The Normative Judgment Test of Honesty-Humility: An Implicit Instrument for Organizational Contexts

References

• Anglim, J., Morse, G., De Vries, R. E., MacCann, C., Marty, A., & Mõttus, R. (2017). Comparing job applicants to non–applicants using an item–level bifactor model on the HEXACO personality inventory. European Journal of Personality, 31(6), 669–684. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anglim, J., Sojo, V., Ashford, L. J., Newman, A., & Marty, A. (2019). Predicting employee attitudes to workplace diversity from personality, values, and cognitive ability. Journal of Research in Personality, 83, 103865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apers, C., Lang, J. W., & Derous, E. (2019). Who earns more? Explicit traits, implicit motives and income growth trajectories. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110, 214–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.12.004
   Google Scholar
• Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2007). Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(2), 150–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868306294907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2008). The prediction of honesty–humility-related criteria by the HEXACO and five-factor models of personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(5), 1216–1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2009). The HEXACO–60: A short measure of the major dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(4), 340–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890902935878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2016). Age trends in HEXACO-PI-R self-reports. Journal of Research in Personality, 64, 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2016.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2020). Objections to the HEXACO model of personality structure—and why those objections fail. European Journal of Personality, 34(4), 492–510. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2242
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & De Vries, R. E. (2014). The HEXACO honesty-humility, agreeableness, and emotionality factors. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314523838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., De Vries, R. E., DiBlas, L., Boies, K., & De Raad, B. (2004). A six-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives: Solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 356–366. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2009). Predicting actual behavior from the explicit and implicit self-concept of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(3), 533–548. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54(7), 462–479. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.462
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta‐analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauregard, K. S., & Dunning, D. (1998). Turning up the contrast: Self-enhancement motives prompt egocentric contrast effects in social judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 606–621. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, C. M., Carpenter, N. C., & Barratt, C. L. (2012). Do other-reports of counterproductive work behavior provide an incremental contribution over self-reports? A meta-analytic comparison. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 613–636. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, C. M., Ones, D. S., & Sackett, P. R. (2007). Interpersonal deviance, organizational deviance, and their common correlates: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 410–424. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bing, M. N., Stewart, S. M., Davison, H. K., Green, P. D., McIntyre, M. D., & James, L. R. (2007). An integrative typology of personality assessment for aggression: Implications for predicting counterproductive workplace behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 722–744. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.3.722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolino, M. C., Harvey, J., & Bachrach, D. G. (2012). A self-regulation approach to understanding citizenship behavior in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 119(1), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosson, J. K., Swann, W. B., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2000). Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdage, J. S., Lee, K., Lee, J. H., & Shin, K. H. (2012). Motives for organizational citizenship behavior: Personality correlates and coworker ratings of OCB. Human Performance, 25(3), 179–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2012.683904
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyatzis, R. E., Goleman, D., & Rhee, K. S. (2000). Clustering competence in emotional intelligence. In R. Bar-On & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 343–362). Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. (1998). Structural equation modeling. Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Camara, W. J., & Schneider, D. L. (1994). Integrity tests: Facts and unresolved issues. American Psychologist, 49(2), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.49.2.112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuah, S. C., Drasgow, F., & Roberts, B. W. (2006). Personality assessment: Does the medium matter? no. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(4), 359–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.01.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church, A. T., & Katigbak, S. K. (2017). Trait consistency and validity across cultures: Examining trait and cultural psychology perspectives. In A. T. Church (Ed.), The Praeger handbook of personality across cultures (pp. 279–308). Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colquitt, J. A., Sabey, T. B., Rodell, J. B., & Hill, E. T. (2019). Content validation guidelines: Evaluation criteria for definitional correspondence and definitional distinctiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(10), 1243–1265. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., Rodell, J. B., Long, D. M., Zapata, C. P., Conlon, D. E., & Wesson, M. J. (2013). Justice at the millennium, a decade later: A meta-analytic test of social exchange and affect-based perspectives. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 199–236. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connelly, B. S., & Ones, D. S. (2010). An other perspective on personality: Meta-analytic integration of observers’ accuracy and predictive validity. Psychological Bulletin, 136(6), 1092–1122. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connelly, B. S., Ones, D. S., & Hülsheger, U. R. (2018). Personality in industrial, work and organizational psychology: Theory, measurement and application. In D. S. Ones, N. Anderson, C. Viswesvaran, & H. K. Sinangil (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology (2nd ed.,Vol. 1, pp. 320–365). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473914940.n13
