The triple helix system and regional entrepreneurship in China

References

• Acs, Z. J., E. Autio, and L. Szerb. 2014. “National Systems of Entrepreneurship: Measurement Issues and Policy Implications.” Research Policy 43 (3): 476–494. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2013.08.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbuthnott, A., and Y. Friedrichs. 2013. “Entrepreneurial Renewal in a Peripheral Region: The Case of Automotive-testing Cluster in Sweden.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 25: 371–403. doi:10.1080/08985626.2012.748095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asheim, B., H. L. Smith, and C. Oughton. 2011. “Regional Innovation Systems: Theory, Empirics and Policy.” Regional Studies 45 (7): 875–891. doi:10.1080/00343404.2011.596701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asheim, B., and L. Coenen. 2005. “Knowledge Bases and Regional Innovation Systems.: Comparing Nordic Clusters.” Research Policy 34: 1173–1190. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2005.03.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai, J. 2013. “On Regional Innovation Efficiency: Evidence from Panel Data of China’s Different Provinces.” Regional Studies 47 (5): 773–788. doi:10.1080/00343404.2011.591784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellini, E., G. Piroli, and L. Pennaccio. 2018. “Collaborative Know-how and Trust in University–Industry Collaborations: Empirical Evidence from ICT Firms.” Journal of Technology Transfer 1: 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Benner, M., and M. Tushman. 2003. “Exploitation, Exploration, and Process Management: The Productivity Dilemma Revisited.” Academy of Management Review 28 (2): 238–256. doi:10.5465/amr.2003.9416096.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boardman, C. 2009. “Government Centrality to University-Industry Interactions: University Research Centers and the Industry Involvement of Academic Researchers.” Research Policy 38: 1505–1516. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2009.09.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buesa, M., J. Heijs, and T. Baumert. 2010. “The Determinants of Regional Innovation in Europe: A Combined Factorial and Regression Knowledge Production Function Approach.” Research Policy 39: 722–735. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2010.02.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capello, R., and C. Lenzi. 2016. “Innovation Modes and Entrepreneurial Characteristics in Regional Growth.” Small Business Economics 47: 875–893. doi:10.1007/s11187-016-9741-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassiman, B., and R. Veugelers. 2006. “In Search of Complementarity in Innovation Strategy: Internal R&D and External Knowledge Acquisition.” Management Science 52 (1): 68–82. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1050.0470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattani, G., J. Pennings, and F. Wezel. 2003. “Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity in Founding Patterns.” Organization Science 14 (6): 615–758. doi:10.1287/orsc.14.6.640.24874.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chertow, M. R. 2000. “Industrial Symbiosis: Literature and Taxonomy.” Annual Review of Energy & the Environment 25 (1): 313–337. doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.313.
   Google Scholar
• Child, J. 2016. “Building the Innovation Capacity of SMEs in China.” In China’s Innovation Challenge: Overcoming the Middle-Income Trap, 189-218. edited by A. In Levin, M. Kenney, and J. P. Murmann. UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chung, S. 2002. “Building a National Innovation System through Regional Innovation Systems.” Technovation 22: 485–491. doi:10.1016/S0166-4972(01)00035-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, P. 1992. “Regional Innovation Systems: Competitive Regulation in the New Europe.” Geoforum 23 (3): 365–382. doi:10.1016/0016-7185(92)90048-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, P., M. G. Uranga, and G. Etxebarria. 1997. “Regional Innovation Systems: Institutional and Organizational Dimensions.” Research Policy 26: 475–491. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00025-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornett, A. 2009. “Aims and Strategies in Regional Innovation and Growth Policy: A Danish Perspective.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 21 (4): 399–420. doi:10.1080/08985620903020078.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donckels, R., and J. Lambrecht. 1995. “Networks and Small Business Growth: An Explanatory Model.” Small Business Economics 7 (4): 273–289. doi:10.1007/BF01108617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz, H. 2008. The Triple Helix: University-Industry-Government Innovation in Action. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz, H., A. Webster, C. Gebhardt, and B. Terra. 2000. “The Future of the University and the University of the Future: Evolution of Ivory Tower to Entrepreneurial Paradigm.” Research Policy 29: 313–330. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00069-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz, H., and L. Leydesdorff. 1997. Universities and the Global Knowledge Economy: A Triple Helix of University-industry-Government Relations. London: Cassell Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz, H., and L. Leydesdorff. 2000. “The Dynamics of Innovation: From National Systems and “mode 2” to a Triple Helix of University-industry-government Relations.” Research Policy 29: 109–123. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00055-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz, H., and M. Klofsten. 2005. “The Innovating Region: Toward a Theory of Knowledge-based Regional Development.” R&D Management 35 (3): 243–255. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00387.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eun, J., K. Lee, and G. Wu. 2006. “Explaining the “university-run Enterprises” in China: A Theoretical Framework for University-industry Relationship in Development Countries and Its Application to China.” Research Policy 1329–1346. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2006.05.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, G., X. Wang, and H. Zhu. 2011. NERI Index of Marketization of China’s Provinces: 2011 Report. Beijing: Economic Science Press.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, M. P., and R. Florida. 1994. “The Geographic Sources of Innovation: Technological Infrastructure and Product Innovation in the United States.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 84 (2): 210–229. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1994.tb01735.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fini, R., R. Grimaldi, S. Santoni, and M. Sobrero. 2011. “Complements or Substitutes? the Role of Universities and Local Context in Supporting the Creation of Academic Spin-offs.” Research Policy 40 (8): 1113–1127. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.05.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., and D. Larcker. 1981. “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error.” Journal of Marketing Research 18: 397–404. doi:10.1177/002224378101800313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, X., and Y. Gong. 2010. “Indigenous and Foreign Innovation Efforts and Drivers of Technological Upgrading: Evidence from China.” World Development 39 (7): 1213–1225. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.05.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimpe, C., and U. Kaiser. 2010. “Balancing Internal and External Knowledge Acquisition: The Gains and Pains from R&D Outsourcing.” Journal of Management Studies 47 (8): 1483–1509. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00946.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, S., and B. A. Lundvall. 2006. “China’s Innovation System and the Move toward Harmonious Growth and Endogenous Innovation.” Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice 8: 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J., W. Black, B. Babin, and R. Anderson. 2010. Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• He, L., and J. Fang. 2016. “Subnational Institutional Environment and Executive Pay Disparity.” Asia Pacific Journal of Management 33 (2): 371–410. doi:10.1007/s10490-015-9429-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herstad, S. J., T. Sandven, and E. Solberg. 2013. “Location, Education and Enterprise Growth.” Applied Economics Letters 20 (10): 1019–1022. doi:10.1080/13504851.2013.772287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hite, J. M. 2005. “Evolutionary Processes and Paths of Relationally Embedded Network Ties in Emerging Entrepreneurial Firms.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29 (1): 113–144. doi:10.1111/etap.2005.29.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, H., and B. Antoncic. 2003. “Network-based Research in Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review.” Journal of Business Venturing 18 (2): 165–187. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00081-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyle, R. H. 1995. Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, .
   Google Scholar
• Hu, M., and J. Mathews. 2008. “China’s National Innovative Capacity.” Research Policy 37: 1465–1479. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.07.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannisson, B. 1990. “Economies of Overview-guiding the External Growth of Small Firms.” International Small Business Journal 1: 32–44. doi:10.1177/026624269000900104.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, W. 2009. “Roles, Resources, and Benefits of Intermediate Organizations Supporting Triple Helix Collaborative R&D: The Case of Precarn.” Technovation 28: 495–505. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2008.02.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., W. Kim, and T. Yang. 2012. “The Effect of the Triple Helix System and Habitat on Regional Entrepreneurship: Empirical Evidence from the US.” Research Policy 41 (1): 154–166. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.08.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, A. 1991. “Partner Networks: Leveraging External Ties to Improve Entrepreneurial Performance.” Journal of Business Venturing 6: 173–188. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(91)90008-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leydesdorff, L. 2000. “The Triple Helix: An Evolutionary Model of Innovations.” Research Policy 29: 243–255. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00063-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leydesdorff, L., and M. Fritsch. 2006. “Measuring the Knowledge Base of Regional Innovation Systems in Germany in Terms of a Triple Helix Dynamics.” Research Policy 35 (10): 1538–1553. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2006.09.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leydesdorff, L., W. Dolfsma, and G. Van der Panne. 2006. “Measuring the Knowledge Base of an Economy in Terms of Triple Helix Relations among Technology, Organization, and Territory.” Research Policy 35 (2): 181–199. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2005.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. 2009. “China’s Regional Innovation Capacity in Transition: An Empirical Approach.” Research Policy 38: 338–357. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littunen, H. 2000. “Networks and Local Environmental Characteristics in The Survival Of New Firms.” Small Business Economics 15 (1): 59-71. doi:10.1023/A:1026553424833.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, F., D. F. Simon, Y. Sun, and C. Cao. 2011. “China’s Innovation Policies: Evolution, Institutional Structure, and Trajectory.” Research Policy 40: 917–931. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.05.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X., and S. White. 2001. “Comparing Innovation Systems: A Framework and Application to China’s Transitional Context.” Research Policy 30: 1091–1114. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(00)00132-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, L. 2008. “Creating Knowledge-based Innovation in China: The Strategic Implications of Triple Helix Model.” Journal of Technology Management in China 3 (3): 249–263. doi:10.1108/17468770810916168.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, L., and H. Etzkowitz. 2008. “Strategic Challenges for Creating Knowledge-based Innovation in China.” Journal of Technology Management in China 3 (1): 5–11. doi:10.1108/17468770810851476.
   Google Scholar
• Lundvall, B. 1992. National Systems of Innovation: Toward a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. London: Printer.
   Google Scholar
• Marques, J., J. Caraca, and H. Diz. 2006. “How Can University-industry-government Interactions Change the Innovation Scenario in Portugal? the Case of the University of Coimbra.” Technovation 26 (4): 534–542. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2005.04.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, D. J., S. M. Puffer, L. R. Graham, and D. Satinsky. 2014. “Emerging Innovation in Emerging Economies: Can Institutional Reforms Help Russia Break through Its Historical Barriers?” Thunderbird International Review 56 (3): 243–260. doi:10.1002/tie.21619.
   Google Scholar
• Meuer, J., C. Rupietta, and U. Backes-Gellner. 2015. “Layers of Co-existing Innovation Systems.” Research Policy 44: 888–910. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2015.01.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milanov, H., and D. A. Shepherd. 2013. “The Importance of the First Relationship: The Ongoing Influence of Initial Network on Future Status.” Strategic Management Journal 34 (6): 727–750. doi:10.1002/smj.2109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, R. K., J. R. Mitchell, and J. B. Smith. 2010. “Inside Opportunity Formation: Enterprise Failure, Cognition, and the Creation of Opportunities.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 2 (3): 225–242. doi:10.1002/sej.51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montinola, G., Y. Qian, and B. Weingast. 1995. “Federalism, Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success.” World Politics 48 (1): 50–81. doi:10.1353/wp.1995.0003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moodysson, J., and E. Zukauskate. 2014. “Institutional Conditions and Innovation Systems: On the Impact of Regional Policy on Firms in Different Sectors.” Regional Studies 48 (1): 127–138. doi:10.1080/00343404.2011.649004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, P. 2006. “Exploring the Knowledge Filter: How Entrepreneurship and University-industry Relationships Drive Economic Growth.” Research Policy 35: 1499–1508. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2006.09.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neck, H., D. Meyer, B. Cohen, and A. Corbett. 2004. “An Entrepreneurial System of New Venture Creation.” Journal of Small Business Management 42 (2): 190–208. doi:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2004.00105.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nee, V., and S. Opper. 2012. Capitalism from Below: Markets and Institutional Change in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, R. R., Ed. 1993. National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Papagiannidis, S., F. Li, H. Etzkowitz, and M. Clouser. 2009. “Entrepreneurial Networks: A Triple Helix Approach for Brokering Human and Social Capital.” Journal of International Entrepreneurship 7 (3): 215–235. doi:10.1007/s10843-009-0038-x.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, W., K. Koput, J. Bowie, and L. Smith-Doerr. 2002. “The Spatial Clustering of Science and Capital: Accounting for Biotec Firm-venture Capital Relationships.” Regional Studies 36 (3): 291–305. doi:10.1080/00343400220122089.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prodi, G., F. Nocolli, and F. Frattini. 2017. “State Restructuring and Subnational Innovation Spaces across Chinese Prefectures.” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 35 (1): 94–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranga, M., and H. Etzkowitz. 2013. “Triple Helix Systems: An Analytical Framework for Innovation Policy and Practice in the Knowledge Society.” Industry and Higher Education 27 (4): 237–262. doi:10.5367/ihe.2013.0165.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, E. 2008. “Government Instruments to Support the Commercialization of University Research: Lessons from Canada.” Research Policy 28: 506–517.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, E., and O. Borch. 2010. “University Capabilities in Facilitating Entrepreneurship: A Longitudinal Study of Spin-off Ventures at Mid-range Universities.” Research Policy 39: 602–612. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2010.02.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahlman, W. A. 1999. “Some Thoughts on Business Plan.” In The Entrepreneurial Venture, edited by W. Sahlman, H. S. Howard, M. Roberts, and A. Bhide, 138–176. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
   Google Scholar
• Slotte-Kock, S., and N. Coviello. 2010. “Entrepreneurship Research on Network Processes: A Review and Ways Forward.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 34 (1): 31–57. doi:10.1111/etap.2010.34.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorenson, O., and P. Audia. 2000. “The Social Structure of Entrepreneurial Activity: Geographic Concentration of Footwear Production in the US 1940–1989.” American Journal of Sociology 106 (2): 324–362. doi:10.1086/316962.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorenson, O., and T. Stuart. 2001. “Syndication Networks and the Spatial Distribution of Venture Capital Investors.” American Journal of Sociology 106 (6): 1546–1588. doi:10.1086/321301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Y. 2000. “Spatial Distribution of Patents in China.” Regional Studies 34 (5): 441–454. doi:10.1080/00343400050058693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tichy, N., M. I. Tushman, and C. Fombrun. 1979. “Social Network Analysis for Organizations.” Academy of Management Review 4 (4): 507–519. doi:10.5465/amr.1979.4498309.
   Google Scholar
• Van de Ven, A. 1993. “The Development of an Infrastructure for Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Venturing 8: 213–230. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(93)90028-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaz, E. 2016. “The Future of Landscapes and Habitats: The Regional Science Contribution to the Understanding of Geographical Space.” Habitat International 51: 70–78. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaz, E., T. Vaz, P. V. Galindo, and P. Nijkamp. 2014. “Modelling Innovation Support System for Regional Development-analysis of Cluster Structures in Innovation in Portugal.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 26: 23–46. doi:10.1080/08985626.2013.860193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., G. Fan, and J. Yu. 2017. Marketization Index of China’s Provinces: NERI Report 2016. Beijing, China: Social Science Literature Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Wooley, J. 2014. “The Creation of Configuration of Infrastructure for Entrepreneurship in Emerging Domains of Activities.” Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 38 (4): 721–747. doi:10.1111/etap.12017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, M., B. Clarysse, A. Lockett, and M. Knockaert. 2008. “Mid-range Universities’ Linkages with Industry: Knowledge Types and the Role of Intermediaries.” Research Policy 37: 1205–1223. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Z., J. Lin, and D. Lin. 2008. “Networking and Innovation in SMEs: Evidence from Guangdong Province, China.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 15 (4): 788–801. doi:10.1108/14626000810917861.
   Google Scholar
• Yen, Y. F., J. F. Tseng, and H. K. Wang. 2014. “Exploring the Mediating Role of Trust on the Relationship between Guanxi and Knowledge Sharing: A Social Network Perspective.” Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources 52 (2): 173–192. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7941.2012.00034.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, B., S. Hao, D. Ahlstrom, S. Si, and D. Liang. 2014. “Entrepreneurial Firms’ Network Competence, Technological Capability, and New Product Development Performance.” Asia Pacific Journal of Management 31 (3): 687–704. doi:10.1007/s10490-013-9365-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, G., X. Peng, and J. Li. 2008. “Technological Entrepreneurship and Policy Environment: A Case of China.” Journal of Small Business & Enterprise Development 15 (4): 733–751. doi:10.1108/14626000810917834.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, W. 2010. “A Social Capital Perspective of Innovation from Individuals to Nations: Where Is Empirical Literature Directing Us?” International Journal of Management Reviews 12 (2): 151–183. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2008.00247.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, C., and L. Lu. 2008. “Emergence of the Entrepreneurial University in Evolution of the Triple Helix: The Case of Northeastern University in China.” Journal of Technology Management in China 3 (1): 109–126. doi:10.1108/17468770810851539.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, P., and L. Leydesdorff. 2006. “The Emergency of China as a Leading Nation in Science.” Research Policy 35: 83–104. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2005.08.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, W. 2011. “Regional Deregulation and Entrepreneurial Growth in China’ Transition Economy.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 23: 853–876. doi:10.1080/08985626.2011.577816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar