Beyond the enclave? Break-outs into mainstream markets and multicultural hybridism in ethnic firms

References

• Aldrich, H. E., and R.Waldinger. 1990. “Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship.” Annual Review of Sociology16: 111–135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altinay, L.2008. “The Relationship between an Entrepreneur's Culture and the Entrepreneurial Behaviour of the Firm.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development15 (1): 111–129.
   Google Scholar
• Altinay, L., and E.Altinay. 2006. “Determinants of Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurial Growth in the Catering Sector.” The Service Industries Journal26 (2): 203–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrosini, M.2011. Sociologia delle migrazioni. Bologna: Il Mulino.
   Google Scholar
• Amin, V.1995. “Informal and External Networks.” Paper presented to Conference on Researching Asian Entrepreneurship, London, Roehampton Institute, November 9.
   Google Scholar
• Bagwell, S.2006. “UK Vietnamese Businesses: Cultural Influences and Intracultural Differences.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy24 (1): 51–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, G., T.Jones, and D.McEvoy. 1996. “Ethnic Minority Business: Theoretical Discourse in Britain and North America.” Urban Studies33 (4–5): 783–809.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, G., T.Jones, D.McEvoy, and C.McGoldrick. 2002. “The Economic Embeddedness of Immigrant Enterprise in Britain.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research8 (1/2): 11–31.
   Google Scholar
• Basu, A.1998. “An Exploration of Entrepreneurial Activity among Asian Small Businesses in Britain.” Small Business Economics10: 313–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu, A., and A.Goswami. 1999. “Determinants of South Asian Entrepreneurial Growth in Britain: a Multivariate Analysis.” Small Business Economics13: 57–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, T.2001. “Minority Business Access to Mainstream Markets.” Journal of Urban Affairs23 (1): 41–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baycan-Levent, T., and S.Kundak. 2009. “Motivation and Driving Forces of Turkish Entrepreneurs in Switzerland.” Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research22 (3): 283–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonacich, E.1993. “The Other Side of Ethnic Entrepreneurship: A Dialogue with Waldinger, Aldrich, Ward and Associates.” International Migration Review27 (3): 685–692.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, G. A., T. V.Menzies, L.Dionne, and L. J.Filion. 2010. “How Location and Ethnicity Affect Ethnic Entrepreneurs in Three Canadian Cities.” Thunderbird International Business Review52 (2): 153–171.
   Google Scholar
• Carbonell, J. R., J. C.Pedraz Hernandez, and F. J.Lara García. 2011. “Business Creation by Immigrant Entrepreneurs in the Valencian Community. The Influence of Education.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal40 (2): 375–390.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, N. M., W. B.Gartner, K. G.Shaver, and E. J.Gatewood. 2003. “The Career Reasons of Nascent Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Business Venturing18: 13–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaganti, R., and P.Greene. 2002. “Who Are Ethnic Entrepreneurs?” A Study of Entrepreneurs' Ethnic Involvement and Business Characteristics. Journal of Small Business Management40 (2): 126–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaganti, R. S., A.Watts, R.Chaganti, and M.Zimmerman-Treichel. 2008. “Ethnic-Immigrants in Founding Teams: Effects on Prospector Strategy and Performance in New Internet Ventures.” Journal of Business Venturing23: 113–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler, A. D.1962. Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chiesi, A. M, D.De Luca, and A.Mutti. 2011. “Il profilo nazionale degli imprenditori immigrati.” Mondi migranti2: 41–73.
   Google Scholar
• Cooney, T.2005. “What Is an Entrepreneurial Team?” International Small Business Journal23 (3): 226–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordero-Guzmán, H. R.2005. “Community-Based Organisations and Migration in New York City.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies31 (5): 889–909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davila, A., and M. T.Mora. 2005. “Ethnic Group Size, Linguistic Isolation, and Immigrant Entrepreneurship in the USA.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development17 (5): 389–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deakins, D.1999. Entrepreneurship and Small Firms. London: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Earley, P. C., and E.Mosakowski. 2000. “Creating Hybrid Team Cultures: An Empirical Test of Transnational Team Functioning.” Academy of Management Journal43: 26–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echikson, W., K. Schmidt, H. Dawley, and A. Bawden. 2000. “Unsung Heroes: Europe's Immigrant Entrepreneurs Are Creating Thriving Businesses – And Thousands of Jobs.” Business Week (International Edition, European Cover Story), February 28. 20–24.
   Google Scholar
• Economist. 2008. Special Report: Migration. January 5. Accessed January 28, 2013. http://www.economist.com/printedition/2008-01-05.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, P., M.Ram, S.Sengupta, and C.-J.Tsai. 2006. “The Structuring of Working Relationships in Small Firms.” Organization13: 701–724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelen, E.2001. “‘Breaking in’ and ‘Breaking out’: A Weberian Approach to Entrepreneurial Opportunities.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies27 (2): 203–223.
   Google Scholar
• Ensley, M. D., and A. C.Amason. 1999. “Entrepreneurial Team Heterogeneity and the Moderating Effects of Environmental Volatility and Team Tenure on New Venture Performance.” In Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 1999, edited by P. D.Reynolds, W. D.Bygrave, S.Manigart, C. M.Mason, G. D.Meyer, H. J.Sapienza, and K. G.Shaver, 505–517. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, M. D. R.1989. “Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Effects of Ethnic Market Size and Isolated Labor Market Pool.” American Sociological Review54 (6): 950–962.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, P.1997. “A Resource-Based Approach to Ethnic Business Sponsorship: A Consideration of Ismaili-Pakistani Immigrants.” Journal of Small Business Management35 (4): 58–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grenier, G.1984. “The Effects of Language Characteristics on the Wages of Hispanic-American Males.” The Journal of Human Resources19 (1): 35–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, D. M., and Z. J.Acs. 2011. “High-Tech Immigrant Entrepreneurship in the United States.” Economic Development Quarterly25 (2): 116–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, A.2001. Ethnic Minorities in the Labour Market Report to the PIU. London: Cabinet Office.
   Google Scholar
• Hettlage, R.2008. “From Ethnic Business to Hybrid Entrepreneurs: 35 Years of Research on Self-Employed Immigrants.” Kalaidos Fachhochschule Schweiz Working Paper 03.
   Google Scholar
• Hillmann, F.1999. “A Look at the Hidden Side: Turkish Women in Berlin's Ethnic Labour Market.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research23 (2): 267–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds, P. J., K. M.Carley, D.Krackhardt, and D.Wholey. 2000. “Choosing Work Group Members: Balancing Similarity, Competence, and Familiarity.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes81: 226–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz, S. K., and I. B.Horwitz. 2007. “The Effects of Team Diversity on Team Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review of Team Demography.” Journal of Management33 (6): 987–1013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilhan-Nas, T., K.Sahin, and Z.Cilingir. 2011. “International Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Antecedents, Outcomes and Environmental Context.” International Business Review20: 614–626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, T., and M.Ram. 2007. “Re-Embedding the Ethnic Business Agenda.” Work, Employment & Society21 (3): 439–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, T., M.Ram, P.Edwards, A.Kiselinchev, and L.Muchenje. 2012. “New Migrant Enterprise: Novelty or Historical Continuity?” Urban Studies49 (14): 3159–3176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamm, J. B., J. C.Shuman, J. A.Seeger, and A. J.Nurick. 1990. “Entrepreneurial Teams in New Venture Creation: A Research Agenda.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice14 (4): 7–17.
   Google Scholar
• Kilduff, M., R.Angelmar, and A.Mehra. 2000. “Top Management-Team Diversity and Firm Performance: Examining the Role of Cognitions.” Organization Science11 (1): 21–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloosterman, R. C.2010. “Matching Opportunities with Resources: A Framework for Analysing (Migrant) Entrepreneurship from a Mixed Embeddedness Perspective.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development22 (1): 25–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloosterman, R. C., and J.Rath. 2001. “Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Advanced Economies: Mixed Embeddedness Further Explored.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies27 (2): 189–202.
   Google Scholar
• Kloosterman, R. C., and J.Rath. 2010. “Shifting Landscapes of Immigrant Entrepreneurship, in OECD.” In Open for Business: Migrant Entrepreneurship in OECD Countries, 101–123. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, H. W., M. L.Maznevski, J. J.DiStefano, and J.Dietz. 2009. International Management Behavior: Leading with a Global Mindset. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J.1999. “Retail Niche Domination among African-American, Jewish and Korean Entrepreneurs.” American Behavioral Scientist42 (9): 1398–1417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, M. W. H.2001. “Get It Going: New Ethnic Chinese Business. The Case of Taiwanese-Owned Computer Firms in Hamburg.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies27 (2): 277–294.
   Google Scholar
• Levent, B. T., E.Masurel, and P.Nijkamp. 2003. “Diversity in Entrepreneurship: Ethnic and Female Roles in Urban Economic Life.” International Journal of Social Economics30 (11): 1131–1161.
   Google Scholar
• Light, I.1984. “Immigrant and Ethnic Enterprise in North America.” Ethnic and Racial Studies7 (2): 190–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light, I.2004. “The Ethnic Ownership Economy.” In Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Structure and Process, edited by C.Stiles and C.Galbraith, 3–44. Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Light, I., R. B.Bernard, and R.Kim. 1999. “Immigrant Incorporation in the Garment Industry of Los Angeles.” International Migration Review33 (1): 5–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundström, A., and L. A.Stevenson. 2005. Entrepreneurship Policy: Theory and Practice. New York: Springer Book.
   Google Scholar
• Mannix, E., and M. A.Neale. 2005. “What Differences Make a Difference?” Psychological Science in the Public Interest6 (2): 31–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martins, L. L., F. J.Milliken, B. M.Wiesenfeld, and S. R.Salgado. 2003. “Racioethnic Diversity and Group Members' Experience: The Role of the Racioethnic Diversity of the Organizational Context.” Group and Organization Management28: 75–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masurel, E., P.Nijkamp, M.Tastan, and G.Vindigni. 2002. “Motivations and Performance Conditions for Ethnic Entrepreneurship.” Growth and Change33 (2): 238–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masurel, E.2008. “Local shopkeepers' associations and ethnic minority entrepreneurs.” VU Center for Entrepreneurship, University Amsterdam, mimeo.
   Google Scholar
• Menzies, T. V., L. J.Filion, G. A.Brenner, and S.Elgie. 2007. “Measuring Ethnic Community Involvement: Development and Initial Testing of an Index.” Journal of Small Business Management45 (2): 267–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, D.1986. “Configurations of Strategy and Structure: Towards a Synthesis.” Strategic Management Journal7 (3): 233–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, M., and M.Schindehutte. 2005. “Entrepreneurial Values and the Ethnic Enterprise: An Examination of Six Subcultures.” Journal of Small Business Management43 (4): 453–479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mushaben, J. M.2006. “Thinking Globally, Integrating Locally: Gender, Entrepreneurship and Urban Citizenship in Germany.” Citizenship Studies10 (2): 203–227.
   Google Scholar
• Ndofor, H. A., and R. L.Priem. 2011. “Immigrant Entrepreneurs, the Ethnic Enclave Strategy, and Venture Performance.” Journal of Management37 (3): 790–818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. 2011. International Migration Outlook: SOPEMI 2011. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Pécoud, A.2002. “Weltoffenheit Schafft Jobs: Turkish Entrepreneurship and Multiculturalism in Berlin.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research26 (3): 494–507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pécoud, A.2004. “Entrepreneurship and Identity: Cosmopolitanism and Cultural Competencies among German-Turkish Business People in Berlin.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies30 (1): 3–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portes, A., and J.Sensenbrenner. 1993. “Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action.” American Journal of Sociology98: 1320–1350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portes, A., and S. Shafer. 2006. “Revisitng the Enclave Hypothesis: Miami Twenty-Five Years Later.” Technical report, Princeton University.
   Google Scholar
• Portes, A., and M.Zhou. 1992. “Gaining the Upper Hand: Economic Mobility among Immigrant and Domestic Minorities.” Ethnic and Racial Studies15: 491–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram, M.2003. “Paving Professional Futures.” International Small Business Journal21 (1): 55–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram, M., and G.Hillin. 1994. “Achieving Break-Out: Developing Mainstream Ethnic Minority Business.” Small Business Enterprise and Development1 (1): 15–21.
   Google Scholar
• Ram, M., and D.Smallbone. 2002. “Ethnic Minority Business Support in the Era of the Small Business Service.” Government and Policy20 (1): 235–249.
   Google Scholar
• Rath, J.2000. “Immigrant Businesses and Their Economic, Politico-Institutional and Social Environment.” In The Economic, Political and Social Environment, edited by J.Rath, 1–19. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rath, J.2011. Promoting Ethnic Entrepreneurship in European Cities. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Rath, J., and R.Kloosterman. 2000. “A Critical Review of Research on Immigrant Entrepreneurship.” International Migration Review34 (3): 657–681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, P. D.1997. “New and Small Firms in Expanding Markets.” Small Business Economics9 (1): 79–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard, O., A.McMillan, K.Chadwick, and S.Dwyer. 2003. “Employing an Innovation Strategy in Racially Diverse Workforces: Effects on Firm Performance.” Group and Organization Management28: 107–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueda-Armengot, C., and M.Peris-Ortiz. 2012. “The Emigrant Entrepreneur: A Theoretical Framework and Empirical Approximation.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal8 (1): 99–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusinovic, K.2007. “Moving between Markets? Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Different Markets.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research14 (6): 440–454.
   Google Scholar
• Sahin, M., P.Nijkamp, and S.Suzuki. 2013. “Survival of the Fittest among Migrant Entrepreneurs. A Study on Differences in the Efficiency Performance of Migrant Entrepreneurs in Amsterdam by Means of Data Envelopment Analysis.” Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Research Memorandum2013–2018.
   Google Scholar
• Sassen, S.2001. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saxenian, A. L.2002. “Silicon Valley's New Immigrant High-Growth Entrepreneurs.” Economic Development Quarterly16: 20–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinnar, R. S., M. B.Aguilera, and T. S.Lyons. 2011. “Co-Ethnic Markets: Financial Penalty or Opportunity?” International Business Review20: 646–658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallbone, D., M.Bertotti, and I.Ekanem. 2005. “Diversification in Ethnic Minority Business: The Case of Asians in London's Creative Industries.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development12 (1): 41–56.
   Google Scholar
• SOPEMI (Continuous Reporting System on Migration). 2005. Trends in International Migration: Annual Report, 2004. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Stahl, G. K., M. L.Maznevski, A.Voigt, and K.Jonsen. 2010. “Unraveling the Effects of Cultural Diversity in Teams: A Meta-Analysis of Research on Multicultural Work Groups.” Journal of International Business Studies41 (4): 690–709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations. 2006. International Migration and Development. Report of the Secretary-General. New York: General Assembly.
   Google Scholar
• Volery, T.2007. “Ethnic Entrepreneurship: a Theoretical Framework.” In Handbook of Research on Ethnic Minority Entrepreneuship: A Co-evolutionary View on Resource Management, edited by L. P.Dana, 30–41. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Vyakarnam, S., and J.Handelberg. 2005. “Four Themes of the Impact of Management Teams on Organizational Performance: Implications for Future Research of Entrepreneurial Teams.” International Small Business Journal23: 236–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadhwa, V., A.Saxenian, B.Rissing, and G.Gereffi. 2008. “Skilled Immigration and Economic Growth.” Applied Research in Economic Development5 (1): 6–14.
   Google Scholar
• Waldinger, R.1986. Through the Eye of the Needle: Immigrant and Enterprise in New York's Garment Trades. New York: University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Waldinger, R., H.Aldrich, and R.Ward. 1990. Ethnic Entrepreneurs: Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C. L., and L.Altinay. 2012. “Social Embeddedness, Entrepreneurial Orientation and Firm Growth in Ethnic Minority Small Businesses in the UK.” International Small Business Journal30 (3): 3–23.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, R.1987. “Ethnic Entrepreneurs in Britain and Europe.” In Entrepreneurship in Europe, edited by R.Goffee and R.Scase, 83–105. London: Croom Helm.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, R., K.Keasey, and M.Baker. 2000. “Small Firm Financial Contracting and Immigrant Entrepreneurship.” In Immigrant Business: The Economic, Political and Social Environment, edited by J.Rath, 70–90. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Wescott, G., and D.Griffith. 2010. “Does It Pay to Be a Bilingual Entrepreneur? The Effect of Language Acquisition on Income among Latino Entrepreneurs in the United States.” Journal of Comparative International Management13 (1): 33–43.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, M.2004. “Revisiting Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Convergencies, Controversies, and Conceptual Advancements.” International Migration Review38 (3): 1040–1074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar