2,399
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Commentary

Differential Access to Transgender Inclusive Insurance and Healthcare in the United States: Challenges to Health across the Life Course

, MSW, MAORCID Icon & , PhD, MEdORCID Icon
Pages 67-81 | Received 12 Sep 2018, Accepted 04 Apr 2019, Published online: 23 Jun 2019

References

  • Baker, K. E. (2017). The future of transgender coverage. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(19), 67–81. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1702427
  • Center of Excellence for Transgender Health. (2016). Health insurance coverage issues for transgender people in the United States. Retrieved from http://transhealth.ucsf.edu/trans? page=guidelines-insurance
  • Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2016). Decision memo for gender dysphoria and gender reassignment surgery (CAG-00446N). Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/details/nca-decision-memo.aspx?NCAId=282
  • Conard, L. A. E., Corathers, S. D., & Trotman, G. (2018). Caring for Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth. Current Pediatrics Reports, 6(2), 139–146. doi:10.1007/s40124-018-0173-8
  • Boyden, V. Conlin (2018). 17-cv-264-wmc (United States District Court, W.D. Wisconsin, 2018).
  • Cruz, T. M. (2014). Assessing access to care for transgender and gender nonconforming people: A consideration of diversity in combating discrimination. Social Science & Medicine, 110, 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.032
  • De Vries, A. L., McGuire, J. K., Steensma, T. D., Wagenaar, E. C., Doreleijers, T. A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2014). Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender reassignment. Pediatrics, peds-2013. 134, 696–704. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2958
  • dickey, L. M., Budge, S. L., Katz-Wise, S. L., & Garza, M. V. (2016). Health disparities in the transgender community: Exploring differences in insurance coverage. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(3), 275. doi:10.1037/sgd0000169
  • Downing, J. M., & Przedworski, J. M. (2018). Health of transgender adults in the US, 2014–2016. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 55(3), 336–344. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.045
  • Edmiston, E. K., Donald, C. A., Sattler, A. R., Peebles, J. K., Ehrenfeld, J. M., & Eckstrand, K. L. (2016). Opportunities and gaps in primary care preventative health services for transgender patients: A systematic review. Transgender Health, 1(1), 216–230. doi:10.1089/trgh.2016.0019
  • Flores, A. R., Herman, J. L., Gates, G. J., & Brown, T. N. T. (2016). How many adults identify as transgender in the United States? Retrieved from http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf
  • Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Cook-Daniels, L., Kim, H. J., Erosheva, E. A., Emlet, C. A., & Muraco, A. (2013). Physical and mental health of transgender older adults: An at-risk and underserved population. The Gerontologist, 54(3), 488–500. doi:10.1093/geront/gnt021
  • Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., & Kim, H. J. (2017). The science of conducting research with LGBT older adults-An introduction to aging with pride: National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study (NHAS).
  • Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Kim, H. J., Emlet, C. A., Muraco, A., Erosheva, E. A., Hoy-Ellis, C. P., … Petry, H. (2011). The aging and health report: Disparities and resilience among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender older adults.
  • GLAAD. (n.d.). Transgender FAQ. Retrieved from https://www.glaad.org/transgender/transfaq
  • Gonzales, G., & Henning‐smith, C. (2017). Barriers to care among transgender and gender nonconforming adults. The Milbank Quarterly, 95(4), 726–748. doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12297
  • Gordon, A. R., Krieger, N., Okechukwu, C. A., Haneuse, S., Samnaliev, M., Charlton, B. M., & Austin, S. B. (2017). Decrements in health-related quality of life associated with gender nonconformity among US adolescents and young adults. Quality of Life Research, 26(8), 2129–2138. doi:10.1007/s11136-017-1545-1
  • Graham, R., Berkowitz, B., Blum, R., Bockting, W., Bradford, J., & Makadon, H. (2011). The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: Building a foundation for better understanding. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine.
  • Green, J. (2014). Transsexual surgery may be covered by Medicare. LGBT Health, 1(4), 256–258. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2014.0076
  • Grossman, A. H., & D’augelli, A. R. (2006). Transgender youth: Invisible and vulnerable. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(1), 111–128. doi:10.1300/J082v51n01_06
  • Health and Human Services. (2016). Section 1557 of the patient protection and affordable care act. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/civil-rights/for-individuals/section-1557/index.html
  • Human Rights Campaign. (2018). Corporate equality index. Retrieved from https://www.hrc.org/campaigns/corporate-equality-index
  • James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016). The report of the 2015 U.S. transgender survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality.
  • Kattari, S. K., & Hasche, L. (2016). Differences across age groups in transgender and gender non-conforming people’s experiences of health care discrimination, harassment, and victimization. Journal of Aging and Health, 28(2), 285–306. doi:10.1177/0898264315590228
  • Kenagy, G. P., & Bostwick, W. B. (2005). Health and social service needs of transgender people in Chicago. International Journal of Transgenderism, 8(2–3), 57–66. doi:10.1300/J485v08n02_06
  • Lambda Legal. (2017). Professional organization statements supporting transgender people in health care. Retrieved from https://www.lambdalegal.org/sites/default/files/publications/downloads/ll_trans_professional_statements_17.pdf
  • Lombardi, E. (2001). Enhancing transgender health care. American Journal of Public Health, 91(6), 869. doi:10.2105/ajph.91.1.129
  • McFadden, S. H., Frankowski, S., Flick, H., & Witten, T. M. (2013). Resilience and multiple stigmatized identities: Lessons from transgender persons’ reflections on aging. In Positive psychology (pp. 247–267). New York, NY: Springer.
  • McRee, A. L., Gower, A. L., & Reiter, P. L. (2018). Preventive healthcare services use among transgender young adults. International Journal of Transgenderism, 1–7.
  • Meerwijk, E. L., & Sevelius, J. M. (2017). Transgender population size in the United States: A meta-regression of population-based probability samples. American Journal of Public Health, 107(2), e1–e8. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303578
  • Movement Advancement Project (MAP). (2018). Healthcare laws and policies. Retrieved from http://www.lgbtmap.org/equality-maps/healthcare_laws_and_policies
  • Movement Advancement Project (MAP). (2019). Healthcare laws and policies: State employee coverage for transition-related care. Retrieved from http://www.lgbtmap.org/img/maps/citations-healthcare-state-employees.pdf
  • National Academy for State Health Policy (NASHP). (2013). Medical Necessity. Retrieved from https://nashp.org/medical-necessity/
  • National Center for Transgender Equality. (2018). Trump administration plan to roll back health care nondiscrimination regulation: Frequently asked questions. Retrieved from https://transequality.org/1557-FAQ
  • National Institutes of Health. (2013). Consideration of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on the health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals. Bethesda, MD: Author.
  • Nuttbrock, L. A. (2012). Culturally competent substance abuse treatment with transgender persons. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 31(3), 236–241. doi:10.1080/10550887.2012.694600
  • Porter, K. E., Brennan-Ing, M., Chang, S. C., dickey, L. M., Singh, A. A., Bower, K. L., & Witten, T. M. (2016). Providing competent and affirming services for transgender and gender nonconforming older adults. Clinical Gerontologist, 39(5), 366–388. doi:10.1080/07317115.2016.1203383
  • Proctor, K., Haffer, S. C., Ewald, E., Hodge, C., & James, C. V. (2016). Identifying the transgender population in the medicare program. Transgender Health, 1(1), 250–265. doi:10.1089/trgh.2016.0031
  • Rider, G. N., McMorris, B. J., Gower, A. L., Coleman, E., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2018). Health and care utilization of transgender and gender nonconforming youth: A population-based study. Pediatrics, 141, e20171683. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1683
  • Roberts, A. L., Rosario, M., Slopen, N., Calzo, J. P., & Austin, S. B. (2013). Childhood gender nonconformity, bullying victimization, and depressive symptoms across adolescence and early adulthood: An 11-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(2), 143–152. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.11.006
  • Rosh, S. (2017). Beyond categorical exclusions: Access to transgender healthcare in state medicaid programs. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, 51, 1.
  • SAGE (Services and Advocacy for GLBT Elders) and National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE). (2012). Improving the lives of transgender adults. New York and Washington, DC: Auldridge, A., Tamar-Mattis, A., Kennedy, S., Ames, E., & Tobin, H. J.
  • Singh, A. A. (2013). Transgender youth of color and resilience: Negotiating oppression and finding support. Sex Roles, 68(11–12), 690–702. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0149-z
  • Stotzer, R. L., Silverschanz, P., & Wilson, A. (2013). Gender identity and social services: Barriers to care. Journal of Social Service Research, 39(1), 63–77. doi:10.1080/01488376.2011.637858
  • Streed, C. G., McCarthy, E. P., & Haas, J. S. (2017). Association between gender minority status and self-reported physical and mental health in the United States. JAMA Internal Medicine, 177(8), 1210–1212. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1460
  • Stroumsa, D. (2014). The state of transgender health care: Policy, law, and medical frameworks. American Journal of Public Health, 104(3), e31–e38. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301789
  • Transgender Law Center. (n.d.). Recommendations for transgender health care. Retrieved from http://www.transgenderlaw.org/resources/tlchealth.htm
  • Underhill, K. (2018). Raising the stakes for nondiscrimination protections in the ACA. Hastings Center Report, 48(1), 8–9. doi:10.1002/hast.805
  • Van Wagenen, A., Driskell, J., & Bradford, J. (2013). “I’m still raring to go”: Successful aging among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender older adults. Journal of Aging Studies, 27(1), 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2012.09.001
  • Veale, J. F., Watson, R. J., Peter, T., & Saewyc, E. M. (2017). The mental health of Canadian transgender youth compared with the Canadian population. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 60(1), 44. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.11.014
  • Veteran’s Health Administration. (2018). Providing health care for transgender and intersex veterans (VHA Directive 1341). Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs.
  • Witten, T. M. (2014). End of life, chronic illness, and trans-identities. Journal of Social Work in End-Of-Life & Palliative Care, 10(1), 34–58. doi:10.1080/15524256.2013.877864
  • Witten, T. M., & Eyler, A. E. (2015). Care of aging transgender and gender non-conforming patients. In R. Ettner, S. Monstrey, & A. E. Eyler (Eds.), Principles of transgender medicine and surgery. New York, NY: Routledge Press.
  • World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). (2016). Position statement on medical necessity of treatment, sex reassignment, and insurance coverage in the USA. Knudson, G., et al.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.