REFERENCES
- References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analyses.
- Ackerman, P. L., & Heggestad, E. D. (1997). Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 219–245. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.2.219
- *Allen, D. G., & O’Brien, K. E. (2006). Formal mentoring programs and organizational attraction. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 17, 43–58. doi:10.1002/hrdq.1160
- *Allen, D. G., Weeks, K. P., & Moffit, K. R. (2005). Turnover intentions and voluntary turnover: The moderating roles of self-monitoring, locus of control, proactive personality, and risk aversion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 980–990. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.980
- *Aryee, S., Srinivas, E. S., & Tan, H. H. (2005). Rhythms of life: Antecedents and outcomes of work-family balance in employed parents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 132–146. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.132
- *Ashforth, B. E., Sluss, D. M., & Saks, A. M. (2007). Socialization tactics, proactive behavior, and newcomer learning: Integrating socialization models. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 447–462. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.02.001
- *Baba, V. V., Tourigny, L., Wang, X., & Liu, W. (2009). Proactive personality and work performance in China: The moderating effects of emotional exhaustion and perceived safety climate. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 26, 23–37. doi:10.1002/cjas.90
- Bandura, A. (2002). Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51, 269–290. doi:10.1111/apps.2002.51.issue-2
- *Bañuelos, L. A., Descals, P. F. J., & Tomás, A. E. (2008). Scale of expectations of control and responsibility: Adaptation to the Spanish language and its relation to personal initiative. Psicothema, 20, 249–253.
- *Barnett, B. R., & Bradley, L. (2007). The impact of organisational support for career development on career satisfaction. Career Development International, 12, 617–636. doi:10.1108/13620430710834396
- Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1–26. doi:10.1111/peps.1991.44.issue-1
- *Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 103–118. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379
- *Bauer, T. N., Erdogan, B., Liden, R. C., & Wayne, S. J. (2006). A longitudinal study of the moderating role of extraversion: Leader-member exchange, performance, and turnover during new executive development. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 298–310. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.298
- *Belschak, F. D., & Den Hartog, D. N. (in press). Pro-self, pro-social, and pro-organizational foci of proactive behavior: Differential antecedents and consequences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology.
- *Binnewies, C., Ohly, S., & Sonnentag, S. (2007). Taking personal initiative and communicating about ideas: What is important for the creative process and for idea creativity? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16, 432–455. doi:10.1080/13594320701514728
- *Binnewies, C., Sonnentag, S., & Mojza, E. J. (2009a). Daily performance at work: Feeling recovered in the morning as a predictor of day-level job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 67–93. doi:10.1002/job.v30:1
- *Binnewies, C., Sonnentag, S., & Mojza, E. J. (2009b). Feeling recovered and thinking about the good sides of one’s work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14, 243–256. doi:10.1037/a0014933
- *Binnewies, C., Sonnentag, S., & Mojza, E. J. (in press). Recovery during the weekend and fluctuations in weekly job performance: A weekly-level study examining intra-individual relationships. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology.
- *Brown, D. J., Cober, R. T., Kane, K., Levy, P. E., & Shalhoop, J. (2006). Proactive personality and the successful job search: A field investigation with college graduates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 717–726. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.717
- *Byrne, Z. S., Dik, B. J., & Chiaburu, D. S. (2008). Alternatives to traditional mentoring in fostering career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 429–442. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.11.010
- *Chan, D. (2004). Individual differences in tolerance for contradiction. Human Performance, 17, 297–324. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1703_3
- *Chan, D. (2006). Interactive effects of situational judgment effectiveness and proactive personality on work perceptions and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 475–481. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.475
- *Chiaburu, D. S., Baker, V. L., & Pitariu, A. H. (2006). Beyond being proactive: What (else) matters for career self-management behaviors? Career Development International, 11, 619–632. doi:10.1108/13620430610713481
- *Chiaburu., D. S., Marinova, S. V., & Lim, A. S. (2007). Helping and proactive extra-role behaviors: The influence of motives, goal orientation, and social context. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 2282–2293. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.07.007
- *Claes, R., & De Witte, H. (2002). Determinants of graduates’ preparatory job search behavior: A competitive test of proactive personality and expectancy-value theory. Psychologica Belgica, 42, 252–266.
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences ( 2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
- Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., & Noe, R. A. (2000). Toward an integrative theory of training motivation: A meta-analytic path analysis of 20 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 678–707. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.5.678
- *Cools, E., & Van Den Broeck, H., (2007). The hunt for the Heffalump continues: Can trait and cognitive characteristics predict entrepreneurial orientation? Journal Of Small Business Strategy, 18, 23–41.
- Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1989). The NEO-PI/NEO-FFI manual supplement. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
- Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO five-factor (NEO-FFI) inventory professional manual. Odessa, FL: PAR.
- *Crant, J. M. (1995). The proactive personality scale and objective job performance among real estate agents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 532–537. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.80.4.532
- *Crant, J. M. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal Of Small Business Management, 34, 42–49.
- Crant, J. M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26, 435–462. doi:10.1177/014920630002600304
- *Crant, J. M. (2003). Dispositional antecedents of voice behavior in a naturally-occurring setting. Paper presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Seattle, WA.
- *Crant, J. M., & Bateman, T. S. (2000). Charismatic leadership viewed from above: The impact of proactive personality. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 63–75. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379
- *Crant, J. M., & Bateman, T. S. (2004). The central role of proactive behavior in organizations. Paper presented at the 64th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, New Orleans, LA.
- *Cunningham, C. J. L., & De La Rosa, G. M. (2008). The interactive effects of proactive personality and work-family interference on well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13, 271–282. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.13.3.271
- Deluga, R. J. (1998). American presidential proactivity, charismatic leadership, and rated performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 9, 265–291. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(98)90030-3
- *Den Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2007). Personal initiative, commitment and affect at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80, 601–622. doi:10.1348/096317906X171442
- *Detert, J. R., & Burris, E. R. (2007). Leadership behavior and employee voice: Is the door really open? Academy of Management Journal, 50, 869–884. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2007.26279183
- Donnellan, M. B., Oswald, F. L., Baird, B. M., & Lucas, R. E. (2006). The mini-IPIP scales: Tiny-yet-effective measures of the Big Five factors of personality. Psychological Assessment, 18, 192–203. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.192
- *Eby, L. T., Butts, M., & Lockwood, A. (2003). Predictors of success in the era of the boundaryless career. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 689–708. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379
- *Ejiogu, K. C. (1998). Development and test of a behavioral model of commitment. Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 2466.
- *Engel, K. L. (2008). The influence of one’s social network on psychological contract formulation (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). George Mason University, Virginia.
- *Erdogan, B., & Bauer, T. N. (2005). Enhancing career benefits of employee proactive personality: The role of fit with jobs and organizations. Personnel Psychology, 58, 859–891. doi:10.1111/peps.2005.58.issue-4
- *Erdogan, B., & Enders, J. (2007). Support from the top: Supervisors’ perceived organizational support as a moderator of leader-member exchange to satisfaction and performance relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 321–330. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.321
- *Fay, D., & Frese, M. (2000). Conservatives’ approach to work: Less prepared for future work demands? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 171–195. doi:10.1111/jasp.2000.30.issue-1
- *Fay, D., & Frese, M. (2001). The concept of personal initiative: An overview of validity studies. Human Performance, 14, 97–124. doi:10.1207/S15327043HUP1401_06
- *Fay, D., Lürhmann, H., & Kohl, C. (2004). Proactive climate in a post-reorganization setting: When staff compensate managers’ weakness. European Journal Of Work And Organizational Psychology, 13, 241–267. doi:10.1080/13594320444000083
- *Fay, D., & Sonnentag, S. (2002). Rethinking the effects of stressors: A longitudinal study on personal initiative. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 221–234. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.221
- *Finkelstein, L. M., Kulas, J. T., & Dages., K. D. (2003). Age differences in proactive newcomer socialization strategies in two populations. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17, 473–502. doi:10.1023/A:1023400201387
- Foldes, H. J., Duehr, E. E., & Ones, D. S. (2008). Group differences in personality: Meta analyses comparing five US racial groups. Personnel Psychology, 61, 579–616. doi:10.1111/peps.2008.61.issue-3
- *Frese, M., & Fay, D. (2001). Personal initiative. An active performance concept for work in the 21st century. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, 23, 133–187.
- *Frese, M., Fay, D., Hilburger, T., Leng, K., & Tag, A. (1997). The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability, and validity in two German samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 139–161. doi:10.1111/joop.1997.70.issue-2
- *Frese, M., Garst, H., & Fay, D. (2007). Making things happen: Reciprocal relationships between work characteristics and personal initiative in a four-wave longitudinal structural equation modeling. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1084–1102. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1084
- *Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S. (2005). Recovery, health, and job performance: Effects of weekend experiences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 187–199. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.3.187
- Fuller, J. B., & Marler, L. E. (2009). Change-driven by nature: A meta-analytic review of the proactive personality literature. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75, 329–345. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.05.008
- *Fuller, J. B., Marler, L. E., & Hester, A. K. (2006). Promoting felt responsibility for constructive change and proactive behavior: Exploring aspects of an elaborated model of work design. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 1089–1120. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379
- Funder, D. C. (2001). Personality. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 197–221. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.197
- Gardner, D. G., & Cummings, L. L. (1988). Activation theory and task design: Review and reconceptualizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.). Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 10). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
- *Gerhardt, M., Ashenbaum, B., & Newman, W. R. (2009). Understanding the impact of proactive personality on job performance: The roles of tenure and self-management. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 16, 61–72. doi:10.1177/1548051809334192
- Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big Five Factor Structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 26–42. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26
- Goldberg, L. R., Johnson, J. A., Eber., H. W., Hogan, R., Ashton, M. C., Cloninger, C. R., & Gough, H. G. (2006). The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 84–96. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007
- Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504–528. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
- *Grant, A., Nurmohamed, S., Ashford, S., & Dekas, K. (2009). Proactive for pleasure or pressure. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, personal initiative, and performance. Manuscript submitted for publication.
- *Greguras, G. J., & Diefendorff, J. M. (2010). Why does proactive personality predict employee life satisfaction and work behaviors? A field investigation of the mediating role of the self-concordance model. Personnel Psychology, 63, 539–560. doi:10.1111/peps.2010.63.issue-3
- *Griffin, B., & Hesketh, B. (2005). Are conscientious workers adaptable? Australian Journal of Management, 30, 245–259. doi:10.1177/031289620503000204
- *Hakanen, J. J., Perhoniemi, R., & Toppinen-Tanner, S. (2008). Positive gain spirals at work: From job resources to work engagement, personal initiative and work-unit innovativeness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73, 78–91. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.01.003
- Hall, D. T., & Moss, J. E. (1998). The new protean career contract: Helping organizations and employees adapt. Organizational Dynamics, 26, 22–37. doi:10.1016/S0090-2616(98)90012-2
- *Harvey, S., Blouin, C., & Stout, D. (2006). Proactive personality as a moderator of outcomes for young workers experiencing conflict at work. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1063–1074. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.021
- Helms, J. E., Jernigan, M., & Mascher, J. (2005). The meaning of race in psychology and how to change it: A methodological perspective. American Psychologist, 60, 27–36. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.27
- *Hendron, M. G. (2009). Structural & social integration. Help or Hindrance to Bottom-Up Innovation? Dissertation Abstracts International, 69, 3621.
- Hogan, R., & Hogan, J. (1995). Hogan personality inventory manual. Tulsa, OK: Hogan Assessment Systems.
- *Hon, D. J. (2007). Proactive personality, employee creativity, and newcomer outcomes: A longitudinal study. Paper presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Philadelphia, PA.
- *Hornung, S., Rousseau, D. M., & Glaser, J. (2008). Creating flexible work arrangements through idiosyncratic deals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 655–664. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.655
- Hunter, J. E., & Hunter, R. F. (1984). Validity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 72–98. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.96.1.72
- Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (2004). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings ( 2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Hurtz, G. M., & Donovan, J. J. (2000). Personality and job performance: The Big Five revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 869–879. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.869
- Ilies, R., Fulmer, I., Spitzmuller, M., & Johnson, M. (2009). Personality and citizenship behavior: The mediating role of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 945–959. doi:10.1037/a0013329
- Ilies, R., & Judge, T. A., (2003). On the heritability of job satisfaction: The mediating role of personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 750–759. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.750
- *Jones, J. R., & Schaubroeck, J. (2004). Mediators of the relationship between race and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Managerial Issues, 16, 505–529.
- *Joo, B. (2007). The impact of contextual and personal characteristics on employee creativity in Korean firms. Dissertation Abstracts International, 68, 1546.
- *Joo, B., & Lim, T. (2009). The effects of organizational learning culture, perceived job complexity, and proactive personality on organizational commitment and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 16, 48–60. doi:10.1177/1548051809334195
- *Joshi, A., Liao, H., Jeong, D., & Kapinos, K. (2005). Newcomers in academia: Does social capital matter? Paper presented at the 20th Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference, Los Angeles, CA.
- Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits – self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability – with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 80–92. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.80
- Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 530–541. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.530
- *Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2002). The well-adjusted organizational newcomer: The roles of pre-entry knowledge, proactive personality, and socialization. Dissertation Abstracts International, 63, 2382.
- *Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., & Wanberg, C. R. (2003). Unwrapping the organizational entry process: Disentangling multiple antecedents and their pathways to adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 779–794. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.779
- Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110, 265–284. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.110.2.265
- *Kickul, J., & Gundry, L. K. (2002). Prospecting for Strategic Advantage: The proactive entrepreneurial personality and small firm innovation. Journal of Small Business Management, 40, 85–97. doi:10.1111/1540-627X.00042
- *Kim, T., Hon, A. H. Y., & Crant, J. M. (2009). Proactive personality, employee creativity, and newcomer outcomes: A longitudinal study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24, 93–103. doi:10.1007/s10869-009-9094-4
- *Kim, T. Y. (2009). Proactive personality, employee creativity, and newcomer outcomes: A longitudinal study. Manuscript submitted for publication.
- *Kim, T. Y., & Wang, J. (2009). Proactive personality and feedback seeking behaviors: The effects of supervisor feedback and overall fairness. Current Topics in Management: Global Perspectives on Strategy, Behavior, and Performance, 13, 91–108.
- *Kirby, E. G., & Kirby, S. L. (2006). Improving task performance: The relationship between morningness and proactive thinking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 2715–2729. doi:10.1111/jasp.2006.36.issue-11
- *Kirby, E. G., Kirby, S. L., & Lewis, M. A. (2002). A study of the effectiveness of training proactive thinking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 1538–1549. doi:10.1111/jasp.2002.32.issue-7
- *Lambert, T. A., Eby, L. T., & Reeves, M. R. (2006). Predictors of networking intensity and network quality among white-collar job seekers. Journal of Career Development, 32, 351–365. doi:10.1177/0894845305282767
- *Li, N., Liang, J., & Crant, J. M. (2010). The role of proactive personality in job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior: A relational perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 395–404. doi:10.1037/a0018079
- *Liden, R. C., Sparrowe, R. T., Erdogan, B., Gavino, M., & Maslyn, J. (2002). The role of proactive personality and behaviors on social exchange relationships and outcomes. Paper presented at the 62nd Academy of Management Conference, Denver, Colorado.
- *Liden, R. C., Sparrowe, R. T., Erdogan, B., Gavino, M., & Maslyn, J. (2006). The role of proactive personality and behaviors on social exchange relationships. Paper Presented at the 66th Academy of Management Conference, Atlanta, GA.
- *Liu, Y., Ferris, G. R., Zinko, R., Perrewé, P. L., Weitz, B., & Xu., J. (2007). Dispositional antecedents and outcomes of political skill in organizations: A four-study investigation with convergence. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71, 146–165. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.04.003
- *Major, D. A., Turner, J. E., & Fletcher, T. D. (2006). Linking proactive personality and the big five to motivation to learn and development activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 927–935. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.927
- *Marrone, J. A. (2004). Cutting across team boundaries: Antecedents and implications of individual boundary-spanning behavior within consulting teams (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of Maryland, Maryland.
- Methot, J. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2009). The role of proactivity in relationships with voluntary turnover: Disentangling challenging and affiliative extra-role behaviors. Manuscript submitted for publication.
- *Meurs, J. A. (2008). The dispositional and learned behavior prediction of political skill dimensions and how political skill affects the stress process. Dissertation Abstracts International, 69, 2787.
- Moon, H., Hollenbeck, J. R., Marinova, S., & Humphrey, S. (2008). Beneath the surface: Uncovering the relationship between extraversion and organizational citizenship behavior through a facet approach. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 16, 143–154. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2008.00419.x
- Morgeson, F. P., Campion, M. A., Dipboye, R. L., Hollenbeck, J. R., Murphy, K., & Schmitt, N. (2007). Are we getting fooled again? Coming to terms with limitations in the use of personality tests for personnel selection. Personnel Psychology, 60, 1029–1049. doi:10.1111/peps.2007.60.issue-4
- Motowidlo, S. J. (2003). Job performance. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology, 12, 39–53. New York: Wiley.
- Motowildo, S. J., Borman, W. C., & Schmit, M. J. (1997). A theory of individual differences in task and contextual performance. Human Performance, 10, 71–83. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1002_1
- *Myers, K. K., & McPhee, R. D. (2006). Influences on member assimilation in workgroups in high-reliability organizations: A multi-level analysis. Human Communication Research, 32, 440–468. doi:10.1111/hcre.2006.32.issue-4
- *Nowakowski, J. M. (2007). Effect of organizational control systems on organizationally-directed deviance. Dissertation Abstracts International, 67, 6104.
- *Ohly, S., & Fritz, C. (2007). Challenging the status quo: What motivates proactive behaviour? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80, 623–629. doi:10.1348/096317907X180360
- *Ohly, S., & Fritz, C. (2010). Work characteristics, challenge appraisal, creativity and proactive behavior: A multi-level study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 543–565. doi:10.1002/job.633
- *Ohly, S., Sonnentag, S., & Pluntke, F. (2006) Routinization, work characteristics and their relationships with creative and proactive behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 257–279. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379
- Ones, D. S., & Viswesvaran, C. (1998). Gender, age, and race differences on overt integrity tests: Results across four large-scale job applicant data sets. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), 35–42. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.35
- Ones, D. S., & Viswesvaran, C. (2003). Job-specific applicant pools and national norms for personality scales: Implications for range-restriction corrections in validation research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 570–577. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.570
- Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C., & Reiss, A. D. (1996). Role of social desirability in personality testing for personnel selection: The red herring. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 660–679. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.6.660
- Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
- Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Organ, D. W., & Ryan, K. (1995). A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behaviors. Personnel Psychology, 48, 775–802. doi:10.1111/peps.1995.48.issue-4
- Outtz, J. L. (2011). The unique origins of advancements in selection and personnel psychology. In S. Zedeck (Ed.) APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, Vol 2: Selecting and developing members for the organization (pp. 445–465). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Ozer, D. J., & Reise, S. P. (1994). Personality assessment. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 357–388. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.45.020194.002041
- *Parker, A. L., Mohr, P. B., & Wilson, C. (2004). Attitudinal and personality predictors of diversionary behavior by police. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 27, 9–21. doi:10.1108/13639510410519886
- *Parker, S. K. (1998). Enhancing role breadth self efficacy: The roles of job enrichment and other organizational interventions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 835–852. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.6.835
- *Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of Management, 36, 633–662. doi:10.1177/0149206308321554
- *Parker, S. K., & Sprigg, C. A. (1999). Minimizing strain and maximizing learning: The role of job demands, job control, and proactive personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 925–939. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.6.925
- *Parker, S. K., Williams, H. M., & Turner, N. (2006). Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 636–652. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.636
- *Pitt, L. F., Ewing, M. T., & Berthon, P. R. (2002). Proactive behavior and industrial salesforce performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 31, 639–644. doi:10.1016/S0019-8501(01)00171-7
- Ployhart, R. E., & Holtz, B. C. (2008). The diversity–validity dilemma: Strategies for reducing racioethnic and sex subgroup differences and adverse impact in selection. Personnel Psychology, 61, 153–172. doi:10.1111/peps.2008.61.issue-1
- *Porath, C. L. (2001). Individual self-management: A model and longitudinal test. Dissertation Abstracts International.
- *Porath, C. L., & Bateman, T. S. (2006). Self-regulation: From goal orientation to job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 185–192. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.185
- *Prabhu, V. P. (2008). Understanding the effect of proactive personality on job-related outcomes in an organizational change setting. Dissertation Abstracts International, 68, 3032.
- Pyburn, K. M., Ployhart, R. E., & Kravitz, D. A. (2008). The diversity–validity dilemma: Overview and legal context. Personnel Psychology, 61, 143–151. doi:10.1111/peps.2008.61.issue-1
- Raemdonck, I. (2006). Self-directedness in learning and career progress. A study in lower-qualified employees in Flanders (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Universiteit Gent, Holland.
- *Rank, J. (2007). Leadership predictors of proactive organizational behavior: Facilitating personal initiative, voice behavior, and exceptional service performance. Dissertation Abstracts International, 67, 6105.
- *Rank, J., Carsten, J. M., Unger, J. M., & Spector, P. E. (2007). Proactive customer service performance: Relationships with individual, task, and leadership variables. Human Performance, 20, 363–390.
- *Rao Kowtha, N., & Tan, T. W. S. (2008). Mediating role of knowledge in the socialization of new professionals: An exploratory study. Paper presented at the 68th Academy of Management Conference, Anaheim, CA.
- Ree, M. J., Earles, J. A., & Teachout, M. S. (1994). Predicting job performance: Not much more than g., Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 518–524 doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.518
- *Roberts, M. L. (2004). Personality and work situational predictors of exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: An interactionist perspective. Dissertation Abstracts International, 65, 2133.
- *Rode, J. C., Arthaud-Day, M. L., Mooney, C. H., Near, J. P., & Baldwin, T. T. (2008). Ability and personality predictors of salary, perceived job success, and perceived career success in the initial career stage. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 16, 292–299. doi:10.1111/ijsa.2008.16.issue-3
- Roth, P. L., Bevier, C. A., Bobko, P., Switzer, F. S., & Tyler, P. (2001). Ethnic group differences in cognitive ability in employment and educational settings: A meta analysis. Personnel Psychology, 54, 297–330. doi:10.1111/peps.2001.54.issue-2
- Sackett, P. R., & Ellingson, J. E. (1997). The effects of forming multi predictor composites on group differences and adverse impact. Personnel Psychology, 50, 707–721. doi:10.1111/peps.1997.50.issue-3
- *Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). A cross-national study of work engagement as a mediator between job resources and proactive behaviour. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 116–131. doi:10.1080/09585190701763982
- Schmidt, F. L., Shaffer, J. A., & Oh, I.-S. (2008). Increased accuracy for range restriction corrections: Implications for the role of personality and general mental ability in job and training performance. Personnel Psychology, 61, 827–868. doi:10.1111/peps.2008.61.issue-4
- Schmitt, N., Gooding, R. Z., Noe, R. A., & Kirsch, M. (1984). Metaanalyses of validity studies published between 1964 and 1982 and the investigation of study characteristics. Personnel Psychology, 37, 407–422. doi:10.1111/peps.1984.37.issue-3
- *Searle, B. J. (2008). Does personal initiative training work as a stress management intervention? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13, 259–270. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.13.3.259
- *Searle, B. J. (2010a). Counterproductive forms of proactivity. Manuscript under preparation.
