‘Embrace the masculine; attenuate the feminine’ – gender, identity work and entrepreneurial legitimation in the nascent context

References

• Ahl, H. J. 2006. “Why Research on Women Entrepreneurs Needs New Directions.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30 (5): 595–621.10.1111/etap.2006.30.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahl, H. J., and S. Marlow. 2012. “Exploring the Dynamics of Gender, Feminism and Entrepreneurship: Advancing Debate to Escape a Dead End?” Organization 19 (5): 543–562.10.1177/1350508412448695
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsos, G. A., and E. Ljunggren. 2017. “The Role of Gender in Entrepreneur–Investor Relationships: A Signaling Theory Approach.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 41 (4): 567–590. doi:10.1111/etap.1222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvesson, M. 2003. “Beyond Neopositivists, Romantics, and Localists: A Reflexive Approach to Interviews in Organizational Research.” The Academy of Management Review 28 (1): 13–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvesson, M., and S. Deetz. 2000. Doing Critical Management Research. London: Sage.10.4135/9781849208918
   Google Scholar
• Baughn, C., B. L. Chua, and K. Neupert. 2006. “The Normative Context for Women’s Participation in Entrepreneurship: A Multi-country Study.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30 (5): 687–708.10.1111/etap.2006.30.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden, P., and J. Mummery. 2014. Understanding Feminism. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bracke, S., and M. Puig de la Bellacasa. 2004. “Building Standpoints.” In The Feminist Standpoint Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies, edited by S. Harding, 309–316. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brundin, E. 2007. “Catching It as It Happens.” In Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods in Entrepreneurship, edited by H. Neergaard and J. P. UlhØi, 279–307. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Bruni, A., S. Gherardi, and B. Poggio. 2005. Gender and Entrepreneurship: An Ethnographic Approach. London: Routledge.10.4324/SE0536
   Google Scholar
• Calas, M. B., L. Smircich, and K. A. Bourne. 2009. “Extending the Boundaries: Reframing “entrepreneurship as social change” through Feminist Perspectives.” Academy of Management Review 34 (3): 552–569.10.5465/AMR.2009.40633597
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, K. 2004. “Quilting a Feminist Map to Guide the Study of Women Entrepreneurs.” In Narrative and Discursive Approaches in Entrepreneurship: A Second Movements in Entrepreneurship Book, edited by D. Hjorth and C. Steyaert, 194–209. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, S., and E. Shaw. 2006. Women’s Business Ownership: Recent Research and Policy Development. London: DTI Small Business Service Research Report.
   Google Scholar
• Cassar, G., and J. B. Craig. 2009. “An Investigation of Hindsight Bias in Nascent Venture Activity.” A Journal of Business Venturing 24 (2): 149–164.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Clerq, D., and M. Voronov. 2009. “Toward a Practice Perspective of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Legitimacy as Habitus.” International Small Business Journal 27 (4): 95–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deephouse, D. L., and S. M. Carter. 2005. “An Examination of Differences between Organizational Legitimacy and Organizational Reputation.” Journal of Management Studies 42 (2): 329–360.10.1111/joms.2005.42.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deephouse, D. L., and M. Suchman. 2008. “Legitimacy in Organizational Institutionalism.” In The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, edited by R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, R. Suddaby, and K. Sahlin, 49–77. London: Sage.10.4135/9781849200387
   Google Scholar
• Dimov, D. 2011. “Grappling with the Unbearable Elusiveness of Entrepreneurial Opportunities.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 35 (1): 57–81.10.1111/etap.2011.35.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duberley, J., and L. Cohen. 2010. “Gendering Career Capital: An Investigation of Scientificcareers.” Journal of Vocational Behaviour 76 (2): 187–197.10.1016/j.jvb.2009.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddleston, K. A., and G. Powell. 2008. “The Role of Gender Identity in Explaining Sex Differences in Business Owners’ Career Satisfier Preferences.” Journal of Business Venturing 23 (2): 244–256.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt, K. M., and M. E. Graebner. 2007. “Theory Building from Cases: Opportunities and Challenges.” Academy of Management Journal 50 (1): 25–32.10.5465/AMJ.2007.24160888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekinsmyth, C. 2014. “Mothers’ Business, Work/Life and the Politics of ‘Mumpreneurship’.” Gender, Place and Culture 21 (10): 1230–1248.10.1080/0966369X.2013.817975
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essers, C. 2009. “Reflections on the Narrative Approach: Dilemmas of Power, Emotions and Social Location While Constructing Life-stories.” Organization 16 (2): 163–181.10.1177/1350508408100473
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauchart, E., and M. Gruber. 2011. “Darwinians, Communitarians, and Missionaries: The Role of Founder Identity in Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship Academy of Management Journal 54 (5): 935–957.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenwick, T. 2008. “Whither Research in Enterprise? A Response to Salaman and Storey.” Organization 15: 325–332.10.1177/1350508408088531
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, G., S. Kotha, and A. Lahiri. 2016. “Changing with the Times: An Integrated View of Identity, Legitimacy, and New Venture Life Cycles.” Academy of Management Review 41 (3): 383–409.10.5465/amr.2013.0496
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foss, L. 2010. “Research on Entrepreneur Networks: The Case for a Constructionist Feminist Theory Perspective.” International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 2 (1): 83–102. doi:10.1108/17566261011026565.
   Google Scholar
• Flyvbjerg, B. 2006. “Five Misunderstandings about Case-study Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 12 (2): 219–245.10.1177/1077800405284363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartner, W. B. 1989. “Who is the Entrepreneur? Is the Wrong Question.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 13 (4): 47–68.
   Google Scholar
• Gherardi, S. 2015. “Authoring the Female While Talking the Discourse of Work–Family Balance.” International Small Business Journal 33 (6): 649–666.10.1177/0266242614549780
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garud, R., J. Gehman, and A. P. Giuliani. 2014. “Contextualizing Entrepreneurial Innovation: A Narrative Perspective.” Research Policy 43 (7): 1177–1188.10.1016/j.respol.2014.04.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golombisky, K. 2006. “Gendering the Interview: Feminist Reflections on Gender as Performance in Research.” Women’s Studies in Communication 29: 165–192.10.1080/07491409.2006.10162497
   Google Scholar
• Greene, F. J., L. Han, and S. Marlow. 2013. “Like Mother, like Daughter? Analyzing Maternal Influences upon Women's Entrepreneurial Propensity.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 37 (4): 687–711.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greve, A., and J. W. Salaff. 2003. “Social Networks and Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 28: 1–22. doi:10.1111/1540-8520.00029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, V. K., D. B. Turban, and A. Pareek. 2013. “Differences between Men and Women in Opportunity Evaluation as a Function of Gender Stereotypes and Stereotype.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 37 (4): 771–788.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, E. 2014. “Entrepreneurial Narrative Identity and Gender: A Double Epistemological Shift.” Journal of Small Business Management 52 (4): 703–712.10.1111/jsbm.2014.52.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, E. 2013. “The Discourse of Entrepreneurial Masculinities (and Femininities).” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 25 (1–2): 90–99.10.1080/08985626.2012.746879
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding, S.G. 1987. Feminism and Methodology: Social Science Issues. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henry, C., L. Foss, and H. Ahl. 2015. “Gender and Entrepreneurship Research: A Review of Methodological Approaches.” International Small Business Journal 33 (1): 26–39.
   Google Scholar
• Ibarra, H., and R. Barbulescu. 2010. “Identity As Narrative: Prevalence, Effectiveness, and Consequences of Narrative Identity Work In Macro Work Role Transitions.” Academy of Management Review 35 (1): 135–154.10.5465/AMR.2010.45577925
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikonen, H., and H. Ojala. 2007. “Creating Togetherness and Experiencing Difference in Feminist Interviews” Knowing in a post-standpoint way? Graduate Journal of Social Science 4 (2): 80–103.
   Google Scholar
• Iyer, R. 2009. “Entrepreneurial Identities and the Problematic of Subjectivity in Media-mediated Discourses.” Discourse and Society 20 (2): 241–263.10.1177/0957926508099004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, J. E., and C. G. Brush. 2013. “Research on Women Entrepreneurs: Challenges to (and from) the Broader Entrepreneurship Literature?” The Academy of Management Annals 7 (1): 663–715.10.1080/19416520.2013.782190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, P. S., S. C. Parker, and F. Wijbenga. 2006. “Nascent Entrepreneurship Research: Achievements and Opportunities.” Small Business Economics 27 (1): 1–4.10.1007/s11187-006-9004-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelan, E. K. 2009. “Gender Fatigue: The Ideological Dilemma of Gender Neutrality and Discrimination in Organizations.” Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences 26 (3): 197–210.10.1002/cjas.v26:3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs, N. B. 1999. Edgewalkers: Defusing Cultural Boundaries on the New Global Frontier. Far Hills, NJ: New Horizon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kreiner, G. E., and B. E. Ashforth. 2004. “Evidence toward an Expanded Model of Organizational Identification.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 25 (1): 1–27.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreiner, G. E., E. C. Hollensbe, and M. L. Sheep. 2009. “Balancing Borders and Bridges: Negotiating the Work–Home Interface via Boundary Work Tactics.” Academy of Management Journal 52 (4): 704–730.10.5465/AMJ.2009.43669916
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitch, C., and R. Harrison. 2016. “Identity, Identity Formation and Identity Work in Entrepreneurship: Conceptual Developments and Empirical Applications.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 28 (3–4): 177–190.10.1080/08985626.2016.1155740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levie, J., and M. Hart. 2012. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor United Kingdom 2010 Monitoring Report, Glasgow.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, K. V. 2016. “Identity Capital: An Exploration in the Context of Youth Social Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 28 (3–4): 191–205.10.1080/08985626.2016.1155741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, P. 2006. “The Quest for Invisibility: Female Entrepreneurs and the Masculine Norm of Entrepreneurship.” Gender, Work and Organization 13: 453–469.10.1111/gwao.2006.13.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., and E. G. Guba. 1986. “But is It Rigorous? Trustworthiness and Authenticity in Naturalistic Evaluation.” New Directions for Program Evaluation 1986: 73–84. doi:10.1002/eV.1427.
   Google Scholar
• Locke, K. 1996. “A Funny Thing Happened? The Management of Consumer Emotions in Service Encounters.” Organization Science 7 (1): 40–59.10.1287/orsc.7.1.40
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lounsbury, M., and M. A. Glynn. 2001. “Cultural Entrepreneurship: Stories, Legitimacy, and the Acquisition of Resources.” Strategic Management Journal 22 (6–7): 545–564.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlow, S., and A. Martinez-Dy. 2017a. “Annual Review Article: Is it Time to Rethink the Gender Agenda in Entrepreneurship Research?” International Small Business Journal (first published November 10, 2017 doi:10.1177/0266242617738321).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlow, S., and A. Martinez-Dy. 2017b. “Annual Review Article: Revisiting the Gender Agenda in Entrepreneurship Research.” International Small Business Journal 36 (1): 3–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlow, S., and M. McAdam. 2015. “Incubation or Induction? Gendered Identity Work in the Context of Technology Business Incubation.” Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice 39 (4): 791–816.10.1111/etap.2015.39.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlow, S., and M. McAdam. 2013. “Gender and Entrepreneurship: Advancing Debate and Challenging Myths; Exploring the Mystery of the Under-Performing Female Entrepreneur.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research 19 (1): 114–124.10.1108/13552551311299288
   Google Scholar
• Marlow, S., C. Henry, and S. Carter. 2009. “Exploring the Impact of Gender upon Women’s Business Ownership: Introduction.” International Small Business Journal 27(2): 139–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdam, M. 2012. Female Entrepreneurship. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Navis, C., and M. A. Glynn. 2011. “Legitimate Distinctiveness and the Entrepreneurial Identity: Influence on Investor Judgments of New Venture Plausibility.” Academy of Management Review 36: 479–499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, T., D. Nelson, B. Huybrechts, F. Dufays, N. O’Shea, and G. Trasciani. 2016. “Emergent Identity Formation and the Cooperative: Theory Building in Relation to Alternative Organisational Forms.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 28 (3–4): 286–309.10.1080/08985626.2016.1155744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obschonka, M., R. K. Silbereisen, E. Schmitt-Rodermund, and M. Stuetzer. 2011. “Nascent Entrepreneurship and the Developing Individual: Early Entrepreneurial Competence in Adolescence and Venture Creation Success during the Career.” Journal of Vocational Behaviour 79 (1): 121–133.10.1016/j.jvb.2010.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogbor, J. 2000. “Mythicizing and Reification in Entrepreneurial Discourse: Ideology-critique of Entrepreneurial Studies.” Journal of Management Studies (Jul.): 605–635.10.1111/1467-6486.00196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, E., and T. Baker. 2014. “It’s What You Make of It: Founder Identity and Enacting Strategic Responses to Adversity.” Academy of Management Journal 57 (5): 1408–1433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, L. M., and S. J. Creary. 2013. “Navigating the Self in Diverse Work Contexts.” In The Oxford Handbook of Diversity and Work, edited by Q. M. Roberson, 73–97. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0005.
   Google Scholar
• Rousseau, D. M., and R. J. House. 1994. “Meso Organizational Behaviour: Avoiding Three Fundamental Biases.” In Trends in Organizational Behavior. Vol. 1, edited by C. L. Cooper and D. M. Rousseau, 13–30. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Saridakis, G., S. Marlow, and D. Storey. 2013. “Do Different Factors Explain Male and Female Self-Employment Rates?” Journal of Business Venturing 29 (3): 345–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schippers, M. 2009. “Recovering the feminine other: Masculinity, Femininity and Gender Hegemony.” Theory and Society 36 (1): 85–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R., and V. Eatough. 2006. “Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.” In Research methods in psychology, edited by G. Breakwell, S. Hammond, C. Fife-Schaw and J. A. Smith, 3rd ed., 322–341. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R. 2014. “Images, Forms and Presence outside and beyond the Pink Ghetto.” Gender in Management: An International Journal 29 (8): 466–486.10.1108/GM-02-2014-0012
   Google Scholar
• Stead, V. 2017. “Belonging and Women Entrepreneurs; Women’s Navigation of Gendered Assumptions.” International Small Business Journal 35 (1): 61–77. doi:10.1177/0266242615594413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchman, M. C. 1995. “Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches.” The Academy of Management Review 20 (3): 571–610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sveningsson, S. F., and M. Alvesson. 2003. “Managing Managerial Identities: Organizational Fragmentation, Discourse and Identity Struggle.” Human Relations 56 (10): 1163–1193.10.1177/00187267035610001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, A., and J. Corbin. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., and J. C. Turner. 1986. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior.” In Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by S. Worchel and W. G. Austin, 2nd ed., 7–24. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Tedmanson, D., K. Verduyn, C. Essers, and W. B. Gartner. 2012. “Critical Perspectives in Entrepreneurship Research.” Organization 19 (5): 531–541.10.1177/1350508412458495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornikoski, E. T., and S. L. Newbert. 2007. “Exploring the Determinants of Organizational Emergence: A Legitimacy Perspective.” Journal of Business Venturing 22 (2): 311–335.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, M., and L. Cohen. 2010. “Spaces That Matter: Gender Performativity and Organizational Space.” Organization Studies 31 (2): 175–198.10.1177/0170840609357381
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Überbacher, F. 2014. “Legitimation of New Ventures: A Review and Research Programme.” Journal of Management Studies 51 (4): 667–698.10.1111/joms.2014.51.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, T. J. 2009. “Narrative, Life Story and Manager Identity: A Case Study in Autobiographical Identity Work.” Human Relations 62 (3): 425–452.10.1177/0018726708101044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidhaas, A. 2016. Female Business Owners in Public Relations: Constructing Identity at Home and at Work. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, J. T. 2005. “Feminist Standpoint Theory and Muted Group Theory: Commonalities and Divergences.” Women & Language 28: 61–64.
   Google Scholar
• Ybema, S., T. Keenoy, C. Oswick, A. Beverungen, N. Ellis, and I. Sabelis. 2009. “Articulating Identities.” Human Relations 62 (3): 299–322.10.1177/0018726708101904
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, M. A., and G. J. Zeitz. 2002. “Beyond Survival: Achieving New Venture Growth by Building Legitimacy.” Academy of Management Review 27 (3): 414–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zott, C., and Q. N. Huy. 2007. “How Entrepreneurs Use Symbolic Management to Acquire Resources.” Administrative Science Quarterly 52 (1): 70–105.10.2189/asqu.52.1.70
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar