Not All Traumas Are Equal: Post-Traumatic Stress and Quality of Life among Women in Prison

REFERENCES

• Abram, K. M., Teplin, L. A., & McClelland, G. M. (2003). Comorbidity of severe psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders among women in jail. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(5), 1007–1010. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.1007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baranyi, G., Cassidy, M., Fazel, S., Priebe, S., & Mundt, A. P. (2018). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in prisoners. Epidemiologic Reviews, 40(1), 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxx015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrick, K., Lattimore, P. K., & Visher, C. A. (2014). Reentering women: The impact of social ties on long-term recidivism. The Prison Journal, 94(3), 279–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885514537596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belknap, J., Lynch, S., & DeHart, D. (2016). Jail staff members’ views on jailed women’s mental health, trauma, offending, rehabilitation, and reentry. The Prison Journal, 96(1), 79–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blitz, C. L., Wolff, N., & Shi, J. (2008). Physical victimization in prison: The role of mental illness. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 31(5), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonomi, A. E., Patrick, D. L., Bushnell, D. M., & Martin, M. (2000). Validation of the United States’ version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) instrument. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 53(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00123-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxer, P., Middlemass, K., & Delorenzo, T. (2009). Exposure to violent crime during incarceration effects on psychological adjustment following release. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(8), 793–807. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854809336453
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, R. L., Treadwell, H. M., & Arriola, K. R. J. (2005). Health disparities and incarcerated women: A population ignored. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 1679–1681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere, J., Agee, E., & Dietrich, A. (2016). Cumulative trauma and current posttraumatic stress disorder status in general population and inmate samples. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(4), 439–446. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, M. C., Cumella, S., Wensley, J., & Easthope, Y. (1998). Quality of life and psychological well-being of mentally disordered offenders after court diversion: A 6-month follow-up. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 42(2), 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X9804200208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clone, S., & DeHart, D. (2014). Social support networks of incarcerated women: Types of support, sources of support, and implications for reentry. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 53(7), 503–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2014.944742
   Google Scholar
• Colvic, O., Lecic-Tosevski, D., Mandic-Maravic, V., & Toskovic, O. (2017). Depressive, anxious, and somatization symptoms and quality of life in stress-related disorders. Vojnosanit Pregl, 74(10), 927–931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combalbert, N., Pennequin, V., Ferrand, C., Armand, M., Anselme, M., & Geffray, B. (2018). Cognitive impairment, self-perceived health and quality of life of older prisoners. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 28(1), 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copes, H., Higgins, G. E., Tewksbury, R., & Dabney, D. A. (2010). Participation in the prison economy and likelihood of physical victimization. Victims & Offenders, 6(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2011.534005
   Google Scholar
• Daly, K. (2002). Sexual assault and restorative justice. In H. Strang & J. Braithwaite (Eds.), Restorative justice and family violence (pp. 62–88). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Daly, K. (1992). Women’s pathways to felony court: Feminist theories of lawbreaking and problems of representation. Southern California Review of Law & Women’s Studies, 2, 11–52.
   Google Scholar
• DeHart, D. D. (2008). Pathways to prison: Impact of victimization in the lives of incarcerated women. Violence against Women, 14(12), 1362–1381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVeaux, M. (2013). The trauma of the incarceration experience. Harvard Civil Rights -Civil Liberties Law Review, 48, 257–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiIulio, J. J. (1993). Performance measures for the criminal justice system. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Dolan, P., Loomes, G., Peasgood, T., & Tsuchiya, A. (2005). Estimating the intangible victim costs of violent crime. The British Journal of Criminology, 45(6), 958–976. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azi029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duwe, G., & Clark, V. (2014). The effects of prison based educational programming on recidivism and employment. The Prison Journal, 94(4), 454–478. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885514548009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, G. (2018). Saving from poverty: A critical review of individual development accounts. Critical Social Policy, 38(2), 181–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018317695451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortson, B. L., Klevens, J., Merrick, M. T., Gilbert, L. K., & Alexander, S. P. (2016). Preventing child abuse and neglect: A technical package for policy, norm, and programmatic activities. Retrieved from https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/38864
   Google Scholar
• Golder, S., & Logan, T. K. (2010). Lifetime victimization and psychological distress: Cluster profiles of out of treatment drug-involved women. Violence and Victims, 25(1), 62–83. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.1.62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golder, S., & Logan, T. K. (2011). Cumulative victimization, psychological distress, and high-risk behavior among substance-involved women. Violence and Victims, 26(4), 477–495. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.4.477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golder, S., Engstrom, M., Hall, M. T., Higgins, G. E., & Logan, T. K. (2015). Psychological distress among victimized women on probation and parole: A latent class analysis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(4), 382–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, B. L., Dass-Brailsford, P., Hurtado de Mendoza, A., Mete, M., Lynch, S. M., DeHart, D. D., & Belknap, J. (2016). Trauma experiences and mental health among incarcerated women. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(4), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harner, H. M., Budescu, M., Gillihan, S. J., Riley, S., & Foa, E. B. (2015). Posttraumatic stress disorder in incarcerated women: A call for evidence-based treatment. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaggi, L. J., Mezuk, B., Watkins, D. C., & Jackson, J. S. (2017). The relationship between trauma, arrest, and incarceration among Black Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American life. Society and Mental Health, 6, 187–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, D. J., & Glaze, L. E. (2006). Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). NCJ213600. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/mhppji.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jewkes, Y., Jordan, M., Wright, S., & Bendelow, G. (2019). Designing ‘healthy’prisons for Women: Incorporating trauma-informed care and practice (TICP) into prison planning and design. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20), 3818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, S. C., & Mennicke, A. M. (2018). “Behind every woman in prison is a man”: Incarcerated women’s perceptions of how we can better help them in the context of interpersonal victimization. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 29(3), 206–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2017.1399034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, S. C., Tripodi, S. J., Pettus-Davis, C., & Ayers, J. (2016). Examining dose–response relationships between childhood victimization, depression, symptoms of psychosis, and substance misuse for incarcerated women. Women & Criminal Justice, 26, 77–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kentucky Department of Corrections. (2016). Corrections policy and procedures. https://corrections.ky.gov/About/cpp/Documents/13/CPP%2013.2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048–1060. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J. (2017). Sex work and mental health: A study of women in the Netherlands. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(6), 1843–1856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0785-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauritsen, J. L., Heimer, K., & Lynch, J. P. (2009). Trends in the gender gap in violent offending: New evidence from the National Crime Victimization Survey. Criminology, 47(2), 361–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00149.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, S. M., Fritch, A., & Heath, N. M. (2012). Looking beneath the surface: The nature of incarcerated women’s experiences of interpersonal violence, treatment needs, and mental health. Feminist Criminology, 7(4), 381–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, S. M., DeHart, D. D., Belknap, J., & Green, B. L. (2013). Women’s pathways to jail: Examining mental health, trauma, and substance use. BJA Policy Brief, NCJ241045.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, S. M., Heath, N. M., Mathews, K. C., & Cepeda, G. J. (2012). Seeking safety: an intervention for trauma-exposed incarcerated women? Journal of Trauma & Dissociation: The Official Journal of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD), 13(1), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2011.608780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruschak, L. M., Berzofsky, M., & Unangst, J. (2015). Medical problems of state and federal prisoners and jail inmates, 2011–12. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC. NCJ248491.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie, I. K. (1987). Physiological and psychological effects of kidnapping and hostage-taking. Police Studies: International Review of Police Development, 10, 96.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, T. R., Cohen, M. A., & Rossman, S. B. (1993). Victim costs of violent crime and resulting injuries. Health Affairs, 12(4), 186–197. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.12.4.186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moloney, K. P., van den Bergh, B. J., & Moller, L. F. (2009). Women in prison: The central issues of gender characteristics and trauma history. Public Health, 123(6), 426–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2009.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monson, E., Brunet, A., & Caron, J. (2015). Domains of quality of life and social support across the trauma spectrum. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(8), 1243–2148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1029-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney, M., Hannon, F., Barry, M., Friel, S., & Kelleher, C. (2002). Perceived quality of life and mental health status of female prisoners. Irish Medical Journal, 95(8), 241–243.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moritz-Rabson, D. (2018, August). ‘Prison slavery’: Inmates are paid cents while manufacturing products sold to government. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/prison-slavery-who-benefits-cheap-inmate-labor-1093729
   Google Scholar
• Muller, A. E., & Bukten, A. (2019). Measuring the quality of life of incarcerated individuals. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 15(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPH-02-2018-0005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicosia, N., MacDonald, J. M., & Arkes, J. (2013). Disparities in criminal court referrals to drug treatment and prison for minority men. American Journal of Public Health, 103(6), e77–84. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panisch, L. S., Prost, S. G., & Smith, T. E. (2019). Financial well-being and physical health related quality of life among persons incarcerated in jail. Journal of Crime and Justice, 42(4), 444–461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prost, S. G., & Golder, S. (2019). Correlates of posttraumatic stress symptoms among victimized women on probation and parole. Presented at 12th Academic and Health Policy Conference on Correctional Health, March 21–22, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Prost, S. G., Panisch, L., & Smith, T. E. (2018). Gender, health, and quality of life in correctional settings: Dimensional needs and successful re-entry. Presented at the 11th Academic and Health Policy Conference on Correctional Health, March 22–23, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Raggi, A., Corso, B., Minicuci, N., Quintas, R., Sattin, D., De Torres, L., Chatterji, S., Frisoni, G. B., Haro, J. M., Koskinen, S., Martinuzzi, A., Miret, M., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., & Leonardi, M. (2016). Determinants of quality of life in ageing populations: Results from a cross-sectional study in Finland, Poland, and Spain. PLOS One, 11(7), e0159293. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapaport, M. H., Clary, C., Fayyad, R., & Endicott, J. (2005). Quality-of-Life impairment in depressive anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(6), 1171–1178. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, K. V., & Thyer, B. A. (2011). Does individual development account participation help the poor? A review. Research on Social Work Practice, 21(3), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731510395609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohe, W. M., Key, C., Grinstein-Weiss, M., Schreiner, M., & Sherraden, M. (2017). The impacts of individual development accounts, assets, and debt on future orientation and psychological depression. Journal of Policy Practice, 16(1), 24–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/15588742.2015.1125329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks, J. Y., McKendrick, K., & Hamilton, Z. (2012). A randomized clinical trial of a therapeutic community treatment for female inmates: Outcomes at 6 and 12 months after prison release. Journal of Addiction Disorder, 31(3), 258–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2012.694601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salisbury, E. J., & Van Voorhis, P. (2009). Gendered pathways: A quantitative investigation of women probationers’ paths to incarceration. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(6), 541–566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saloppé, X., & Pham, T. H. (2007). Impact des troubles mentaux sur la qualité de vie perçue par des patients issus d’un hôpital psychiatrique sécuritaire. L'Encéphale, 33(6), 892–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2006.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherraden, M., Clancy, M., Nam, Y., Huang, J., Kim, Y., Beverly, S., Mason, L. R., Williams Shanks, T. R., Wikoff, N. E., Schreiner, M., & Purnell, J. Q. (2018). Universal and progressive Child Development Accounts: A policy innovation to reduce educational disparity. Urban Education, 53(6), 806–833. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085916682573
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, S. S., Yahner, J. L., & Dugan, L. (2008). Understanding women’s pathways to jail: Analyzing the lives of incarcerated women. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 41(1), 84–108. https://doi.org/10.1375/acri.41.1.84
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. G., Zhang, X., Basile, K. C., Merrick, M. T., Wang, J., Kresnow, M. J., & Chen, J. (2018). The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2015 data brief – Updated release. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/2015data-brief508.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Spivak, H. R., Jenkins, E. L., VanAudenhove, K., Lee, D., Kelly, M., & Iskander, J, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2014). CDC grand rounds: A public health approach to prevention of intimate partner violence. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(2), 38–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, R. (2004). Women in prison and children of imprisoned mothers: Preliminary research paper. Quaker United Nations Offices.
   Google Scholar
• Teplin, L. A., Abram, K. M., & McClelland, G. M. (1996). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among incarcerated women. I. Pretrial jail detainees. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(6), 505–512. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830060047007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripodi, S. J., & Pettus-Davis, C. (2013). Histories of childhood victimization and subsequent mental health problems, substance use, and sexual victimization for a sample of incarcerated women in the US. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 36(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripodi, S. J., Mennicke, A. M., McCarter, S. A., & Ropes, K. (2019). Evaluating seeking safety for women in prison: A randomized controlled trial. Research on Social Work Practice, 29(3), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731517706550
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov
   Google Scholar
• WHOQOL Group. (1997). WHOQOL measuring quality of life. https://www.who.int/mental_health/media/68.pdf
   Google Scholar
• WHOQOL Group. (1998). Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychological Medicine, 28(3), 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291798006667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widom, C. S., Fisher, J. H., Nagin, D. S., & Piquero, A. R. (2018). A prospective examination of criminal career trajectories in abused and neglected males and females followed up into middle adulthood. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 34(3), 831–852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-017-9356-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widom, C., Marmorstein, N., & White, H. (2006). Childhood victimization and illicit drug use in middle adulthood. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 20(4), 394–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.20.4.394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. J. (2003). Quality of life” as perceived by sex offenders on early release in a halfway house: Implications for treatment. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 38(2), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v38n02_05
   Google Scholar
• Winham, K. M., Engstrom, M., Golder, S., Renn, T., Higgins, G. E., & Logan, T. K. (2015). Childhood victimization, attachment, psychological distress, and substance use among women on probation and parole. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(2), 145–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, N., Blitz, C. L., & Shi, J. (2007). Rates of sexual victimization in prison for inmates with and without mental disorders. Psychiatric Services, 58(8), 1087–1094. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2007.58.8.1087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, N., Blitz, C. L., Shi, J., Siegel, J., & Bachman, R. (2007). Physical violence inside prisons rates of victimizations. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(5), 588–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854806296830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, N., Frueh, B. C., Shi, J., & Schumann, B. E. (2012). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral trauma treatment for incarcerated women with mental illnesses and substance abuse disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(7), 703–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, N., Shi, J., & Siegel, J. A. (2009). Patterns of victimization among male and female inmates: Evidence of an enduring legacy. Violence and Victims, 24(4), 469–484. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.24.4.469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (1997). WHOQOL: Measuring quality of life. https://www.who.int/mental_health/media/68.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Zlotnick, C., Clarke, J. G., Friedmann, P. D., Roberts, M. B., Sacks, S., & Melnick, G. (2008). Gender differences in comorbid disorders among offenders in prison substance abuse treatment programs. Behavioral Sciences & The Law, 26(4), 403–412. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlotnick, C., Johnson, J., & Najavits, L. M. (2009). Randomized controlled pilot study of cognitive-behavioral therapy in a sample of incarcerated women with substance use disorder and PTSD. Behavior Therapy, 40(4), 325–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2008.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar