Solid lipid nanoparticles: a versatile approach for controlled release and targeted drug delivery

References

• Kalkumbe MA, Waghmare S, Kamble H. Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN). International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science. 2023;4. doi:10.56726/IRJMETS30190.
   Google Scholar
• Gajanan GV, Milind GM, Adhikrao Y. Different techniques for preparation of nanoemulsion with characterisation and various application of it—a review. World J. Pharm. Res. 2017;6:112–128.
   Google Scholar
• Mishra V, Bansal KK, Verma A, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles: emerging colloidal nano drug delivery systems. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(4):191. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics10040191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naseri N, Valizadeh H, Zakeri-Milani P. Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: structure, preparation and application. Adv Pharm Bull. 2015;5(3):305–313. doi:10.15171/apb.2015.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardeike J, Hommoss A, Müller RH. Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC) in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dermal products. Int J Pharm. 2009;366(1–2):170–184. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shazly GA. Ciprofloxacin controlled-solid lipid nanoparticles: characterization, in vitro release, and antibacterial activity assessment. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:6761452. doi:10.1155/2017/6761452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav V, Alokmahor S, Alok S, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles (sln): formulation by high pressure homogenization. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;3:1200–13.
   Google Scholar
• Adib ZM, Ghanbarzadeh S, Kouhsoltani M, et al. The effect of particle size on the deposition of solid lipid nanoparticles in different skin layers: a histological study. Adv Pharm Bull. 2016;6(1):31–36. doi:10.15171/apb.2016.06.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manjunath K, Reddy JS, Venkateswarlu V. Solid lipid nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2005;27(2):127–144. doi:10.1358/mf.2005.27.2.876286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sathali A, Ekambaram P, Priyanka K. Solid lipid nanoparticles: a review. Sci Rev Chem Commun. 2012;2:80–102.
   Google Scholar
• Ramteke K, Joshi S, Dhole S. Solid lipid nanoparticle: a review. IOSR J Pharm. 2012;2:34–44.
   Google Scholar
• Schäfer-Korting M, Mehnert W, Korting H-C. Lipid nanoparticles for improved topical application of drugs for skin diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007;59(6):427–443. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2007.04.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajendran R, Kunnil A, Radhakrishnan A, et al. Current trends and future perspectives for enhanced drug delivery to Central nervous system in treatment of stroke. Ther Deliv. 2023;14(1):61–85. doi:10.4155/tde-2022-0064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatipamula R, Palem C, Gannu R, et al. Formulation and in vitro characterization of domperidone loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers. Daru. 2011;19:23–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puri A, Loomis K, Smith B, et al. Lipid-based nanoparticles as pharmaceutical drug carriers: from concepts to clinic. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2009;26(6):523–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazuryk J, Deptuła T, Polchi A, et al. Rapamycin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: morphology and impact of the drug loading on the phase transition between lipid polymorphs. Colloids Surf, A. 2016;502:54–65. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.05.017.
   Google Scholar
• Shah RM, Mata JP, Bryant G, et al. Structure analysis of solid lipid nanoparticles for drug delivery: a combined USANS/SANS study. Part Part Syst Charact. 2019;36(1):1800359. doi:10.1002/ppsc.201800359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pink DL, Loruthai O, Ziolek RM, et al. On the structure of solid lipid nanoparticles. Small. 2019;15(45):e1903156. doi:10.1002/smll.201903156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasutrasawat P, Al-Obaidi H, Gaisford S, et al. Drug solubilisation in lipid nanoparticles containing high melting point triglycerides. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2013;85(3 Pt A):365–371. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.04.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiati H, Tawashi R, Phillips N. Drug retention and stability of solid lipid nanoparticles containing azidothymidine palmitate after autoclaving, storage and lyophilization. J Microencapsul. 1998;15(2):173–184. doi:10.3109/02652049809006847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim S-J, Kim C-K. Formulation parameters determining the physicochemical characteristics of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with all-trans retinoic acid. Int J Pharm. 2002;243(1–2):135–146. doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00269-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Z, Chen L, Gu W, et al. The performance of docetaxel-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles targeted to hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomaterials. 2009;30(2):226–232. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo Y-C, Chung C-Y. Solid lipid nanoparticles comprising internal Compritol 888 ATO, tripalmitin and cacao butter for encapsulating and releasing stavudine, delavirdine and saquinavir. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2011;88(2):682–690. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.07.060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salminen H, Helgason T, Aulbach S, et al. Influence of co-surfactants on crystallization and stability of solid lipid nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2014;426:256–263. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2014.04.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasir M, Sara UVS. Solid lipid nanoparticles for nose to brain delivery of haloperidol: in vitro drug release and pharmacokinetics evaluation. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2014;4(6):454–463. doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2014.10.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari R, Pathak K. Nanostructured lipid carrier versus solid lipid nanoparticles of simvastatin: comparative analysis of characteristics, pharmacokinetics and tissue uptake. Int J Pharm. 2011;415(1–2):232–243. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.044.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang Y, Corona A, III, Schubert B, et al. The effect of oil type on the aggregation stability of nanostructured lipid carriers. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2014;418:261–272. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2013.12.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battaglia L, Gallarate M, Cavalli R, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles produced through a coacervation method. J Microencapsul. 2010;27(1):78–85. doi:10.3109/02652040903031279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zambrano-Zaragoza M, Mercado-Silva E, Ramirez-Zamorano P, et al. Use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) in edible coatings to increase guava (Psidium guajava L.) shelf-life. Food Res Int. 2013;51(2):946–953. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2013.02.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrecilla J, DEL Pozo-Rodríguez A, Apaolaza PS, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles as non-viral vector for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C by RNA interference. Int J Pharm. 2015;479(1):181–188. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.047.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charoenputtakun P, Li SK, Ngawhirunpat T. Iontophoretic delivery of lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs from lipid nanoparticles across human skin. Int J Pharm. 2015;495(1):318–328. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.094.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martins S, Tho I, Souto E, et al. Multivariate design for the evaluation of lipid and surfactant composition effect for optimisation of lipid nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2012;45(5):613–623. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2011.12.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard MD, Lu X, Rinehart JJ, et al. Physicochemical characterization of nanotemplate engineered solid lipid nanoparticles. Langmuir. 2011;27(5):1964–1971. doi:10.1021/la104262k.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui A, Gupta V, Liu Y-Y, et al. Doxorubicin and MBO-asGCS oligonucleotide loaded lipid nanoparticles overcome multidrug resistance in adriamycin resistant ovarian cancer cells (NCI/ADR-RES). Int J Pharm. 2012;431(1–2):222–229. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nafee N, Husari A, Maurer CK, et al. Antibiotic-free nanotherapeutics: ultra-small, mucus-penetrating solid lipid nanoparticles enhance the pulmonary delivery and anti-virulence efficacy of novel quorum sensing inhibitors. J Control Release. 2014;192:131–140. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyenberg W, Filev P, VAN DEN Plas D, et al. Cytotoxicity of submicron emulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles for dermal application. Int J Pharm. 2007;337(1–2):291–298. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.12.045.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vandita K, Shashi B, Santosh KG, et al. Enhanced apoptotic effect of curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Mol Pharm. 2012;9(12):3411–3421. doi:10.1021/mp300209k.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clares B, Calpena AC, Parra A, et al. Nanoemulsions (NEs), liposomes (LPs) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for retinyl palmitate: effect on skin permeation. Int J Pharm. 2014;473(1-2):591–598. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.08.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Almeida AJ, Souto E. Solid lipid nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for peptides and proteins. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007;59(6):478–490. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2007.04.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khosa A, Reddi S, Saha RN. Nanostructured lipid carriers for site-specific drug delivery. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;103:598–613. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenitz M, Joseph S, Nitz A, et al. Controlled polymorphic transformation of continuously crystallized solid lipid nanoparticles in a microstructured device: a feasibility study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2014;86(3):324–331. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.08.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil RM, Abd-Elbary A, Kassem MA, et al. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) versus solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for topical delivery of meloxicam. Pharm Dev Technol. 2014;19(3):304–314. doi:10.3109/10837450.2013.778872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui A, Alayoubi A, Nazzal S. The effect of emulsifying wax on the physical properties of CTAB-based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Pharm Dev Technol. 2014;19(1):125–128. doi:10.3109/10837450.2012.751401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulati N, Gupta M, Kanoujia J, et al. Green nanoparticle strategies: utilizing excipients sourced from nature. J Nanopharm Drug Del. 2014;2(3):169–191. doi:10.1166/jnd.2014.1055.
   Google Scholar
• Varshosaz J, Minayian M, Moazen E. Enhancement of oral bioavailability of pentoxifylline by solid lipid nanoparticles. J Liposome Res. 2010;20(2):115–123. doi:10.3109/08982100903161456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee S, Ray S, Thakur R. Solid lipid nanoparticles: a modern formulation approach in drug delivery system. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2009;71(4):349–358. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.57282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblatt KM, Bunjes H. Poly (vinyl alcohol) as emulsifier stabilizes solid triglyceride drug carrier nanoparticles in the α-modification. Mol Pharm. 2009;6(1):105–120. doi:10.1021/mp8000759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojahedian MM, Daneshamouz S, Samani SM, et al. A novel method to produce solid lipid nanoparticles using n-butanol as an additional co-surfactant according to the o/w microemulsion quenching technique. Chem Phys Lipids. 2013;174:32–38. doi:10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khurana S, Bedi P, Jain N. Preparation and evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles based nanogel for dermal delivery of meloxicam. Chem Phys Lipids. 2013;175-176:65–72. doi:10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.07.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Randhawa JK. High melting lipid based approach for drug delivery: solid lipid nanoparticles. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2013;33(4):1842–1852. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2013.01.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardi A, Bucolo C, Romano GL, et al. Influence of different surfactants on the technological properties and in vivo ocular tolerability of lipid nanoparticles. Int J Pharm. 2014;470(1–2):133–140. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.04.061.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Munir M, Zaman M, Waqar MA, et al. A comprehensive review on transethosomes as a novel vesicular approach for drug delivery through transdermal route. J Liposome Res. 2023;2023:1–16. doi:10.1080/08982104.2023.2221354.
   Google Scholar
• Hu F, Hong Y, Yuan H. Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles containing peptide. Int J Pharm. 2004;273(1–2):29–35. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.12.016.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quintanar-Guerrero D, Tamayo-Esquivel D, Ganem-Quintanar A, et al. Adaptation and optimization of the emulsification-diffusion technique to prepare lipidic nanospheres. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2005;26(2):211–218. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2005.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares S, Fonte P, Costa A, et al. Effect of freeze-drying, cryoprotectants and storage conditions on the stability of secondary structure of insulin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Pharm. 2013;456(2):370–381. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaghasiya H, Kumar A, Sawant K. Development of solid lipid nanoparticles based controlled release system for topical delivery of terbinafine hydrochloride. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2013;49(2):311–322. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2013.03.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo Y, Teng Z, Li Y, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles for oral drug delivery: chitosan coating improves stability, controlled delivery, mucoadhesion and cellular uptake. Carbohydr Polym. 2015;122:221–229. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obeidat WM, Schwabe K, Müller RH, et al. Preservation of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2010;76(1):56–67. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirodkar RK, Kumar L, Mutalik S, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: emerging lipid based drug delivery systems. Pharm Chem J. 2019;53(5):440–453. doi:10.1007/s11094-019-02017-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho PM, Felício MR, Santos NC, et al. Application of light scattering techniques to nanoparticle characterization and development. Front Chem. 2018;6:237. doi:10.3389/fchem.2018.00237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippacher A, Müller R, Mäder K. Investigation on the viscoelastic properties of lipid based colloidal drug carriers. Int J Pharm. 2000;196(2):227–230. doi:10.1016/s0378-5173(99)00428-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Battaglia L, Gallarate M. Lipid nanoparticles: state of the art, new preparation methods and challenges in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2012;9(5):497–508. doi:10.1517/17425247.2012.673278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehnert W, Mäder K. Solid lipid nanoparticles: production, characterization and applications. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2012;64:83–101. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz C, Mehnert W, Lucks J, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery. I. Production, characterization and sterilization. J Controlled Release. 1994;30(1):83–96. doi:10.1016/0168-3659(94)90047-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah R, Eldridge D, Palombo E, et al. 2015. Lipid nanoparticles: production, characterization and stability. UK: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Suresh G, Manjunath K, Venkateswarlu V, et al. Preparation, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of lovastatin solid lipid nanoparticles. Aaps Pharmscitech. 2007;8(1):24–E170. doi:10.1208/pt0801024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charcosset C, EL-Harati A, Fessi H. Preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles using a membrane contactor. J Control Release. 2005;108(1):112–120. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.07.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalli R, Bargoni A, Podio V, et al. Duodenal administration of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with different percentages of tobramycin. J Pharm Sci. 2003;92(5):1085–1094. doi:10.1002/jps.10368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waqar MA, Zaman M, Hameed H, et al. Ethosomes: a novel approach for the delivery of drug. Int J Pharm Integ Health Sci. 2023;4:31–46.
   Google Scholar
• Koziara JM, Lockman PR, Allen DD, et al. Paclitaxel nanoparticles for the potential treatment of brain tumors. J Control Release. 2004;99(2):259–269. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.07.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen N, Hansen S, Heydenreich AV, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles can effectively bind DNA, streptavidin and biotinylated ligands. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2006;62(2):155–162. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.09.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battaglia L, Trotta M, Gallarate M, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles formed by solvent-in-water emulsion–diffusion technique: Development and influence on insulin stability. J Microencapsul. 2007;24(7):660–672. doi:10.1080/02652040701532981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seetapan N, Bejrapha P, Srinuanchai W, et al. Rheological and morphological characterizations on physical stability of gamma-oryzanol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Micron. 2010;41(1):51–58. doi:10.1016/j.micron.2009.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumper RJ, Jay M. 2006. Microemulsions as precursors to solid nanoparticles.
   Google Scholar
• Chattopadhyay P, Huff R, Shekunov BY. Drug encapsulation using supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions. J Pharm Sci. 2006;95(3):667–679. doi:10.1002/jps.20555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra DK, Dhote V, Bhatnagar P, et al. Engineering solid lipid nanoparticles for improved drug delivery: promises and challenges of translational research. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2012;2(4):238–253. doi:10.1007/s13346-012-0088-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wissing SA, Müller RH. The influence of solid lipid nanoparticles on skin hydration and viscoelasticity–in vivo study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2003;56(1):67–72. doi:10.1016/s0939-6411(03)00040-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawant KK, Varia JK, Dodiya SS. Cyclosporine a loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: optimization of formulation, process variable and characterization. Curr Drug Deliv. 2008;5(1):64–69. doi:10.2174/156720108783331069.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luo Y, Chen D, Ren L, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles for enhancing vinpocetine’s oral bioavailability. J Control Release. 2006;114(1):53–59. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.05.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardeshi C, Rajput P, Belgamwar V, et al. Solid lipid based nanocarriers: an overview/nanonosači na bazičvrstih lipida: Pregled. Acta Pharm. 2012;62(4):433–472. doi:10.2478/v10007-012-0040-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe LM, Crowe JH, Rudolph A, et al. Preservation of freeze-dried liposomes by trehalose. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1985;242(1):240–247. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(85)90498-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser H, Strauss G. Stabilization of small, unilamellar phospholipid vesicles by sucrose during freezing and dehydration. Biotechnol Appl Lipid Microstructures. 1988;1:71–80.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey R, Sharma S, Khuller G. Oral solid lipid nanoparticle-based antitubercular chemotherapy. Tuberculosis. 2005;85(5–6):415–420. doi:10.1016/j.tube.2005.08.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina-Gonzalez Y, Aimar P, Lahitte J-F, et al. Towards green membranes: preparation of cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes using methyl lactate as a biosolvent. Int J Sustainable Eng. 2011;4(1):75–83. doi:10.1080/19397038.2010.497230.
   Google Scholar
• Muchow M, Maincent P, Müller RH. Lipid nanoparticles with a solid matrix (SLN®, NLC®, LDC®) for oral drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2008;34(12):1394–1405. doi:10.1080/03639040802130061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talarico L, Consumi M, Leone G, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles produced via a coacervation method as promising carriers for controlled release of quercetin. Molecules. 2021;26(9):2694. doi:10.3390/molecules26092694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarmento B, Martins S, Ferreira D, et al. Oral insulin delivery by means of solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine. 2007;2(4):743–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madkhali OA. Perspectives and prospective on solid lipid nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Molecules. 2022;27(5):1543. doi:10.3390/molecules27051543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhagwat GS, Athawale RB, Gude RP, et al. Formulation and development of transferrin targeted solid lipid nanoparticles for breast cancer therapy. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:614290. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.614290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshpande A, Mohamed M, Daftardar SB, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles in drug delivery: Opportunities and challenges. Emerg Nanotechnol Diagnost Drug Del Med Dev. 2017;1:291–330.
   Google Scholar
• Weber S, Zimmer A, Pardeike J. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for pulmonary application: a review of the state of the art. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2014;86(1):7–22. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.08.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badilli U, Gumustas M, Uslu B, et al. 2018. Lipid-based nanoparticles for dermal drug delivery. Organic materials as smart nanocarriers for drug delivery. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Cojocaru F-D, Botezat D, Gardikiotis I, et al. Nanomaterials designed for antiviral drug delivery transport across biological barriers. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(2):171. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12020171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinzelmann M, Wiesendanger R. 1992. Scanning tunneling microscopy II surface science. Newyork: Springer verlogg.
   Google Scholar
• Müller RH, Mäder K, Gohla S. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery–a review of the state of the art. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2000;50(1):161–177. doi:10.1016/s0939-6411(00)00087-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siekmann B, Westesen K. Thermoanalysis of the recrystallization process of melt-homogenized glyceride nanoparticles. Colloids Surf, B. 1994;3(3):159–175. doi:10.1016/0927-7765(94)80063-4.
   Google Scholar
• Kamble VA, Jagdale DM, Kadam VJ. Solid lipid nanoparticles as drug delivery system. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2010;1:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Mehnert W, Mäder K. Solid lipid nanoparticles: production, characterization and applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2001;47(2–3):165–196. doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00105-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmar B, Mandal S, Petkar K, et al. Valsartan loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: development, characterization and in vitro and ex vivo evaluation. PCI Approved-Ijpsn. 2011;4(3):1483–1490. doi:10.37285/ijpsn.2011.4.3.7.
   Google Scholar
• Pathak P, Nagarsenker M. Formulation and evaluation of lidocaine lipid nanosystems for dermal delivery. Aaps Pharmscitech. 2009;10(3):985–992. doi:10.1208/s12249-009-9287-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar