2,770
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Technology transfer offices and the formation of academic spin-off entrepreneurial teams

&
Pages 977-1000 | Received 13 Dec 2019, Accepted 16 May 2022, Published online: 11 Jun 2022

References

  • Albert, L., and D. DeTienne. 2016. “Founding Resources and Intentional Exit Sales Strategies: An Imprinting Perspective.” Group & Organization Management 41 (6): 823–846. doi:10.1177/1059601116668762.
  • Aldrich, H., and P. Kim. 2007. “Small Worlds, Infinite Possibilities? How Social Networks Affect Entrepreneurial Team Formation and Search.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 1 (1–2): 147–165. doi:10.1002/sej.8.
  • Anderson, A., and J. Gaddefors. 2017. “Is Entrepreneurship Research Out of Context? Dilemmas with (Non) Contextualised Views of Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability 13 (4): 3–9.
  • Arvanitis, S., U. Kubli, and M. Woerter. 2008. “University-industry Knowledge and Technology Transfer in Switzerland: What University Scientists Think about co-operation with Private Enterprises.” Research Policy 37 (10): 1865–1883. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.07.005.
  • Beckman, C. 2006. “The Influence of Founding Team Company Affiliations on Firm Behavior.” Academy of Management Journal 49 (4): 741–758. doi:10.5465/amj.2006.22083030.
  • Beckman, C., and D. Burton. 2008. “Founding the Future: Path Dependence in the Evolution of Top Management Teams from Founding to IPO.” Organization Science 19 (1): 3–24. doi:10.1287/orsc.1070.0311.
  • Ben-Hafaiedh, C. 2010. “Entrepreneurial Team Formation: Any Rationality?” Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 30 (10): 1–15.
  • Bjørnåli, E., and M. Gulbrandsen. 2010. “Exploring Board Formation and Evolution of Board Composition in Academic spin-offs.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 35 (1): 92–112. doi:10.1007/s10961-009-9115-5.
  • Bjørnåli, E., and A. Aspelund. 2012. “The Role of the Entrepreneurial Team and the Board of Directors in the Internationalization of Academic spin-offs.” Journal of International Entrepreneurship 10 (4): 350–377. doi:10.1007/s10843-012-0094-5.
  • Boeker, W. 1989. “Strategic Change: The Effects of Founding and History.” Academy of Management Journal 32 (3): 489–515.
  • Bryant, P. 2014. “Imprinting by Design: The Microfoundations of Entrepreneurial Adaptation.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 38 (5): 1081–1102. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00529.x.
  • Burton, D., and C. Beckman. 2007. “Leaving a Legacy: Position Imprints and Successor Turnover in Young Firms.” American Sociological Review 72 (2): 239–266. doi:10.1177/000312240707200206.
  • Clarysse, B., and N. Moray. 2004. “A Process Study of Entrepreneurial Team Formation: The Case of A research-based spin-off.” Journal of Business Venturing 19 (1): 55–79. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00113-1.
  • Colombo, M., and E. Piva. 2008. “Strengths and Weaknesses of Academic Startups: A Conceptual Model.” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 55 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1109/TEM.2007.912807.
  • Conceicao, O., M. Fontes, and T. Calapez. 2012. “The Commercialisation Decision of research-based spin-off: Targeting the Market for Technologies.” Technovation 32 (1): 43–56. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2011.07.009.
  • Coupé, T. 2003. “Science Is Golden: Academic R&D and University Patents.” Journal of Technology Transfer 28 (1): 31–46. doi:10.1023/A:1021626702728.
  • Debackere, K., and R. Veugelers. 2005. “The Role of Academic Technology Transfer Organizations in Improving Industry Science Links.” Research Policy 34 (3): 321–342. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2004.12.003.
  • Di Gregorio, D., and S. Shane. 2003. “Why Do Some Universities Generate More start-ups than Others?” Research Policy 32 (2): 209–227. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00097-5.
  • Diánez-González, J. P., C. Camelo-Ordaz, and J. Ruiz-Navarro. 2016. “Management Teams’ Composition and Academic Spin-Offs’ Entrepreneurial Orientation: A Theoretical Approach.” In Entrepreneurship-Practice-Oriented Perspectives, edited by M. Franco, 65–86. InTechOpen. doi:10.5772/62694.
  • Discua Cruz, A., C. Howorth, and E. Hamilton. 2013. “Intrafamily Entrepreneurship: The Formation and Membership of Family Entrepreneurial Teams.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37 (1): 17–46. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00534.x.
  • Dubois, A., and L.-E. Gadde. 2002. “Systematic Combining: An Abductive Approach to Case Research.” Journal of Business Research 55 (7): 553–560. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(00)00195-8.
  • Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989. “Building Theories from Case Study Research.” Academy of Management Review 14 (4): 532–550. doi:10.2307/258557.
  • Fini, R., K. Fu, M. T. Mathisen, E. Rasmussen, and M. Wright. 2017. “Institutional Determinants of University spin-off Quantity and Quality: A Longitudinal, Multilevel, cross-country Study.” Small Business Economics 48 (2): 361–391. doi:10.1007/s11187-016-9779-9.
  • Forbes, D., P. Borchert, M. Zellmer‐Bruhn, and H. Sapienza. 2006. “Entrepreneurial Team Formation: An Exploration of New Member Addition.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30 (2): 225–248. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00119.x.
  • Forsstrom-Tuominen, H., L. Jussila, and S. Goel. 2019. “Reinforcing Collectiveness in Entrepreneurial Interactions within start-up Teams: A multiple-case Study.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 31 (9–10): 683–709. doi:10.1080/08985626.2018.1554709.
  • Fryges, H., and M. Wright. 2014. “The Origin of spin-offs: A Typology of Corporate and Academic spin-offs.” Small Business Economics 43 (2): 245–259. doi:10.1007/s11187-013-9535-3.
  • Gabrielsson, J., H. Landström, and T. Brunsnes. 2006. “A knowledge-based Categorization of research-based spin-off Creation.” CIRCLE Working Paper Series Paper no. 2006/06, Lund University, Lund.
  • Gaddefors, J., and A. Anderson. 2017. “Entrepreneurship and Context: When Entrepreneurship Is Greater than Entrepreneurs.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research 23 (2): 267–278. doi:10.1108/IJEBR-01-2016-0040.
  • Gaddefors, J., and A. Anderson. 2019. “Romancing the Rural: Reconceptualizing Rural Entrepreneurship as Engagement with Context(s).” The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 20 (3): 159–169. doi:10.1177/1465750318785545.
  • Garrone, P., L. Grilli, and B. Mrkajic. 2018 ”Human capital of entrepreneurial teams in nascent high-tech sectors: a comparison between Cleantech and Internet.” Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 30 (1): 84–97.
  • Grandi, A., and R. Grimaldi. 2003. “Exploring the Networking Characteristics of New Venture Founding Teams: A Study of Italian Academic spin-off.” Small Business Economics 21 (4): 329–341. doi:10.1023/A:1026171206062.
  • Grønning, T. 2009. “The Biotechnology Industry in Norway: A Marginal Sector or Future Core Activity?” In Innovation, Path Dependency, and Policy: The Norwegian Case, edited by J. Fagerberg, D. Mowery, and B. Verspagen, 235–263. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Gulbrandsen, M., and L. Nerdrum. 2007a. “Public Sector Research and Industrial Innovation in Norway: A Historical Perspective.” Working Paper, University of Oslo.
  • Gulbrandsen, M., and L. Nerdrum. 2007b. “University-industry Relations in Norway.” Working Paper, University of Oslo.
  • Harper, D. 2008. “Towards a Theory of Entrepreneurial Teams.” Journal of Business Venturing 23 (6): 613–626. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.01.002.
  • Hine, D., and J. Kapeleris. 2006. Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Biotechnology, an International Perspective: Concepts, Theories and Cases. Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Hormiga, E., C. Hancock, and N. Jaría. 2017. “Going It Alone or Working as Part of a Team: The Impact of Human Capital on Entrepreneurial Decision Making.” Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business 2 (1): 203–231.
  • Huyghe, A., M. Knockaert, M. Wright, and E. Piva. 2014. “Technology Transfer Offices as Boundary Spanners in the pre-spin-off Process: The Case of a Hybrid Model.” Small Business Economics 43 (2): 289–307. doi:10.1007/s11187-013-9537-1.
  • Huyghe, A., and M. Knockaert. 2015. “The Influence of Organizational Culture and Climate on Entrepreneurial Intentions among Research Scientists.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 40 (1): 138–160. doi:10.1007/s10961-014-9333-3.
  • Huynh, T., D. Patton, D. Arias-Aranda, and L. M. Molina-Fernández. 2017. “University spin-off’s Performance: Capabilities and Networks of Founding Teams at Creation Phase.” Journal of Business Research 78: 10–22. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.04.015.
  • Johnson, V. 2007. “What Is Organizational Imprinting? Cultural Entrepreneurship in the Founding of the Paris Opera.” American Journal of Sociology 113 (1): 97–127. doi:10.1086/517899.
  • Jung, H., B. Vissa, and M. Pich. 2017. “How Do Entrepreneurial Founding Teams Allocate Task Positions?” Academy of Management Journal 60 (1): 264–294. doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0813.
  • Kamm, J., and A. Nurick. 1993. “The Stages of Team Venture Formation: A decision-making Model.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 17 (2): 17–28.
  • Kim, P., and H. Aldrich. 2004. “Teams that Work Together, Stay Together: Resiliency of Entrepreneurial Teams.” Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 24: 85–95.
  • Knockaert, M., D. Ucbasaran, M. Wright, and B. Clarysse. 2011. “The Relationship between Knowledge Transfer, Top Management Team Composition, and Performance: The Case of Science‐based Entrepreneurial Firms.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 35 (4): 777–803. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00405.x.
  • Kolympiris, C., and P. Klein. 2017. “The Effects of Academic Incubators on University Innovation.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 11 (2): 145–170. doi:10.1002/sej.1242.
  • Kreiner, K., and J. Mouritsen. 2005. “The Analytical Interview - Relevance beyond Reflexivity.” In The Art of Science, edited by S. Tengblad, R. A. Solli, and B. Czarniawska, 153–176. Malmø: Liber and Copenhagen Business School Press.
  • Langley, A. 1999. “Strategies for Theorizing from Process Data.” Academy of Management Review 24 (4): 691–710. doi:10.5465/amr.1999.2553248.
  • Lazar, M., E. Miron-Spektor, R. Agarwal, M. Erez, B. Goldfarb, and G. Chen. 2020. “Entrepreneurial Team Formation.” Academy of Management Annals 14 (1): 29–59. doi:10.5465/annals.2017.0131.
  • Lee, K., and H. Jung. 2021. “Does TTO Capability Matter in Commercializing University Technology? Evidence from Longitudinal Data in South Korea.” Research Policy 50 (1): 104–133. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2020.104133.
  • Link, A., and M. van Hasselt. 2019. “On the Transfer of Technology from Universities: The Impact of the Bayh–Dole Act of 1980 on the Institutionalization of University Research.” European Economic Review 119: 472–481. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.08.006.
  • Lundqvist, M. 2014. “The Importance of Surrogate Entrepreneurship for Incubated Swedish Technology Ventures.” Technovation 34 (2): 93–100. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2013.08.005.
  • Majumdar, M., and V. Kiran. 2012. “Imbibing Social Entrepreneurship in Biotechnology.” Business Systems Review 1 (1): 27–38.
  • Marquis, C., and A. Tilcsik. 2013. “Imprinting: Toward a Multilevel Theory.” Academy of Management Annals 7 (1): 195–245. doi:10.5465/19416520.2013.766076.
  • Mathias, B., D. Williams, and A. Smith. 2015. “Entrepreneurial Inception: The Role of Imprinting in Entrepreneurial Action.” Journal of Business Venturing 30 (1): 11–28. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.07.004.