   Google Scholar
• Cseh, M., Davis E, B., & Khilji S, E. (2013). Developing a global mindset: Learning of global leaders. European Journal of Training & Development, 37(5), 489–499. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090591311327303
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity. Psychological Science, 12(2), 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delacre, M., Lakens, D., & Leys, C. (2017). Why psychologists should by default use Welch’s t-test instead of student’s t-test. International Review of Social Psychology, 30(1), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.82
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Raad, B., Barelds, D. P. H., Timmerman, M. E., De Roover, K., Mlačić, B., & Church, A. T. (2014). Towards a pan–cultural personality structure: Input from 11 psycholexical studies. European Journal of Personality, 28(5), 497–510. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1953
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSimone, J. A., & James, L. R. (2015). An item analysis of the conditional reasoning test of aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(6), 1872–1886. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, R. E. (2012). Personality predictors of leadership styles and the self–other agreement problem. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(5), 809–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, R. E. (2013). The 24-item brief HEXACO inventory (BHI). Journal of Research in Personality, 47(6), 871–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2013.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, R. E., Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2009). De zes belangrijkste persoonlijkheidsdimensies en de HEXACO Persoonlijkheidsvragenlijst [The six most important personality dimensions and the HEXACO Personality Inventory]. Gedrag & Organisatie, 22(3), 208–250. https://doi.org/10.5117/2009.022.003.004
   Google Scholar
• De Vries, R. E., Pathak, R. D., Van Gelder, J. L., & Singh, G. (2017). Explaining unethical business decisions: The role of personality, environment, and states. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 188–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, R. E., & Van Gelder, J.-L. (2015). Explaining workplace delinquency: The role of honesty–humility, ethical culture, and employee surveillance. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietl, E., & Meurs, J. A. (2019). Implicit core self‐evaluations and work outcomes: Validating an indirect measure. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 92(1), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijksterhuis, A., & Nordgren, L. F. (2006). A theory of unconscious thought. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(2), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00007.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunning, D. (2012). The relation of self to social perception. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 481–501). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dunning, D., & Cohen, G. L. (1992). Egocentric definitions of traits and abilities in social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunning, D., & Hayes, A. F. (1996). Evidence for egocentric comparison in social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egloff, B., Schwerdtfeger, A., & Schmukle, S. C. (2005). Temporal stability of the implicit association test-anxiety. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84(1), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8401_14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eidelman, S., & Biernat, M. (2007). Getting more from success: Standard raising as esteem maintenance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 759–774. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49(8), 709–724. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.49.8.709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio, R. H. (1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 75–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60318-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 297–327. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine, S. (2010). Cross-cultural integrity testing as a marker of regional corruption rates. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 18(3), 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2389.2010.00508.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funder, D. C. (2002). Personality psychology: Current status and some issues for the future. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 638–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00515-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galić, Z., Scherer, K. T., & LeBreton, J. M. (2014). Validity evidence for a Croatian version of the conditional reasoning test for aggression. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 22(4), 343–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffin, R. D., & Christiansen, N. D. (2003). Correcting personality tests for faking: A review of popular personality tests and an initial survey of researchers. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 11(4), 340–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0965-075x.2003.00256.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, S. A., & Svyantek, D. J. (1999). Person–organization fit and contextual performance: Do shared values matter. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55(2), 254–275. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith, R. L., Chmielowski, T., & Yoshita, Y. (2007). Do applicants fake? An examination of the frequency of applicant faking behavior. Personnel Review, 36(3), 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480710731310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, J.-E., & Åberg-Bengtsson, L. (2010). Unidimensionality and interpretability of psychological instruments. In S. E. Embretson (Ed.), Measuring psychological constructs: Advances in model-based approaches (pp. 97–121). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12074-005
   Google Scholar
• Harari, M., & Viswesvaran, C. (2018). Individual job performance. In D. S. Ones, N. Anderson, & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), The sage handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology (pp. 55–72). SAGE Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Harrington, R., & Loffredo, D. A. (2011). Insight, rumination, and self- reflection as predictors of well-being. The Journal of Psychology, 145(1), 39–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2010.528072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, J., Buchholz, J., & Klieme, E. (2017). Effects of anchoring vignettes on comparability and predictive validity of student self-reports in 64 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(3), 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022116687395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilbig, B. E., & Zettler, I. (2009). Pillars of cooperation: Honesty–humility, social value orientations, and economic behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 516–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodson, G., Book, A., Visser, B. A., Volk, A. A., Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2018). Is the dark triad common factor distinct from low honesty-humility? Journal of Research in Personality, 73, 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2017.11.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann, W., Gawronski, B., Gschwendner, T., Le, H., & Schmitt, M. (2005). A meta-analysis on the correlation between the implicit association test and explicit self-report measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(10), 1369–1385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205275613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins, D. J., & King, G. (2010). Improving anchoring vignettes: Designing surveys to correct interpersonal incomparability. Public Opinion Quarterly, 74(2), 201–222. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfq011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutcheson, G., & Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857028075
   Google Scholar
• James, L. R. (1998). Measurement of personality via conditional reasoning. Organizational Research Methods, 1(2), 131–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442819812001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, L. R., & LeBreton, J. M. (2012). Assessing the implicit personality through conditional reasoning. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13095-000
   Google Scholar
• Jaramillo, F., Carrillat, F. A., & Locander, W. B. (2005). A meta-analytic comparison of managerial ratings and self-evaluations. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 25(4), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.2005.10749067
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & Petrini, L. (2011). A new trait on the market: Honesty–humility as a unique predictor of job performance ratings. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(6), 857–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julian, A. M., Novitsky, C., Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2022). Convergent validity of three brief six-factor measures of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 188, 111436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kacmar, K. M., Witt, L. A., Zivnuska, S., & Gully, S. M. (2003). The interactive effect of leader-member exchange and communication frequency on performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(4), 764–772. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second-generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35(4), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02291817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasten, N., & Freund, P. A. (2015). A meta-analytical multilevel reliability generalization of situational judgment tests (SJTs). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 32(3), 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelloway, E. K., Loughlin, C., Barling, J., & Nault, A. (2002). Self‐reported counterproductive behaviors and organizational citizenship behaviors: Separate but related constructs. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1‐2), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2389.00201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, G., Murray, C. J. L., Salomon, J. A., & Tandon, A. (2004). Enhancing the validity and cross-cultural comparability of measurement in survey research. The American Political Science Review, 98(1), 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1017/s000305540400108x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, G., & Wand, J. (2007). Comparing incomparable survey responses: Evaluating and selecting anchoring vignettes. Political Analysis, 15(1), 46–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpl011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. L. (2001). The impact of team members’ cultural values on productivity, cooperation, and empowerment in self-managing work teams. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(5), 597–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032005005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, S., Raymond, M. R., Haladyna, T. M., & Downing, S. M. (2016). Test development process. In S. Lane, M. R. Raymond, & T. M. Haladyna (Eds.), Handbook of test development (2nd ed., pp. 3–18). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203102961
   Google Scholar
• Lang, J. W., Zettler, I., Ewen, C., & Hülsheger, U. R. (2012). Implicit motives, explicit traits, and task and contextual performance at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(6), 1201–1217. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leavitt, K., Fong, C. T., & Greenwald, A. G. (2011). Asking about well‐being gets you half an answer: Intra‐individual processes of implicit and explicit job attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(4), 672–687. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.746
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBel, E. P., & Paunonen, S. V. (2011). Sexy but often unreliable: The impact of unreliability on the replicability of experimental findings with implicit measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(4), 570–583. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211400619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBreton, J. M., Barksdale, C. D., Robin, J., & James, L. R. (2007). Measurement issues associated with conditional reasoning tests: Indirect measurement and test faking. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(2), 329–358. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2020). Sex differences in HEXACO personality characteristics across countries and ethnicities. Journal of Personality, 88(6), 1075–1090. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., & De Vries, R. E. (2005). Predicting workplace delinquency and integrity with the HEXACO and five-factor models of personality structure. Human Performance, 18(2), 179–197. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1802_4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., Berry, C. M., & Gonzalez-Mulé, E. (2019). The importance of being humble: A meta-analysis and incremental validity analysis of the relationship between honesty-humility and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(12), 1535–1546. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilienfeld, S. O., Wood, J. M., & Garb, H. N. (2000). The scientific status of projective techniques. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 1(2), 27–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/1529-1006.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, B., Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2007). Personality dimensions explaining relationships between integrity tests and counterproductive behavior: Big five, or one in addition? Personnel Psychology, 60(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00063.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister, D. J. (1995). Affect-and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 24–59. https://doi.org/10.2307/256727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, J. M., Bauer, T. N., Truxillo, D. M., Anderson, N. R., Costa, A. C., & Ahmed, S. M. (2017). Applicant perspectives during selection: A review addressing “so what?,” “What’s new?,” and “where to next?”. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1693–1725. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316681846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrae, R. R., Kurtz, J. E., Yamagata, S., & Terracciano, A. (2011). Internal consistency, retest reliability, and their implications for personality scale validity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(1), 28–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310366253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowall, A., & Redman, A. (2017, April 5). Psychological assessment – an overview of theoretical, practical and industry trends [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Sa-kU5qwilE
   Google Scholar
• Meier, K. J., & O’Toole, L. J., Jr. (2013). I think (I am doing well), therefore I am: Assessing the validity of administrators’ self-assessments of performance. International Public Management Journal, 16(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2013.796253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, M. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2007). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moors, A., Spruyt, A., & De Houwer, J. (2010). In search of a measure that qualifies as implicit: Recommendations based on a decompositional view of automaticity. In B. Gawronski & K. B. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 19–37). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, C. D., & Murray, H. A. (1935). A method for investigating fantasies: The thematic apperception test. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 34(2), 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.1935.02250200049005
   Google Scholar
• O’Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., & McDaniel, M. A. (2012). A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: A social exchange perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 557–579. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, I.-S., Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., & De Vries, R. E. (2011). Are dishonest extraverts more harmful than dishonest introverts? The interaction effects of honesty-humility and extraversion in predicting workplace deviance. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 60(3), 496–516. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00445.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, I. S., Le, H., Whitman, D. S., Kim, K., Yoo, T. Y., Hwang, J. O., & Kim, C. S. (2014). The incremental validity of honesty–humility over cognitive ability and the big five personality traits. Human Performance, 27(3), 206–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2014.913594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oostrom, J. K., De Vries, R. E., & De Wit, M. (2019). Development and validation of a HEXACO situational judgment test. Human Performance, 32(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2018.1539856
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oostrom, J. K., Köbis, N. C., Ronay, R., & Cremers, M. (2017). False consensus in situational judgment tests: What would others do? Journal of Research in Personality, 71, 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2017.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organ, D. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Passmore, J. (2012). Psychometrics in coaching: Using psychological and psychometric tools for development (2nd Ed.). Kogan Page.
   Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00505-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, B. K., Burkley, M. A., & Stokes, M. B. (2008). Why do implicit and explicit attitude tests diverge? The role of structural fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peer, E., Brandimarte, L., Samat, S., & Acquisti, A. (2017). Beyond the Turk: Alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.01.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pletzer, J. L., Bentvelzen, M., Oostrom, J. K., & De Vries, R. E. (2019). A meta-analysis of the relations between personality and workplace deviance: Big five versus HEXACO. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 112, 369–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pletzer, J. L., Oostrom, J. K., Bentvelzen, M., & De Vries, R. E. (2020). Comparing domain-and facet-level relations of the HEXACO personality model with workplace deviance: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 152, Article 109539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109539
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pletzer, J. L., Oostrom, J. K., & De Vries, R. E. (2021). HEXACO personality and organizational citizenship behavior: A domain-and facet-level meta-analysis. Human Performance, 2020(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2021.1891072
   Google Scholar
• Ployhart, R. E., & Holtz, B. C. (2008). The diversity–validity dilemma: Strategies for reducing racioethnic and sex subgroup differences and adverse impact in selection. Personnel Psychology, 61(1), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00109.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primi, R., Zanon, C., Santos, D., De Fruyt, F., & John, O. P. (2016). Anchoring vignettes: Can they make adolescent self-reports of social-emotional skills more reliable, discriminant, and criterion-valid? European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 32(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000336
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Protzko, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2019). Kids these days: Why the youth of today seem lacking. Science Advances, 5(10), Article eaav5916. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav5916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reise, S. P., Moore, T. M., & Haviland, M. G. (2010). Bifactor models and rotations: Exploring the extent to which multidimensional data yield univocal scale scores. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(6), 544–559. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.496477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgeway, C. (2017). Projective measures and occupational assessment. In B. Cripps (Ed.), Psychometric testing: Critical perspectives (pp. 213–220). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119183020
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, S. L., & Bennett, R. J. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 555–572. https://doi.org/10.2307/256693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robles, M. M. (2012). Executive perceptions of the top 10 soft skills needed in today’s workplace. Business Communication Quarterly, 75(4), 453–465. https://doi.org/10.1177/1080569912460400
   Google Scholar
• Rogelberg, S. G., & Stanton, J. M. (2007). Introduction: Understanding and dealing with organizational survey nonresponse. Organizational Research Methods, 10(2), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428106294693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein, M. G., & Goffin, R. D. (2006). The use of personality measures in personnel selection: What does current research support? Human Resource Management Review, 16(2), 155–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2006.03.004
   Google Scholar
• Rudolph, A., Schröder-Abé, M., Schütz, A., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2008). Through a glass, less darkly? Reassessing convergent and discriminant validity in measures of implicit self-esteem. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 24(4), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.24.4.273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, A. M., & Ployhart, R. E. (2000). Applicants’ perceptions of selection procedures and decisions: A critical review and agenda for the future. Journal of Management, 26(3), 565–606. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackett, P. R., Lievens, F., Van Iddekinge, C. H., & Kuncel, N. R. (2017). Individual differences and their measurement: A review of 100 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 254–273. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sackett, P. R., Schmitt, N., Ellingson, J. E., & Kabin, M. B. (2001). High-stakes testing in employment, credentialing, and higher education. American Psychologist, 56(4), 302–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.56.4.302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saucier, G. (2009). Recurrent personality dimensions in inclusive lexical studies: Indications for a big six structure. Journal of Personality, 77(5), 1577–1614. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00593.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultheiss, O. C., Liening, S. H., & Schad, D. (2008). The reliability of a picture story exercise measure of implicit motives: Estimates of internal consistency, retest reliability, and ipsative stability. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(6), 1560–1571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherif, M., & Hovland, C. I. (1961). Social judgment: Assimilation and contrast effects in communication and attitude change. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach’s alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-008-9101-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.68.4.653
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector, P. E., Bauer, J. A., & Fox, S. (2010). Measurement artifacts in the assessment of counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior: Do we know what we think we know? Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(4), 781–790. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffens, M. C. (2004). Is the implicit association test immune to faking? Experimental Psychology, 51(3), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.51.3.165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thielmann, I., Moshagen, M., Hilbig, B., & Zettler, I. (2021). On the comparability of basic personality models: Meta-analytic correspondence, scope, and orthogonality of the big five and HEXACO dimensions. European Journal of Personality, 36(6), 870–900. https://doi.org/10.1177/08902070211026793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udayar, S., Fiori, M., Thalmayer, A. G., & Rossier, J. (2018). Investigating the link between trait emotional intelligence, career indecision, and self-perceived employability: The role of career adaptability. Personality and Individual Differences, 135, 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhlmann, E. L., Leavitt, K., Menges, J. I., Koopman, J., Howe, M., & Johnson, R. E. (2012). Getting explicit about the implicit. Organizational Research Methods, 15(4), 553–601. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112442750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Rensburg, J. Y., De Kock, F. S., & Derous, E. (2019). ‘Going implicit’: Using implicit measures in organizations. Gedrag en Organisatie, 32(3), 131–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Rensburg, Y. E. J., De Kock, F., De Vries, R. E., & Derous, E. (2022). Measuring honesty-humility with an implicit association test (IAT): Construct and criterion validity. Journal of Research in Personality 99, 104234. Article 104234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardi, Y., & Weitz, E. (2004). Misbehavior in organizations: Theory, research, and management. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Vargas, P., Sekaquaptewa, D., & von Hippel, W. (2007). Armed only with paper and pencil: “low-tech” measures of implicit attitudes. In B. Wittenbrink & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Implicit measures of attitudes (pp. 103–124). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vargas, P. T., von Hippel, W., & Petty, R. E. (2004). Using partially structured attitude measures to enhance the attitude-behavior relationship. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(2), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203259931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazire, S., & Carlson, E. N. (2010). Self‐knowledge of personality: Do people know themselves? Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(8), 605–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00280.x
   Google Scholar
• Vecchione, M., Dentale, F., Alessandri, G., & Barbaranelli, C. (2014). Fakability of implicit and explicit measures of the big five: Research findings from organizational settings. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 22(2), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiita, N. E., Meyer, R. D., Kelly, E. D., & Collins, B. J. (2020). Not aggressive or just faking it? Examining faking and faking detection on the conditional reasoning test of aggression. Organizational Research Methods, 23(1), 96–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428117703685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, N. A., & Meade, A. W. (2011, April 13–16). Predictive validity and procedural justice of the implicit association test. 26th Annual Conference Program of the APA Division 14 Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP), Chicago, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler, M., Kemper, C. J., & Kruyen, P. (2014). Short scales – five misunderstandings and ways to overcome them. Journal of Individual Differences, 35(4), 185–189. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar