Should I stay or should I go? Job demands’ push and entrepreneurial resources’ pull in Chinese migrant workers’ return-home entrepreneurial intention

References

• Aliaga-Isla, R., and A. Rialp. 2013. “Systematic Review of Immigrant Entrepreneurship Literature: Previous Findings and Ways Forward.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 25 (9–10): 819–844. doi:10.1080/08985626.2013.845694.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amit, R., and E. Muller. 1995. “‘push’ and ‘pull’ Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 12 (4): 64–80. doi:10.1080/08276331.1995.10600505.
   Google Scholar
• Bakker, A., and E. Demerouti. 2007. “The Job Demands-resources Model: State of the Art.” Journal of Managerial Psychology 22 (3): 309‒328. doi:10.1108/02683940710733115.
   Google Scholar
• Bakker, A., E. Demerouti, and W. Schaufeli. 2003. “Dual Processes at Work in a Call Centre: An Application of the Job Demands-resources Model.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 12 (4): 393‒417. doi:10.1080/13594320344000165.
   Google Scholar
• Bakker, A. B., E. Demerouti, and W. Verbeke. 2004. “Using the Job Demands-resources Model to Predict Burnout and Performance.” Human Resource Management 43 (1): 83‒104. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-050X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. A. 2004. “The Cognitive Perspective: A Valuable Tool for Answering Entrepreneurship’s Basic Why Questions.” Journal of Business Venturing 19 (2): 221–239. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00008-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, G. 1993. Human Capital. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benz, M., and B. S. Frey. 2008. “Being Independent Is a Great Thing: Subjective Evaluations of Self‐employment and Hierarchy.” Economica 75 (298): 362–383. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2007.00594.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchflower, D. G. 2000. “Self-employment in OECD Countries.” Labour Economics 7 (5): 471‒505. doi:10.1016/S0927-5371(00)00011-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1986. The Forms of Capital. UK: Blackwell Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Brünjes, J., and J. R. Diez. 2013. “‘recession Push’ and ‘prosperity Pull’ Entrepreneurship in a Rural Developing Context.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 25 (3–4): 251–271. doi:10.1080/08985626.2012.710267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, F., A. Park, and Y. Zhao. 2008. “The Chinese Labor Market in the Reform Era.” In China’s Great Economic Transformation, edited by L. Brandt and T. Rawski. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cavanaugh, M. A., W. R. Boswell, M. V. Roehling, and J. W. Boudreau. 2000. “An Empirical Examination of Self-reported Work Stress among U.S. Managers.” Journal of Applied Psychology 85 (1): 65–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, K. W. 2010. “The Global Financial Crisis and Migrant Workers in China: ‘there Is No Future as a Labourer; Returning to the Village Has No Meaning’.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 34 (3): 659–677. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00987.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. C., P. G. Greene, and A. Crick. 1998. “Does Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy Distinguish Entrepreneurs from Managers?” Journal of Business Venturing 13 (4): 295–316. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00029-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheo, R. 2017. “Migrant Workers and Workplace Bullying in Urban China.” Social Indicators Research 132 (1): 87–115. doi:10.1007/s11205-015-1214-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• China Economic Net. 2015 June 20. “Migrant workers return home for better job prospects.” Accessed 10 June 2017. http://en.ce.cn/main/latest/201506/20/t20150620_5698247.shtml
   Google Scholar
• China Economic Net. 2017 November 3. “Providing ample space for returning migrant workers to pursue entrepreneurship: pilot sites have increased to 341.” Accessed 10 June 2017. http://m.sohu.com/a/201954987_120702
   Google Scholar
• Davidsson, P. 1995. “Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intentions.” Paper presented at: RENT Conference, Piacenza, Italy, November 23–24.
   Google Scholar
• Davidsson, P., and B. Honig. 2003. “The Role of Social and Human Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Business Venturing 18 (3): 301–331. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00097-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, C., and A. Henley. 2012. “‘push’ versus ‘pull’ Entrepreneurship: An Ambiguous Distinction?” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 18 (6): 697–719. doi:10.1108/13552551211268139.
   Google Scholar
• Demerouti, E., A. B. Bakker, F. Nachreiner, and W. B. Schaufeli. 2001. “The Job Demands-resources Model of Burnout.” Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (3): 499–512. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Démurger, S., and H. Xu. 2011. “Returning Migrants: The Rise of New Entrepreneurs in Rural China.” World Development 39 (10): 1847–1861. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkhuizen, J., M. Gorgievski, M. van Veldhoven, and R. Schalk. 2016. “Feeling Successful as an Entrepreneur: A Job Demands—Resources Approach.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 12 (2): 555–573. doi:10.1007/s11365-014-0354-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dou, W., G. Wang, and N. Zhou. 2006. “Generational and Regional Differences in Media Consumption Patterns of Chinese Generation X Consumers.” Journal of Advertising 35 (2): 101–110. doi:10.1080/00913367.2006.10639230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, J. R., and L. S Lambert. 2007. “Methods for Integrating Moderation and Mediation: a General Analytical Framework Using Moderated Path Analysis.” Psychological Methods 12 (1): 1. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egri, C. P., and D. A. Ralston. 2004. “Generation Cohorts and Personal Values: A Comparison of China and the United States.” Organization Science 15 (2): 210–220. doi:10.1287/orsc.1030.0048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson, T. 2002. “Entrepreneurial Capital: The Emerging Venture’s Most Important Asset and Competitive Advantage.” Journal of Business Venturing 17 (3): 275–290. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(00)00062-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firkin, P. 2001. Entrepreneurial Capital: A Resource-based Conceptualisation of the Entrepreneurial Process. Labour Market Dynamics Research Programme, Massey University.
   Google Scholar
• Fonseca, R., P. Lopez-Garcia, and C. A. Pissarides. 2001. “Entrepreneurship, Start-up Costs and Employment.” European Economic Review 45 (4–6): 692–705. doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00131-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschini, I., K. Siu, and A. Chan. 2016. “The ‘rights Awakening’ of Chinese Migrant Workers: Beyond the Generational Perspective.” Critical Asian Studies 48 (3): 422–442. doi:10.1080/14672715.2016.1189838.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, M. E. 2015 September 29. “The Future of Work: China’s Own Migrant Challenge.” Pacific Standard. Accessed 24 May 2017. https://psmag.com/economics/the-future-of-work-chinas-own-migrant-challenge
   Google Scholar
• Gilad, B., and P. Levine. 1986. “A Behavioral Model of Entrepreneurial Supply.” Journal of Small Business Management 24: 45–54.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, P. G., C. G. Brush, and T. E. Brown. 2015. “Resources in Small Firms: An Exploratory Study.” Journal of Small Business Strategy 8 (2): 25–40.
   Google Scholar
• Gubert, F., and C. J. Nordman. 2011. “Return Migration and Small Enterprise Development in The Maghreb.” Diaspora for Development in Africa 3: 103-126.
   Google Scholar
• Hakanen, J. J., A. B. Bakker, and W. B. Schaufeli. 2006. “Burnout and Work Engagement among Teachers.” Journal of School Psychology 43 (6): 495–513. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2005.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hessels, J., C. A. Rietveld, and P. van der Zwan. 2017. “Self-employment and Work-related Stress: The Mediating Role of Job Control and Job Demand.” Journal of Business Venturing 32 (2): 178–196. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.10.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, F., Z. Xu, and Y. Chen. 2011. “Circular Migration, or Permanent Stay? Evidence from China’s Rural–Urban Migration.” China Economic Review 22 (1): 64–74. doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2010.09.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, H. C. 2016. “Entrepreneurial Resources and Speed of Entrepreneurial Success in an Emerging Market: The Moderating Effect of Entrepreneurship.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 12 (1): 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R. 1997. Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R. 2015. The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, F., and B. C. Fletcher. 1996. “Job Control and Health.” In Handb Work and Health Psychol, edited by M. J. Schabracq, J. A. M. Winnubst, and C. L. Cooper, 33–50. Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Karasek, R. A. 1978. “The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): An Instrument for Internationally Comparative Assessments of Psychosocial Job Characteristics.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 11 (22): 56.
   Google Scholar
• Keh, H. T., M. D. Foo, and B. C. Lim. 2002. “Opportunity Evaluation under Risky Conditions: The Cognitive Processes of Entrepreneurs.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 27 (2): 125–148. doi:10.1111/1540-8520.00003.
   Google Scholar
• Kibler, E. 2013. “Formation of Entrepreneurial Intentions in a Regional Context.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 25 (3–4): 293–323. doi:10.1080/08985626.2012.721008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkwood, J. 2009. “Motivational Factors in a Push-pull Theory of Entrepreneurship.” Gender in Management: An International Journal 24 (5): 346–364.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, J., and L. Yueh. 2004. “Job Mobility of Residents and Migrants in Urban China.” Journal of Comparative Economics 32 (4): 637–660. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2004.07.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koellinger, P. D., and A. R. Thurik. 2012. “Entrepreneurship and the Business Cycle.” Review of Economics and Statistics 94 (4): 1143–1156. doi:10.1162/REST_a_00224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, N. F., M. D. Reilly, and A. L. Carsrud. 2000. “Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions.” Journal of Business Venturing 15 (5): 411–432. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupperschmidt, B. R. 2000. “Multigeneration Employees: Strategies for Effective Management.” The Health Care Manager 19 (1): 65–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lepine, J. A., N. P. Podsakoff, and M. A. Lepine. 2005. “A Meta-analytic Test of the Challenge Stressor-hindrance Stressor Framework: An Explanation for Inconsistent Relationships among Stressors and Performance.” Academy of Management Journal 48 (5): 764–775. doi:10.5465/amj.2005.18803921.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C., and K. Shi. 2003. “The Influence of Distributive Justice and Procedural Justice on Job Burnout.” Acta Psychologica Sinica 35 (5): 677–684. Chinese.
   Google Scholar
• Li, J., W. Yang, P. Liu, Z. Xu, and S. I. Cho. 2004. “Psychometric Evaluation of the Chinese (mainland) Version of Job Content Questionnaire: A Study in University Hospitals.” Industrial Health 42 (2): 260–267. doi:10.2486/indhealth.42.260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lianos, T., and A. Pseiridis. 2009. “On the Occupational Choices of Return Migrants.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 21 (2): 155–181. doi:10.1080/08985620802176187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y. 2015. “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation Will Keep the Chinese Economy Soaring.” Accessed 1 May 2017. http://english.counsellor.gov.cn/html/2015-07/76.html
   Google Scholar
• Man, F., R. Nygard, and T. Gjesme. 1994. “The Achievement Motives Scale (AMS): Theoretical Basis and Results from a First Try‐out of a Czech Form.” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 38 (3–4): 209–218. doi:10.1080/0031383940380304.
   Google Scholar
• Maslach, C., and S. E. Jackson. 1986. MBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory. Manual Research Edition. ed. Palo Alto (CA): University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Miner, J. B. 1990. “Entrepreneurs, High-growth Entrepreneurs, and Managers: Contrasting and Overlapping Motivational Patterns.” Journal of Business Venturing 5: 221–234. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(90)90018-O.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, K. J. 1999. “Executive Compensation.” Handbook of Labor Economics 3: 2485–2563.
   Google Scholar
• Ngai, P., and J. Chan. 2012. “Global Capital, the State, and Chinese Workers: The Foxconn Experience.” Modern China 38 (4): 383–410. doi:10.1177/0097700412447164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ning, G., and W. Qi. 2017. “Can Self-employment Activity Contribute to Ascension to Urban Citizenship? Evidence from Rural-to-urban Migrant Workers in China.” China Economic Review 45: 219-231. doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2017.07.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, A., and D. Wang. 2010. “Migration and Urban Poverty and Inequality in China.” China Economic Journal 3 (1): 49–67. doi:10.1080/17538963.2010.487351.
   Google Scholar
• Parry, E., and P. Urwin. 2011. “Generational Differences in Work Values: A Review of Theory and Evidence.” International Journal of Management Reviews 13 (1): 79–96. doi:10.1111/ijmr.2011.13.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxton, P. 1999. “Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment.” American Journal of Sociology 105 (1): 88–127. doi:10.1086/210268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., and D. W. Organ. 1986. “Self-reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects.” Journal of Management 12 (4): 531–544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., D. D. Rucker, and A. F. Hayes. 2007. “Addressing Moderated Mediation Hypotheses: Theory, Methods, and Prescriptions.” Multivariate Behavioral Research 42 (1): 185–227. doi:10.1080/00273170701341316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., P. J. Curran, and D. J. Bauer. 2006. “Computational Tools for Probing Interactions in Multiple Linear Regression, Multilevel Modeling, and Latent Curve Analysis.” Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 31 (4): 437–448. doi:10.3102/10769986031004437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pun, N., and H. Lu. 2010. “Unfinished Proletarianization: Self, Anger, and Class Action among the Second Generation of Peasant-workers in Present-day China.” Modern China 36 (5): 493–519. doi:10.1177/0097700410373576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pun, N., and J. Chan. 2013. “The Spatial Politics of Labor in China: Life, Labor, and a New Generation of Migrant Workers.” South Atlantic Quarterly 112 (1): 179–190. doi:10.1215/00382876-1891332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, X., P. W. Hom, and M. Xu. 2018. “Am I a Peasant or a Worker? an Identity Strain Perspective on Turnover among Developing-world Migrants.” Human Relations. doi:10.1177/0018726718778097.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralston, D. A., C. P. Egri, S. Stewart, R. H. Terpstra, and Y. Kaicheng. 1999. “Doing Business in the 21st Century with the New Generation of Chinese Managers: A Study of Generational Shifts in Work Values in China.” Journal of International Business Studies 30 (2): 415–427. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaufeli W, Leiter MP, Maslach C, et al. 1996. MBI – General Survey. Palo Alto (CA): Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schaufeli, W. B., and A. B. Bakker. 2004. “Job Demands, Job Resources, and Their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multi‐sample Study.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 25 (3): 293–315. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaufeli, W. B., M. P. Leiter, and C. Maslach. 2009. “Burnout: 35 Years of Research and Practice.” Career Development International 14 (3): 204–220. doi:10.1108/13620430910966406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schjoedt, L., and K. G. Shaver. 2007. “Deciding on an Entrepreneurial Career: A Test of the Pull and Push Hypotheses Using the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics Data.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 31 (5): 733–752. doi:10.1111/etap.2007.31.issue-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, T. W. 1959. “Investment in Man: An Economist’s View.” Social Service Review 33 (2): 109–117. doi:10.1086/640656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto, K. C. 2011. “Exploring the Dynamics of Migration to Mega-delta Cities in Asia and Africa: Contemporary Drivers and Future Scenarios.” Global Environmental Change 21: S94–S107. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.08.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, H., and C. Huang. 2012. “Domestic Migrant Workers in China’s Hotel Industry: An Exploratory Study of Their Life Satisfaction and Job Burnout.” International Journal of Hospitality Management 31 (4): 1283–1291. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.02.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, L. 2008. Rural Migrant Workers in China: Scenario, Challenges and Public Policy. Geneva: ILO.
   Google Scholar
• Silver, H. 1994. “Social Exclusion and Social Solidarity: Three Paradigms.” International Labour Review 133 (5): 531–578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, J. 2008. “Environmental Munificence for Entrepreneurs: Entrepreneurial Alertness and Commitment.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 14 (3): 128–151. doi:10.1108/13552550810874664.
   Google Scholar
• Ten Brummelhuis, L. L., C. L. Ter Hoeven, A. B. Bakker, and B. Peper. 2011. “Breaking through the Loss Cycle of Burnout: The Role of Motivation.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 84 (2): 268‒287. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.2011.02019.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian, X. 1998. Dynamics of Development in an Opening Economy: China since 1978. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Wahba, J., and Y. Zenou. 2012. “Out Of Sight, out Of Mind: Migration, Entrepreneurship and Social Capital.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 42 (5): 890-903. doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2012.04.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z. C., and W. G. Yang. 2013. “Self-employment or Wage-employment? on the Occupational Choice of Return Migration in Rural China.” China Agricultural Economic Review 5 (2): 231–247. doi:10.1108/17561371311331115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, K., D. Fu, C. Y. Li, and H. X. Song. 2007. “Rural Migrant Workers in Urban China: Living a Marginalised Life.” International Journal of Social Welfare 16 (1): 32–40. doi:10.1111/ijsw.2007.16.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xanthopoulou, D., A. B. Bakker, E. Demerouti, and W. B. Schaufeli. 2007. “The Role of Personal Resources in the Job Demands-resources Model.” International Journal of Stress Management 14 (2): 121–141. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, H. 2018 March 5. “Migrant Workers Returning for Entrepreneurship: What Customized Support They Need?.” China City News. Accessed 5 March 2018. http://paper.people.com.cn/zgcsb/html/2018-03/05/content_1839968.htm
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., L. Zhang, S. Rozelle, and S. Boucher. 2006. “Self-employment with Chinese Characteristics: The Forgotten Engine of Rural China’s Growth.” Contemporary Economic Policy 24 (3): 446–458. doi:10.1093/cep/byj034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, K. H., and S. Song. 2003. “Rural–Urban Migration and Urbanization in China: Evidence from Time-series and Cross-section Analyses.” China Economic Review 14 (4): 386–400. doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2003.09.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y. 1999a. “Labor Migration and Earnings Differences: The Case of Rural China.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 47 (4): 767–782. doi:10.1086/452431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y. 1999b. “Leaving the Countryside: Rural-to-urban Migration Decisions in China.” American Economic Review 89 (2): 281–286. doi:10.1257/aer.89.2.281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y. 2002. “Causes and Consequences of Return Migration: Recent Evidence from China.” Journal of Comparative Economics 30: 376–394. doi:10.1006/jcec.2002.1781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, H. G., L. Y. Kang, Z. L. Weng, and X. C. Liu. 2010. “An Empirical Study about the Influences of Migrant Workers’ Returning-home Entrepreneurial Intention from a Labor-exporting Province.” China Rural Survey 5: 38–47. Chinese.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y. 2010. “China’s New Generation of Migrant Workers: Characteristics, Problems and Countermeasures.” Journal of Population Research 32 (2): 31–56. Chinese.
   Google Scholar