References
- Directorate for Health Information and Research, National Mortality Registry Annual Report. https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/dhir/Documents/Deaths/Annual%20Mortality%20Report%202015.pdf. Published 2015. Accessed March 20, 2020.
- Arnold M, Sierra MS, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Gut. 2017;66(4):683–691. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310912.
- Schreuders EH, Ruco A, Rabeneck L, et al. Colorectal cancer screening: a global overview of existing programmes. Gut. 2015;64(10):1637–1649. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-309086.
- Government of Malta. Colorectal Screening. National Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme. 2020. https://deputyprimeminister.gov.mt/en/phc/nbs/Pages/Screening-Programmes/Colorectal-Screening.aspx. Accessed March 20, 2020.
- Ponti A, Anttila A, Ronco G, Senore C, Basu P, Segnan N. 2017. Cancer screening in the European Union. Report on the Implementation of the Council Recommendation on Cancer Screening. Brussels: European Commission.
- Camilloni L, Ferroni E, Cendales BJ, et al. Methods to increase participation in organised screening programs: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):464. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-464.
- Chapman GB, Li M, Colby H, Yoon H. Opting in vs opting out of influenza vaccination. Jama. 2010;304(1):43–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.892.
- Johnson EJ, Goldstein DG. Medicine. Do defaults save lives? Science. 2003;302(5649):1338–1339. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091721.
- Mehta SJ, Khan T, Guerra C, et al. A randomized controlled trial of opt-in versus opt-out colorectal cancer screening outreach. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2018;113(12):1848–1854. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41395-018-0151-3.
- Holm S, Ploug T. "Nudging" and informed consent revisited: why "nudging" fails in the clinical context. Am J Bioeth. 2013;13(6):29–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2013.781713.
- Ploug T, Holm S, Brodersen J. To nudge or not to nudge: cancer screening programmes and the limits of libertarian paternalism. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66(12):1193–1196. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2012-201194.
- Samuelson W, Zeckhauser R. Status quo bias in decision making. J Risk Uncertainty. 1988;1(1):7–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055564.
- Keller PA, Harlam B, Loewenstein G, Volpp KG. Enhanced active choice: a new method to motivate behavior change. Journal of Consumer Psychology. 2011;21(4):376–383. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2011.06.003.
- Waller J, Macedo A, von Wagner C, et al. Communication about colorectal cancer screening in Britain: public preferences for an expert recommendation. Br J Cancer. 2012;107(12):1938–1943. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2012.512.
- Spital A. Mandated choice. The preferred solution to the organ shortage? Arch Intern Med. 1992;152(12):2421–2424. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.152.12.2421.
- Spital A. Consent for organ donation: today and tomorrow. Semin Dial. 1993;6(4):264–267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-139x.1993.tb00156.x.
- Carroll GD, Choi JJ, Laibson D, Madrian BC, Metrick A. Optimal defaults and active decisions. Q J Econ. 2009;124(4):1639–1674. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2009.124.4.1639.
- Spital A. Mandated choice. A plan to increase public commitment to organ donation. Jama. 1995;273(6):504–506. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.273.6.504.
- Spital A. Mandated choice for organ donation: time to give it a try. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125(1):66–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-125-1-199607010-00010.
- Chouhan P, Draper H. Modified mandated choice for organ procurement. J Med Ethics. 2003;29(3):157–162. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.29.3.157.
- Mehta SJ, Feingold J, Vandertuyn M, et al. Active choice and financial incentives to increase rates of screening colonoscopy–a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(5):1227–1229. doi:https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.015.
- Cohen J. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Cioffi D, Garner R. On doing the decision: effects of active versus passive choice on commitment and self-perception. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 1996;22(2):133–147. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296222003.
- Botti S, McGill AL. When choosing is not deciding: the effect of perceived responsibility on satisfaction. J Consum Res. 2006;33(2):211–219. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/506302.
- White A, Ironmonger L, Steele RJ, Ormiston-Smith N, Crawford C, Seims A. A review of sex-related differences in colorectal cancer incidence, screening uptake, routes to diagnosis, cancer stage and survival in the UK. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4786-7.
- Hirst Y, Stoffel S, Baio G, McGregor L, von Wagner C. Uptake of the English Bowel (Colorectal) Cancer Screening Programme: an update 5 years after the full roll-out. Eur J Cancer. 2018;103:267–273. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2018.07.135.
- Stoffel S, Benito L, Milà N, et al. Testing behavioral interventions to optimize participation in a population-based colorectal cancer screening program in Catalonia. Spain. Preventive Medicine. 2019;119:58–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.12.013.