Economic Stress and Cortisol Among Postpartum Low-Income Mexican American Women: Buffering Influence of Family Support

REFERENCES

• Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ, Osterman MJ, Wilson EC, Mathews TJ. Births: final data for 2010. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2012;61:1–72.
   Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau. The Hispanic population: 2010. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart AL, Dean ML, Gregorich SE, Brawarsky P, Haas JS. Race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status and the health of pregnant women. J Health Psychol. 2007;12:285–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CH, Tronick E. Rates and predictors of postpartum depression by race and ethnicity: results from the 2004 to 2007 New York City PRAMS survey (Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System). Matern Child Health J. 2013;17:1599–1610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal D, Gay C, Lee KA. How much does low socioeconomic status increase the risk of prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms in first-time mothers? Womens Health Issues. 2010;20:96–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau. Poverty rates for selected detailed race and Hispanic groups by state and place: 2007–2011. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Sumner LA, Valentine J, Eisenman D, et al. The influence of prenatal trauma, stress, social support, and years of residency in the US on postpartum maternal health status among low-income Latinas. Matern Child Health J. 2011;15:1046–1054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen BS, Gianaros PJ. Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1186:190–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manenschijn L, Schaap L, van Schoor NM, et al. High long-term cortisol levels, measured in scalp hair, are associated with a history of cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:2078–2083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen BS. The neurobiology of stress: from serendipity to clinical relevance. Brain Res. 2000;886:172–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorntorp P, Rosmond R. Hypothalamic origin of the metabolic syndrome X. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;892:297–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn LM, Davis EP, Sandman CA. New insights into the role of perinatal HPA-axis dysregulation in postpartum depression. Neuropeptides. 2013;47:363–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastorakos G, Ilias I. Maternal and fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes during pregnancy and postpartum. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;997:136–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch M, Daly RC, Rubinow DR. Endocrine factors in the etiology of postpartum depression. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44:234–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlert U, Patalla U, Kirschbaum C, Piedmont E, Hellhammer DH. Postpartum blues: salivary cortisol and psychological factors. J Psychosom Res. 1990;34:319–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace SL, Evindar A, Stewart DE. The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: a review and critical analysis of the literature. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2003;6:263–274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jolley SN, Elmore S, Barnard KE, Carr DB. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in postpartum depression. Biol Res Nurs. 2007;8:210–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandman CA, Davis EP, Buss C, Glynn LM. Prenatal programming of human neurological function. Int J Pept. 2011;2011:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Burke HM, Fernald LC, Gertler PJ, Adler NE. Depressive symptoms are associated with blunted cortisol stress responses in very low-income women. Psychosom Med. 2005;67:211–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangold D, Marino E, Javors M. The cortisol awakening response predicts subclinical depressive symptomatology in Mexican American adults. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:902–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corwin EJ, Guo Y, Pajer K, et al. Immune dysregulation and glucocorticoid resistance in minority and low income pregnant women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38:1786–1796.
   Google Scholar
• Sagrestano LM, Feldman P, Rini CK, Woo G, Dunkel-Schetter C. Ethnicity and social support during pregnancy. Am J Community Psychol. 1999;27:869–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos B, Schetter CD, Abdou CM, Hobel CJ, Glynn LM, Sandman CA. Familialism, social support, and stress: positive implications for pregnant Latinas. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2008;14:155–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Schallmoser L, Telleen S, MacMullen NJ. The effect of social support and acculturation on postpartum depression in Mexican American women. J Transcult Nurs. 2003;14:329–338.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheng X, Le HN, Perry D. Perceived satisfaction with social support and depressive symptoms in perinatal Latinas. J Transcult Nurs. 2010;21:35–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchino BN. Social support and health: a review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. J Behav Med. 2006;29:377–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giesbrecht GF, Poole JC, Letourneau N, Campbell T, Kaplan BJ. The buffering effect of social support on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function during pregnancy. Psychosom Med. 2013;75:856–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrera M, Jr., Caples H, Tein JY. The psychological sense of economic hardship: measurement models, validity, and cross-ethnic equivalence for urban families. Am J Community Psychol. 2001;29:493–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gress-Smith JL, Roubinov DS, Tanaka R, et al. Prenatal expectations in Mexican American women: development of a culturally sensitive measure. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2013;16:303–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Esteve L, Ascaso C, Ojuel J, Navarro P. Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in Spanish mothers. J Affect Disord. 2003;75:71–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauer B, Brookhart MA, Roy JA, Vanderweele TJ. Covariate selection. In: Venentgas P, Dreyer NA, Nourjah P, Smith SR, Torchia MM, eds. Developing a protocol for observational comparative effectiveness research: A user's guide. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2013:93–105.
   Google Scholar
• Gress-Smith JL, Luecken LJ, Lemery-Chalfant K, Howe R. Postpartum depression prevalence and impact on infant health, weight, and sleep in low-income and ethnic minority women and infants. Matern Child Health J. 2012;16:887–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent HK, Ablow JC, Measelle J. Risky shifts: how the timing and course of mothers' depressive symptoms across the perinatal period shape their own and infants' stress response profiles. Dev Psychopathol. 2011;23:521–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luecken LJ, MacKinnon DP. Prenatal distress, temperament, and infant cortisol regulation in low-income Mexican American families. World Congress for Infant Mental Health. Edinburgh, Scotland; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith HH, Rothbart MK. The laboratory temperament assessment battery (LAB-TAB): University of Wisconsin; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Bayley N. Bayley Scales of Infant Development–Second edition (BSID-II). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolson NA. Measurement of cortisol. In: Luecken LJ, Gallo LC, eds. Handbook of physiological research methods in health psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2008: 461–474.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén LK, Muthén BO. Mplus user's guide. Sixth edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Enders C, Bandalos DL. The relative performance of full information maxiumum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Struct Equ Modeling. 2001;8:430–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia Coll C, Magnuson K. Cultural differences in beliefs and practices about pregnancy and childbearing. Med Health R I. 1996;79:257–260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shirtcliff EA, Peres JC, Dismukes AR, Lee Y, Phan JM. Riding the physiological roller coaster: adaptive significance of cortisol stress reactivity to social contexts. J Pers Disord. 2014;28:40–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight GP, Gonzales NA, Saenz DS, et al. The Mexican American cultural values scales for adolescents and adults. J Early Adolesc. 2010;30:444–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherraden MS, Barrera RE. Prenatal care experiences and birth weight among Mexican immigrant women. J Med Syst. 1996;20:329–350.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cunningham M, Zayas LH. Reducing depression in pregnancy: designing multimodal interventions. Soc Work. 2002;47:114–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan BE, Linden W, Najarian B. Social support interventions do they work? Clin Psychol Rev. 2002;22:381–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins NL, Dunkel-Schetter C, Lobel M, Scrimshaw SC. Social support in pregnancy: psychosocial correlates of birth outcomes and postpartum depression. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1993;65:1243–1258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilemann M, Frutos L, Lee K, Kury FS. Protective strength factors, resources, and risks in relation to depressive symptoms among childbearing women of Mexican descent. Health Care Women Int. 2004;25:88–106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez-Schallmoser L, MacMullen NJ, Telleen S. Social support in Mexican American childbearing women. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2005;34:755–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar