References
- LaVeist TA , Isaac LA , Williams KP . Mistrust of health care organizations is associated with underutilization of health services. Health Serv Res. 2009;44(6):2093–2105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2009.01017.x.
- Gamble VN . A legacy of distrust: African Americans and medical research. Am J Prev Med. 1993;9(6 Suppl):35–38.
- Eaton LA , Driffin DD , Kegler C , et al. The role of stigma and medical mistrust in the routine health care engagement of black men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(2):e75–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302322.
- Brenick A , Romano K , Kegler C , Eaton LA . Understanding the influence of stigma and medical mistrust on engagement in routine healthcare among black women who have sex with women. LGBT Health. 2017;4(1):4–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0083.
- Kinlock BL , Parker LJ , Bowie JV , Howard DL , LaVeist TA , Thorpe RJ . High levels of medical mistrust are associated with low quality of life among black and white men with prostate cancer. Cancer Control. 2017;24(1):72–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/107327481702400112.
- Arnett MJ , Thorpe RJ, Jr. , Gaskin DJ , Bowie JV , LaVeist TA . Race, medical mistrust, and segregation in primary care as usual source of care: findings from the exploring health disparities in integrated communities study. J Urban Health. 2016;93(3):456–467. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0054-9.
- Pellowski JA , Price DM , Allen AM , Eaton LA , Kalichman SC . The differences between medical trust and mistrust and their respective influences on medication beliefs and ART adherence among African-Americans living with HIV. Psychol Health. 2017;32(9):1127–1139. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1324969.
- Cahill S , Taylor SW , Elsesser SA , Mena L , Hickson D , Mayer KH . Stigma, medical mistrust, and perceived racism may affect PrEP awareness and uptake in black compared to white gay and bisexual men in Jackson, Mississippi and Boston, Massachusetts. AIDS Care. 2017;29(11):1351–1358. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2017.1300633.
- Kalichman SC , Eaton L , Kalichman MO , Grebler T , Merely C , Welles B . Race-based medical mistrust, medication beliefs and HIV treatment adherence: test of a mediation model in people living with HIV/AIDS. J Behav Med. 2016;39(6):1056–1064. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-016-9767-1.
- LaVeist TA , Nickerson KJ , Bowie JV . Attitudes about racism, medical mistrust, and satisfaction with care among African American and white cardiac patients. Med Care Res Rev. 2000;57 Suppl 1:146–161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558700057001S07.
- Benkert R , Peters RM , Clark R , Keves-Foster K . Effects of perceived racism, cultural mistrust and trust in providers on satisfaction with care. J Natl Med Assoc. 2006;98(9):1532–1540.
- White RO , Chakkalakal RJ , Presley CA , et al. Perceptions of provider communication among vulnerable patients with diabetes: influences of medical mistrust and health literacy. J Health Commun. 2016;21(sup2):127–134. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2016.1207116.
- Kolar SK , Wheldon C , Hernandez ND , Young L , Romero-Daza N , Daley EM . Human papillomavirus vaccine knowledge and attitudes, preventative health behaviors, and medical mistrust among a racially and ethnically diverse sample of college women. J Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 2015;2(1):77–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-014-0050-2.
- Bynum SA , Davis JL , Green BL , Katz RV . Unwillingness to participate in colorectal cancer screening: examining fears, attitudes, and medical mistrust in an ethnically diverse sample of adults 50 years and older. Am J Health Promot. 2012;26(5):295–300. doi:https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.110113-QUAN-20.
- Adams LB , Richmond J , Corbie-Smith G , Powell W . Medical mistrust and colorectal cancer screening among African Americans. J Community Health. 2017;42(5):1044–1061. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-017-0339-2.
- Molina Y , Kim S , Berrios N , Calhoun EA . Medical mistrust and patient satisfaction with mammography: the mediating effects of perceived self-efficacy among navigated African American women. Health Expect. 2015;18(6):2941–2950. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12278.
- Hammond WP . Psychosocial correlates of medical mistrust among African American men. Am J Community Psychol. 2010;45(1-2):87–106. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9280-6.
- Philbin MM , Flake M , Hatzenbuehler ML , Hirsch JS . State-level immigration and immigrant-focused policies as drivers of Latino health disparities in the United States. Soc Sci Med. 2018;199:29–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.007.
- Theodore N , Habans R . Policing immigrant communities: latino perceptions of police involvement in immigration enforcement. J Ethn Migr Stud. 2016;42(6):970–988. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1126090.
- Ruiz JM , Campos B , Garcia JJ . Special issue on Latino physical health: Disparities, paradoxes, and future directions. J Lat Psychol. 2016;4(2):61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000065.
- Lopez-Cevallos DF , Harvey SM , Warren JT . Medical mistrust, perceived discrimination, and satisfaction with health care among young-adult rural latinos. J Rural Health. 2014;30(4):344–351. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12063.
- Oakley LP , Harvey SM , Lopez-Cevallos DF . Racial and ethnic discrimination, medical mistrust, and satisfaction with birth control services among young adult latinas. Womens Health Issues. 2018;28(4):313–320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2018.03.007.
- Huber LP . Make America great again: Donald Trump, racist nativism and the virulent adherence to white supremecy amid US demographic change. J Charleston L Rev. 2016;10:215–248.
- Williamson LD , Bigman CA . A systematic review of medical mistrust measures. Patient Educ Couns. 2018;101(10):1786–1794. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2018.05.007.
- Rose A , Peters N , Shea JA , Armstrong K . Development and testing of the health care system distrust scale. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19(1):57–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.21146.x.
- Valera P , Boyas JF , Bernal C , Chiongbian VB , Chang Y , Shelton RC . A validation of the group-based medical mistrust scale in formerly incarcerated black and latino men. Am J Mens Health. 2018;12(4):844–850. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988316645152.
- Thompson HS , Valdimarsdottir HB , Winkel G , Jandorf L , Redd W . The Group-Based Medical Mistrust Scale: psychometric properties and association with breast cancer screening. Prev Med. 2004;38(2):209–218.
- Shelton RC , Winkel G , Davis SN , et al. Validation of the group-based medical mistrust scale among urban black men. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(6):549–555. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1288-y.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . HIV by Group. 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/index.html. Accessed May 14, 2019.
- Hoyt MA , Rubin LR , Nemeroff CJ , Lee J , Huebner DM , Proeschold-Bell RJ . HIV/AIDS-related institutional mistrust among multiethnic men who have sex with men: effects on HIV testing and risk behaviors. Health Psychol. 2012;31(3):269–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025953.
- Bogart LM , Thorburn S . Are HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs a barrier to HIV prevention among African Americans? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38(2):213–218.
- Bohnert AS , Latkin CA . HIV testing and conspiracy beliefs regarding the origins of HIV among African Americans. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009;23(9):759–763. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2009.0061.
- Ford CL , Wallace SP , Newman PA , Lee SJ , Cunningham WE . Belief in AIDS-related conspiracy theories and mistrust in the government: relationship with HIV testing among at-risk older adults. Gerontologist. 2013;53(6):973–984. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gns192.
- Patev AJ , Hood KB , Speed KJ , Cartwright PM , Kinman BA . HIV conspiracy theory beliefs mediates the connection between HIV testing attitudes and HIV prevention self-efficacy. J Am Coll Health. 2018;19(1):1–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1500472.
- Ball K , Lawson W , Alim T . Medical mistrust, conspiracy beliefs & HIV-related behavior among African Americans. J Psychol Behav Sci. 2013;1(1):1–7.
- Bogart LM , Galvan FH , Wagner GJ , Klein DJ . Longitudinal association of HIV conspiracy beliefs with sexual risk among black males living with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(6):1180–1186. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-010-9796-7.
- Kalichman SC . The psychology of AIDS denialism: pseudoscience, conspiracy thinking, and medical mistrust. J Eur Psychol. 2014;19(1):13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000175.
- Bogart LM , Bird ST . Exploring the relationship of conspiracy beliefs about HIV/AIDS to sexual behaviors and attitudes among African-American adults. J Natl Med Assoc. 2003;95(11):1057–1065.
- Heller J . Rumors and realities: making sense of HIV/AIDS conspiracy narratives and contemporary legends. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(1):e43–e50. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302284.
- Jaiswal J , Singer SN , Siegel K , Lekas HM . HIV-related ‘conspiracy beliefs': lived experiences of racism and socio-economic exclusion among people living with HIV in New York City. Cult Health Sex. 2019;21(4):373–386. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1470674.
- Mackenzie S . Structural intimacies: sexual stories in the black AIDS epidemic . New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 2013.
- Hutchinson AB , Begley EB , Sullivan P , Clark HA , Boyett BC , Kellerman SE . Conspiracy beliefs and trust in information about HIV/AIDS among minority men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45(5):603–605. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181151262.
- Underhill K , Morrow KM , Colleran C , et al. A qualitative study of medical mistrust, perceived discrimination, and risk behavior disclosure to clinicians by U.S. male sex workers and other men who have sex with men: implications for biomedical HIV prevention. J Urban Health. 2015;92(4):667–686. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-015-9961-4.
- Eaton LA , Kalichman SC , Price D , Finneran S , Allen A , Maksut J . Stigma and conspiracy beliefs related to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and interest in using PrEP among black and white men and transgender women who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(5):1236–1246. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1690-0.
- Garcia M , Harris AL . PrEP awareness and decision-making for Latino MSM in San Antonio, Texas. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):e0184014. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184014.
- Brooks RA , Allen VC, Jr. , Regan R , Mutchler MG , Cervantes-Tadeo R , Lee SJ . HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs and intention to adopt preexposure prophylaxis among black men who have sex with men in Los Angeles. Int J STD Aids. 2018;29(4):375–381. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462417727691.
- Dale SK , Bogart LM , Wagner GJ , Galvan FH , Klein DJ . Medical mistrust is related to lower longitudinal medication adherence among African-American males with HIV. J Health Psychol. 2016;21(7):1311–1321. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314551950.
- Mattocks KM , Gibert C , Fiellin D , et al. Mistrust and endorsement of human immunodeficiency virus conspiracy theories among human immunodeficiency virus-infected african american veterans. Mil Med. 2017;182(11):e2073–e2079. doi:https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-17-00078.
- Quinn KG , Kelly JA , DiFranceisco WJ , et al. The health and sociocultural correlates of AIDS genocidal beliefs and medical mistrust among African American MSM. AIDS Behav. 2018;22(6):1814–1825. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1657-6.
- Galvan FH , Bogart LM , Klein DJ , Wagner GJ , Chen YT . Medical mistrust as a key mediator in the association between perceived discrimination and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive Latino men. J Behav Med. 2017;40(5):784–793. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-017-9843-1.
- Bogart LM , Wagner GJ , Green HD, Jr. , et al. Medical mistrust among social network members may contribute to antiretroviral treatment nonadherence in African Americans living with HIV. Soc Sci Med. 2016;164:133–140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.028.
- Jaiswal J , Singer S , Tomas MG , Lekas H-M . Conspiracy beliefs are not necessarily a barrier to engagement in HIV care among urban, low-income people of color living with HIV. J Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 2018;5(6):1192–1201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-018-0466-1.
- Clark A , Mayben JK , Hartman C , Kallen MA , Giordano TP . Conspiracy beliefs about HIV infection are common but not associated with delayed diagnosis or adherence to care. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2008;22(9):753–759. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2007.0249.
- Kalichman SC , Eaton L , Kalichman MO , Cherry C . Medication beliefs mediate the association between medical mistrust and antiretroviral adherence among African Americans living with HIV/AIDS. J Health Psychol. 2017;22(3):269–279. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105315600239.
- Adams LM , Simoni JM . The need for multi-level mitigation of medical mistrust among social network members contributing to antiretroviral treatment nonadherence in African Americans living with HIV: Comment on Bogart et al. (2016). Soc Sci Med. 2016;159:58–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.04.025.