Association of Midday Napping with All-Cause Mortality in Chinese Adults: A 8-Year Nationwide Cohort Study

References

• St-Onge MP, Grandner MA, Brown D, American Heart Association Obesity, Behavior Change, Diabetes, and Nutrition Committees of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Clinical Cardiology; and Stroke Council, et al. Sleep duration and quality: impact on lifestyle behaviors and cardiometabolic health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134(18):e367–e386. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel SR, Malhotra A, Gottlieb DJ, White DP, Hu FB. Correlates of long sleep duration. Sleep. 2006;29(7):881–889. doi:10.1093/sleep/29.7.881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buxton OM, Marcelli E. Short and long sleep are positively associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(5):1027–1036. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertisch SM, Pollock BD, Mittleman MA, et al. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration and risk of incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Sleep Heart Health Study. Sleep. 2018;41(6):zsy047. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Consensus Conference Panel, et al. Joint consensus statement of the american academy of sleep medicine and sleep research society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion. Sleep. 2015;38(8):1161–1183. doi:10.5665/sleep.4886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang T, Mariani S, Redline S. Sleep irregularity and risk of cardiovascular events: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(9):991–999. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappuccio FP, Miller MA. Sleep and cardio-metabolic disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017;19(11):110. doi:10.1007/s11886-017-0916-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stang A. Daytime napping and health consequences: much epidemiologic work to do. Sleep Med. 2015;16(7):809–810. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.02.522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsouna H, Boukhris O, Abdessalem R, et al. Effect of different nap opportunity durations on short-term maximal performance, attention, feelings, muscle soreness, fatigue, stress and sleep. Physiol Behav. 2019;211:112673. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Bangdiwala SI, Rangarajan S, et al. Association of estimated sleep duration and naps with mortality and cardiovascular events: a study of 116 632 people from 21 countries. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(20):1620–1629. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong G, Wang Y, Tao T, Ying J, Zhao Y. Daytime napping and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Sleep Med. 2015;16(7):811–819. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan B, Li J, Li R, Gao Y, Zhang J, Wang G. Association of daytime napping with incident cardiovascular disease in a community-based population. Sleep Med. 2019;57:128–134. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.02.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu R, Li Y, Wang F, et al. Age- and gender-specific associations of napping duration with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Chinese rural population: the RuralDiab study. Sleep Med. 2017;33:119–124. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bursztyn M. Mortality and the siesta, fact and fiction. Sleep Med. 2013;14(1):3–4. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.09.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe N, Iso H, Seki N, for the JACC Study Group, et al. Daytime napping and mortality, with a special reference to cardiovascular disease: the JACC study. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(1):233–243. doi:10.1093/ije/dyp327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos H, Siles X. Siesta and the risk of coronary heart disease: results from a population-based, case-control study in Costa Rica. Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29(3):429–437. doi:10.1093/ije/29.3.429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leng Y, Wainwright NW, Cappuccio FP, et al. Daytime napping and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a 13-year follow-up of a British population. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179(9):1115–1124. doi:10.1093/aje/kwu036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao Q, Arem H, Pfeiffer R, Matthews C. Prediagnosis sleep duration, napping, and mortality among colorectal cancer survivors in a large US cohort. Sleep. 2017;40(4):zsx010. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung KI, Song CH, Ancoli-Israel S, Barrett-Connor E. Gender differences in nighttime sleep and daytime napping as predictors of mortality in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo study. Sleep Med. 2013;14(1):12–19. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.06.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naska A, Oikonomou E, Trichopoulou A, Psaltopoulou T, Trichopoulos D. Siesta in healthy adults and coronary mortality in the general population. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(3):296–301. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.3.296.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen-Mansfield J, Perach R. Sleep duration, nap habits, and mortality in older persons. Sleep. 2012;35(7):1003–1009. doi:10.5665/sleep.1970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan TY, Lan TH, Wen CP, Lin YH, Chuang YL. Nighttime sleep, Chinese afternoon nap, and mortality in the elderly. Sleep. 2007;30(9):1105–1110. doi:10.1093/sleep/30.9.1105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie Y, Hu J. An introduction to the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Chin Sociol Rev. 2014;47(1):3–29. doi:10.2753/CSA2162-0555470101.2014.11082908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie Y, Lu P. The Sampling Design of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Chin J Sociol. 2015;1(4):471–484. doi:10.1177/2057150X15614535.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang Y. All-cause mortality risk and attributable deaths associated with long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 in Chinese adults. Environ Sci Technol. 2021;55(9):6116–6127. doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c08527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng GH, Malhotra R, Østbye T, Chan A, Ma S, Lo JC. Changes in nocturnal sleep and daytime nap durations predict all-cause mortality among older adults: the Panel on Health and Ageing of Singaporean elderly. Sleep. 2018;41(7):zsy087. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C, Lu FC. The guidelines for prevention and control of overweight and obesity in Chinese adults. Biomed Environ Sci: BES. 2004;17(Suppl):1–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kessler RC, Barker PR, Colpe LJ, et al. Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(2):184–189. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, et al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med. 2002;32(6):959–976. doi:10.1017/s0033291702006074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collett D, Watkins JF. Modelling Survival Data in Medical Research. The Statistician. 1995;44(2):281–282. doi:10.2307/2348452.
   Google Scholar
• PM G, TM T. Proportional hazards tests and diagnostics based on weighted residuals. Biometrika. 1994;81(3):515–526. doi:10.2307/2337123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing R, Xu T, Rong H, Lai X, Fang H. Longitudinal association between sleep duration and depressive symptoms in Chinese elderly. Nat Sci Sleep. 2020;12:737–747. doi:10.2147/NSS.S269992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou B. Prospective study for cut-off points of body mass index in Chinese adults. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue za Zhi = Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi. 2002;23(6):431–434.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, et al. National sleep foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health. 2015;1(1):40–43. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burazeri G, Gofin J, Kark JD. Siesta and mortality in a Mediterranean population: a community study in Jerusalem. Sleep. 2003;26(5):578–584. doi:10.1093/sleep/26.5.578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Z, Huang M, Huang J, Yao Z, Lin Z. Association of napping and all-cause mortality and incident cardiovascular diseases: a dose-response meta analysis of cohort studies. Sleep Med. 2020;74:165–172. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.08.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada T, Hara K, Shojima N, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T. Daytime napping and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a prospective study and dose-response meta-analysis. Sleep. 2015;38(12):1945–1953. doi:10.5665/sleep.5246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Zhang Q, Shang X. Meta-analysis of self-reported daytime napping and risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality. Med Sci Monit. 2015;21:1269–1275. doi:10.12659/MSM.893186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfield V, Joshi R, Garcia-Hernandez J, Tillin T, Chaturvedi N. The relationship between sleep quality and all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality: the Southall and Brent REvisited study (SABRE). Sleep Med. 2019;60:230–235. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.03.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen WM, Lehto M, Karisola P, et al. Sleep restriction increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases by augmenting proinflammatory responses through IL-17 and CRP. PLoS One. 2009;4(2):e4589. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makino S, Hirose S, Kakutani M, et al. Association between nighttime sleep duration, midday naps, and glycemic levels in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Sleep Med. 2018;44:4–11. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Z, Shen L, Wu J, et al. The effects of midday nap duration on the risk of hypertension in a middle-aged and older Chinese population: a preliminary evidence from the Tongji-Dongfeng Cohort Study, China. J Hypertens. 2014;32(10):1993–1998. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou L, Yu K, Yang L, et al. Sleep duration, midday napping, and sleep quality and incident stroke: The Dongfeng-Tongji cohort. Neurology. 2020;94(4):e345–e356. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000008739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Pang X, Liu Z, et al. Joint effect of less than 1 h of daytime napping and seven to 8 h of night sleep on the risk of stroke. Sleep Med. 2018;52:180–187. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.05.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossain JL, Ahmad P, Reinish LW, Kayumov L, Hossain NK, Shapiro CM. Subjective fatigue and subjective sleepiness: two independent consequences of sleep disorders? J Sleep Res. 2005;14(3):245–253. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00466.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinges DF. An overview of sleepiness and accidents. J Sleep Res. 1995;4(S2):4–14. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00220.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bursztyn M, Ginsberg G, Stessman J. The siesta and mortality in the elderly: effect of rest without sleep and daytime sleep duration. Sleep. 2002;25(2):187–191. doi:10.1093/sleep/25.2.187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman AB, Spiekerman CF, Enright P, et al. Daytime sleepiness predicts mortality and cardiovascular disease in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study Research Group. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(2):115–123. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03901.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone KL, Ewing SK, Ancoli-Israel S, et al. Self-reported sleep and nap habits and risk of mortality in a large cohort of older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(4):604–611. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02171.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bursztyn M, Stessman J. The siesta and mortality: twelve years of prospective observations in 70-year-olds. Sleep. 2005;28(3):345–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, Li C, Perry GS, Croft JB. Associations between self-reported sleep duration and sleeping disorder with concentrations of fasting and 2-h glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin among adults without diagnosed diabetes. J Diabetes. 2014;6(4):338–350. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism. 2019;92:6–10. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.09.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraut B, Andrillon T, Vecchierini M-F, Leger D. Napping: A public health issue. From epidemiological to laboratory studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;35:85–100. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.09.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Yang H, He M, et al. Longer sleep duration and midday napping are associated with a higher risk of CHD Incidence in middle-aged and older Chinese: the Dongfeng-Tongji Cohort Study. Sleep. 2016;39(3):645–652. doi:10.5665/sleep.5544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehoe R, Wu SY, Leske MC, Chylack LT. Jr. Comparing self-reported and physician-reported medical history. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;139(8):813–818. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar