Self-employment of immigrants and natives in Sweden – a multilevel analysis

References

• Andersson , L and Hammarstedt , M . 2010 . Intergenerational transmissions in immigrant self-employment: Evidence from three generations . Small Business Economics , 34 : 261 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson , P . 2006 . Four essays on self-employment , Stockholm : Stockholms University .
   Google Scholar
• Bevelander , P . 2000 . Immigrant employment integration and structural change in Sweden, 1970–1995 , Lund and Södertälje : Almqvist and Wiksell International .
   Google Scholar
• Bevelander, P., B. Carlson and M. Rojas. 1997. I Krusbärslandets Storstäder. Kristianstad: SNS Förlag
   Google Scholar
• Bevelander, P., and C. Lundh. 2004. Regionala variationer i sysselsättning för män. In Egenförsörjning eller bidragsförsörjning? Invandrarna, arbetsmarknaden och välfärdsstaten – Rapport från Integrationspolitiska maktutredningen (SOU 2004: 21), ed. J. Ekberg, 133–58. Stockholm: SOU
   Google Scholar
• Bonacich , E . 1993 . The other side of ethnic entrepreneurship: A dialogue with Waldinger, Aldrich, Ward and associates . International Migration Review , 17 : 685 – 702 .
   Google Scholar
• Browne , W . 2003 . MCMC estimation in MLwiN (Version 2.0) , London : Institute of Education University of London .
   Google Scholar
• Brännström , L . 2005 . Does neighbourhood origin matter? A longitudinal multilevel assessment of neighbourhood effects on income and receipt of social assistance in a Stockholm birth cohort . Housing, Theory and Society , 22 ( 4 ) : 169 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Castles , S and Miller , M . 2003 . The age of migration. International population movements in the modern world , 3rd , Basingstoke : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , K and Drinkwater , S . 2000 . Pushed or Pulled in? Self-employment among ethnic minorities in England and Wales . Labour Economics , 7 ( 5 ) : 603 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke , P and Wheaton , B . 2007 . Addressing data sparseness in contextual population research: Using cluster analysis to create synthetic neighborhoods . Sociological Methods Research , 35 : 311 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deakins , D , Ishaq , M , Smallbone , D , Whittam , G and Wyper , J . 2007 . Ethnic minority businesses in Scotland and the role of social capital . International Small Business Journal , 25 ( 3 ) : 307 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs , G and Rocke , D . 1979 . Interpreting heteroscedasticity . American Journal of Political Science , 23 : 816 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esping-Andersen, G. 1990. The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press and Princeton: Princeton University Press
   Google Scholar
• Fielding , A and Goldstein , H . 2006 . Cross-classified and multiple membership structures in multilevel models: An introduction and review , Birmingham : University of Birmingham .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , M and Altman , D . 2002 . “ Confidence intervals rather than P values ” . In Statistics with confidence , Confidence intervals and statistical guidelines Edited by: Altman , D. , Machin , D. , Bryant , T. and Gardner , M. 15 – 27 . BMJ Books .
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , H . 2003 . Multilevel statistical models , London : Hodder Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , H , Browne , W and Rasbash , J . 2002 . Partitioning variation in generalised linear multilevel models . Understanding Statistics , 1 : 223 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Habib, H. 1999. Från invandrarföretagsamhet till generell tillväxtdynamik. In Invandrare som företagare, ed. SOU. För lika möjligheter och ökad tillväxt (SOU 1999:49), 231–96. Stockholm: Kulturdepartement
   Google Scholar
• Hammarstedt , M . 2001 . Immigrant self-employment in Sweden – its variations and some possible determinants . Entrepreneurship and Regional Development , 13 : 147 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammarstedt , M . 2004 . Self-employment among immigrants in Sweden – an analysis of intragroup differences . Small Business Economics , 23 : 115 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammarstedt , M and Shukur , G . 2009 . Testing the home-country self-employment hypothesis on immigrants in Sweden . Applied Economics Letters , 16 : 745 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kariv , D , Menzies , TV , Brenner , GA and Filion , LJ . 2009 . Transnational networking and business performance: Ethnic entrepreneurs in Canada . Entrepreneurship and Regional Development , 21 ( 3 ) : 239 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khosravi , S . 1999 . Displacement and entrepreneurship: Iranian small businesses in Stockholm . Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies , 25 ( 3 ) : 493 – 508 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , PH , Aldrich , HE and Keister , LA . 2006 . Access (not) denied: The impact of financial, human, and cultural capital on entrepreneurial entry in the United States . Small Business Economics , 27 ( 1 ) : 5 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinthäll , M and Urban , S . 2010 . “ Kartläggning av företagande blnad personer med utländsk bakgrund i Sverige ” . In En antologi om företagare med utländsk bakgrund , Edited by: marknad , Möjligheternas . 107 – 30 . Stockholm : Tillväxtverket .
   Google Scholar
• Kloosterman , R . 2010 . Matching opportunities with resources: A framework for analysing (migrant) entrepreneurship from a mixed embeddedness perspective . Entrepreneurship and Regional Development , 22 ( 1 ) : 25 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloosterman , R and Rath , J . 2001 . Immigrant entrepreneurs in advanced economies: Mixed embeddedness further explored . Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies , 27 : 189 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Kloosterman, R., J. van der Leun and J. Rath. 1999. Mixed embeddedness. (In)formal economic activities and immigrant business in the Netherlands. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 23: 253–67
   Google Scholar
• Lewontin , RC . 2006 . The analysis of variance and the analysis of causes . International Journal of Epidemiology , 35 : 520 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light , I . 1972 . Ethnic enterprise in America , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Light , I . 1984 . Immigrant end ethnic enterprise in North America . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 7 : 195 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light , I and Rosenstein , C . 1995 . “ Expanding the interaction theory of entrepreneurship ” . In The economic sociology of immigration , Edited by: Portes , A. 166 – 212 . New York , NY : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Lundh , C , Bennich-Björkman , L , Ohlsson , R , Pedersen , P and Rooth , D-O . 2002 . Arbete? Vad god dröj! Invandrare i välfärdssamhället , Stockholm : SNS Förlag .
   Google Scholar
• Lundh , C and Ohlsson , R . 1999 . Från arbetskraftimport till flyktinginvandring. Andra reviderade upplagan , Stockholm : SNS Förlag .
   Google Scholar
• Merlo , J , Östergren , P-O , Hagberg , O , Lindstrom , M , Lindgren , A , Melander , A , Rastam , L and Berglund , G . 2001 . Diastolic blood pressure and area of residence: Multilevel versus ecological analysis of social inequity . Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health , 55 : 791 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlo , J . 2003 . Multilevel analytical approaches in social epidemiology: Measures of health variation compared with traditional measures of association . Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health , 57 ( 8 ) : 550 – 2 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlo , J , Chaix , B , Ohlsson , H , Beckman , A , Johnell , K , Hjerpe , P and Larsen , K . 2006 . A brief conceptual tutorial of multilevel analysis in social epidemiology: Using measures of clustering in multilevel logistic regression to investigate contextual phenomena . Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health , 60 ( 4 ) : 290 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migrant Integration Policy Group . 2007 . Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) , Brussels : British council and Migration Policy group .
   Google Scholar
• Moellering , H and Tobler , W . 1972 . Geographical variances . Geographical Analysis , 41 : 34 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , DM , Hannan , PJ , Jacobs , DR , McGovern , PJ , Schmid , L , Baker , WL and Gray , C . 1994 . Assessing intervention effects in the Minnesota Heart Health Program . American Journal of Epidemiology , 139 : 91 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najib , A . 1994 . Immigrant small businesses in Uppsala: Disadvantage in labour market and success in small business activities , Uppsala : Uppsala University .
   Google Scholar
• Najib, A. 1999. Myten om Invandrarföretaget: En jämförelse mellan invandrarföretagande och övrigt företagande i Sverige, Nya jobb och företag. In ed. E.C. Tryckeri, Rapport nr 9. Västervik
   Google Scholar
• NUTEK. 2002. Regionernas tillstånd 2002 – En rapport om tillväxtens förutsättningar i svenska regioner
   Google Scholar
• Ohlsson , R . 1975 . Invandrarna på arbetsmarknaden , Lund : Ekonomisk-historiska föreningen .
   Google Scholar
• Pripp , O . 2001 . Företagande i Minoritet , Botkyrka : Mangkulturellt Centrum .
   Google Scholar
• Ram , M , Theodorakopoulus , N and Jones , T . 2008 . Forms of capital, mixed embeddedness and Somali enterprise . Work, Employment and Society , 22 ( 3 ) : 427 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasbash , J , Steele , F and Browne , W . 2003 . A user's guide to MLwiN, Version 2.0. Documentation Version 2.1e , London : Centre for Multilevel Modelling, Institute of Education, University of London .
   Google Scholar
• Snijders , T and Bokser , R . 1999 . Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Subramanian , S , Duncan , C and Jones , K . 2001 . Multilevel perspectives on modeling census data . Environment and Planning A , 33 : 399 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadensjö , E . 1973 . Immigration och samhällsekonomi , Lund : Studentlitteratur .
   Google Scholar
• Waldinger , R , Aldrich , H and Ward , R . 1990 . Ethnic entrepreneurs: Immigrants and ethnic business in Western industrial societies , Beverly Hills , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Walton-Roberts , M and Hiebert , D . 1997 . Immigration, entrepreneurship, and the family: Indian-Canadian enterprise in the construction industry of greater Vancouver . Canadian Journal of Regional Science , XX ( 2 ) : 119 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Westin, C. 2000. The effectiveness of settlement and integration policies towards immigrants and their descendants in Sweden. International migration papers 34. Geneva: ILO
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , KL and Portes , A . 1980 . Immigrant enclaves: An analysis of the labor market experiences of Cubans in Miami . American Journal of Sociology , 9 : 1 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Yuengert , A . 1995 . Testing hypotheses of immigrant self-employment . The Journal of Human Resources , 30 : 194 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar