emotion Measure (STEM) on Romanian basketball players] . Psihologia Resurselor Umane , 4 : 16 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Plutchik , R. 1989 . “ Measuring emotions and their derivatives ” . In The measurement of emotions , Edited by: Plutchik , R. and Kellerman , H. 1 – 35 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Plutchik , R. 2001 . The nature of emotions . American Scientist , 89 : 344 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff , P. M. , MacKenzie , S. B. , Lee , J. Y. and Podsakoff , N. P. 2003 . Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies . Journal of Applied Psychology , 88 : 879 – 903 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , J. A. , Bachorowski , J. and Fernandez-Dols , J. 2003 . Facial and vocal expressions of emotion . Annual Review of Psychology , 54 : 329 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmit , M. J. , Ryan , A. M. , Stierwalt , S. L. and Powell , S. L. 1995 . Frame-of-reference effects on personality scores and criterion-related validity . Journal of Applied Psychology , 80 : 607 – 620 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scollon , C. N. , Diener , E. , Oishi , S. and Biswas-Diener , R. 2004 . Emotions across cultures and methods . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 35 : 304 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaver , P. , Schwartz , J. , Kirson , D. and O'Connor , C. 1987 . Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 52 : 1061 – 1086 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shweder , R. A. , Haidt , J. , Horton , R. and Joseph , C. 2007 . “ The cultural psychology of emotions ” . In Handbook of emotions , Edited by: Lewis , M. , Haviland-Jones , J. M. and Feldman Barrett , L. 409 – 427 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Silivia , P. J. 2008 . Current directions in psychological science , Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , P. C. and Kendall , L. M. 1963 . Retranslation of expectations: An approach to the construction of unambiguous anchors for rating scales . Journal of Applied Psychology , 47 : 149 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R. H. and Kim , S. H. 2007 . Comprehending envy . Psychological Bulletin , 133 : 46 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector , P. E. 1985 . Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of Job Satisfaction Survey . American Journal of Community Psychology , 13 : 693 – 713 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector, P. E. (2001). Job Satisfaction Survey. http://shell.cas.usf.edu/~spector/scales/jssovr.html (http://shell.cas.usf.edu/~spector/scales/jssovr.html)
   Google Scholar
• Spector , P. E. 2006 . Method variance in organizational research: Truth or urban legend? . Organizational Research Methods , 9 : 221 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector , P. E. , Cooper , C. L. , Sparks , K. , Bernin , P. , BuÈssing , A. Phil Dewe , M. 2001 . An international study of psychometric properties of the Hofstede Value Survey Module 1994: A comparison of individual and country/province level results . Applied Psychology: An International Review , 50 : 269 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector , P. E. , Dwyer , D. W. and Jex , S. M. 1988 . Relation of job stressors to affective, health, and performance outcomes: A comparison of multiple data sources . Journal of Applied Psychology , 73 : 11 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector , P. E. and Fox , S. 2005 . “ A model of counterproductive work behavior ” . In Counterproductive workplace behavior: Investigations of actors and targets , Edited by: Fox , S. and Spector , P. E. 151 – 174 . Washington, DC : APA .
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. D. 1979 . Preliminary manual for the State-Trait Personality Inventory , Tampa : Human Resources Institute, University of South Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. D. 1983 . Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. D. , Sydeman , S. J. , Owen , A. and Marsh , B. J. 1999 . “ Measuring anxiety and anger with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) ” . In The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment , 2nd , Edited by: Maruish , M. E. 993 – 1021 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Stanley , D. J. and Meyer , J. P. 2009 . Two-dimensional affective space: A new approach to orienting the axes . Emotion , 9 : 214 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staw , B. M. and Barsade , S. G. 1993 . Affect and managerial performance: A test of the sadder-but-wiser vs. happier-and-smarter hypotheses . Administrative Science Quarterly , 38 : 304 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staw , B. M. , Sutton , R. I. and Pelled , L. H. 1994 . Employee positive emotion and favorable outcomes at the workplace . Organization Science , 5 ( 1 ) : 51 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangney , J. P. , Wagner , P. and Gramzow , R. 1989 . The Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA) , Fairfax, VA : George Mason University .
   Google Scholar
• Thoresen , C. J. , Kaplan , S. , Barsky , A. , Warren , C. and de Chermont , K. 2003 . The affective underpinnings of job perceptions and attitudes: A meta-analytic review and integration . Psychological Bulletin , 129 : 946 – 972 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van De Vijver , F. J. R. and Leung , K. 1997 . “ Methods and data analysis of comparative research ” . In Handbook of cross-cultural psychology , Edited by: Berry , J. W. , Poortinga , Y. H. and Pandey , J. Vol. 1 , 301 – 346 . Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Van Dyne , L. and LePine , J. A. 1998 . Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity . Academy of Management Journal , 41 : 108 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Katwyk , P. T. , Fox , S. , Spector , P. E. and Kelloway . 2000 . Using the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 5 : 219 – 230 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vecchio , R. P. 2000 . Negative emotion in the workplace: Employee jealousy and envy . International Journal of Stress Management , 7 : 161 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanous , J. , Reichers , A. and Hudy , M. 1997 . Overall job satisfaction: How good are single-item measures? . Journal of Applied Psychology , 82 : 247 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , D. 2000 . Mood and temperament , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , D. and Clark , L. A. 1994/1999 . The PANAS–X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule–Expanded Form , Iowa City : University of Iowa (Original work published in 1994) .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , D. , Clark , L. A. and Tellegen , A. 1988 . Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 54 : 1063 – 1070 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , H. M. 2002a . “ Conceptual and empirical foundations for the study of affect at work ” . In Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior , Edited by: Lord , R. G. , Klimoski , R. J. and Kanfer , R. 20 – 63 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , H. M. 2002b . Introductory comments: Antecedents of emotional experiences at work . Motivation and Emotion , 26 : 1 – 2 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , H. M. and Cropanzano , R. 1996 . Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work . Research in Organization Behavior , 18 : 1 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , H. M , Nicholas , J. P and Daus , C. S. 1999 . An examination of the joint effects of affective experiences and job beliefs on job satisfaction and variations in affective experiences over time . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process , 78 : 24
   Google Scholar
• Whissell , C. M. 1989 . “ The dictionary of affect in language ” . In Emotion: Theory, research, and experience , Edited by: Plutchik , R. and Kellerman , H. 113 – 132 . San Diego, CA : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Whyte , W. H. 1956 . The organization man , New York : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , J. S. 1996 . A critical review and further development of the Occupational Stress Indicator , United Kingdom : Unpublished dotoral thesis, UMIST .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , S. and Tze , W. 1999 . Mood and organizational citizenship behavior: The effects of positive affect on employee organizational citizenship behavior intentions . Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied , 133 : 656 – 668 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye , R. M. 1988 . State-Trait Anxiety Manual , Shanghai Normal University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yu , K.Y. T. 2009 . Affective influences in person–environment fit theory: Exploring the role of affect as both cause and outcome of P-E fit . Journal of Applied Psychology , 94 : 1210 – 1226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , W. , Jing , D. and Schick , C. J. 2004 . The cross-cultural measurement of positive and negative affect examining the dimensionality of PANAS . Psychological Science (China) , 27 : 77 – 79 .
   Google Scholar