- *Searle, B. J. (2010b). Limitations of trait proactivity. Manuscript under preparation.
- *Searle, B. J. (2010c). Proactivity and innovation. Manuscript under preparation.
- *Searle, B. J., & Aucamp, K. (2010). Proactive personality, error orientation and performance. Manuscript under preparation.
- *Searle, B. J., & Parker, S. K. (2010). When does proactivity matter for individual well-being? The situational relevance of job autonomy and uncertainty. Manuscript under preparation.
- *Seibert, S. E., Crant, J. M., & Kraimer, M. L. (1999). Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 416–427. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.3.416
- *Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., & Crant, J. M. (2001). What do proactive people do? A longitudinal model linking proactive personality and career success. Personnel Psychology, 54, 845–874. doi:10.1111/peps.2001.54.issue-4
- *Sekiguchi, T. (2009). Career development of college students through part-time work: The role of LMX and taking charge. Paper presented at the 69th Academy of Management Conference, Chicago, IL.
- *Shaw, J. D., Duffy, M. K., & Stark, E. M. (2001). Team reward attitude: Construct development and initial validation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, 903–917. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379
- *Sigler, E. A. (1997). A validation study of an instrument designed to measure metacognition of problem solving. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 0742.
- *Sonnentag, S. (2003). Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: A new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 518–528. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.518
- *Speier, C., & Frese, M. (1997). Generalized self efficacy as a mediator and moderator between control and complexity at work and personal initiative: A longitudinal field study in East Germany. Human Performance, 10, 171–192. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1002_7
- Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 240–261. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240
- *Swee, H., Hong, Y., & Chan, D. (2001). Affectivity, personality, and competency correlates of proactive personality. Paper presented at the 16th Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology Conference, San Diego, CA.
- Taylor, M. S., & Collins, C. J. (2000). Organizational recruitment: Enhancing the intersection of research and practice. In C. Cooper & E. Locke (Eds.), Industrial and organizational psychology: Linking theory with practice (pp. 304–330). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishers.
- Tett, R. P., & Burnett, D. D. 2003. A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 500–517. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.500
- Thomas, J. P., Whitman, D. S., & Viswesvaran, C. (2010). Employee proactivity in organizations: A comparative meta-analysis of emergent proactive constructs. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 275–300. doi:10.1348/096317910X502359
- *Thompson, J. A. (2005). Proactive personality and job performance: A social capital perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1011–1017. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.1011
- *Van Dam, K. (2006). Comparing two-, three- and four-dimensional measures of goal orientation. Poster presented at the 21st Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Dallas, TX.
- Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (1995). Theory testing: Combining psychometric meta-analysis and structural equations modeling. Personnel Psychology, 48, 865–885. doi:10.1111/peps.1995.48.issue-4
- Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Measurement error in “Big Five Factors” personality assessment: Reliability generalization across studies and measures. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 224–235. doi:10.1177/00131640021970475
- *Volmer, J., & Linz, A. (2009). Leader-member exchange and creative and proactive behaviors. Paper presented at the 24th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New Orleans, LA.
- *Warr, P., & Fay, D. (2001). Short report: Age and personal initiative at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 343–353. doi:10.1080/13594320143000717
- *Wu, S. Y., Turban, D. B., & Cheung, Y. H. (2007). Examining the antecedents and consequences of mentoring relationships. Paper presented at the 67th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Philadelphia, PA. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.2007.26516061
- *Zhang, Z. (2008). In the eyes of the follower: Cognitive and affective antecedents of transformational leadership perception and individual outcomes. Dissertation Abstracts International, 69, 2362.