  • Mathisen, M., and E. Rasmussen. 2019. “The Development, Growth, and Performance of University spin-offs: A Critical Review.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 44 (6): 1891–1938. doi:10.1007/s10961-018-09714-9.
  • Matlay, H., and P. Westhead. 2005. “Virtual Teams and the Rise of e-entrepreneurship in Europe.” International Small Business Journal 23 (3): 279–302. doi:10.1177/0266242605052074.
  • McAdam, M., and R. McAdam. 2008. “High Tech start-ups in University Science Park Incubators: The Relationship between the start-up’s Lifecycle Progression and Use of the Incubator’s Resources.” Technovation 28 (5): 277–290. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2007.07.012.
  • Micozzi, A., D. Iacobucci, I. Martelli, and A. Piccaluga. 2021. “Engines Need Transmission Belts: The Importance of People in Technology Transfer Offices.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 46 (5): 1551–1583. doi:10.1007/s10961-021-09844-7.
  • Moray, N., and B. Clarysse. 2005. “Institutional Change and Resource Endowments to science-based Entrepreneurial Firms.” Research Policy 34 (7): 1010–1027. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.016.
  • Müller, B. 2006. “Human Capital and Successful Academic spin-off.” ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper, (06–081).
  • Muñoz-Bullón, F., M. Sanchez-Bueno, and A. Vos-Saz. 2015. “Startup Team Contributions and New Firm Creation: The Role of Founding Team Experience.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 24 (1–2): 80–105. doi:10.1080/08985626.2014.999719.
  • Mustar, P., M. Renault, M. Colombo, E. Piva, M. Fontes, A. Lockett, M. Wright, B. Clarysse, and N. Moray. 2006. “Conceptualising the Heterogeneity of research-based spin-offs: A multi-dimensional Taxonomy.” Research Policy 35 (2): 289–308. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2005.11.001.
  • Nikiforou, A., M. Gruber, T. Zabara, and B. Clarysse. 2018. “The Role of Teams in Academic spin-offs.” Academy of Management Perspectives 32 (1): 78–103. doi:10.5465/amp.2016.0148.
  • O’Kane, C., J. Cunningham, M. Menter, and S. Walton. 2020. “The Brokering Role of Technology Transfer Offices within Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: An Investigation of macro–meso–micro Factors.” The Journal of Technology Transfer. doi:10.1007/s10961-020-09829-y.
  • Oliver, A. L. 2004. “Biotechnology Entrepreneurial Scientists and Their Collaborations.” Research Policy 33 (4): 583–597. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2004.01.010.
  • Owen-Smith, J., and W. Powell. 2004. “Knowledge Networks as Channels and Conduits: The Effects of Spillovers in the Boston Biotechnology Community.” Organization Science 15 (1): 5–21. doi:10.1287/orsc.1030.0054.
  • Packalen, K. 2015. “Multiple Successful Models: How Demographic Features of Founding Teams Differ between Regions and over Time.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 27 (5–6): 357–385. doi:10.1080/08985626.2015.1059896.
  • Politis, D., J. Gabrielsson, and O. Shveykina. 2012. “Early-stage Finance and the Role of External Entrepreneurs in the Commercialization of university-generated Knowledge.” Venture Capital 14 (2–3): 175–198. doi:10.1080/13691066.2012.667905.
  • Rasmussen, E., and O. J. Borch. 2010. “University Capabilities in Facilitating Entrepreneurship: A Longitudinal Study of spin-off Ventures at mid-range Universities.” Research Policy 39 (5): 602–612. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2010.02.002.
  • Rasmussen, E. 2011. “Understanding Academic Entrepreneurship: Exploring the Emergence of University Spinoff Ventures Using Process Theories.” International Small Business Journal 29 (5): 448–471. doi:10.1177/0266242610385395.
  • Rasmussen, E., and M. P. Rice. 2012. “A Framework for Government Support Mechanisms Aimed at Enhancing University Technology Transfer: The Norwegian Case.” International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation 11 (1–2): 1–25. doi:10.1504/IJTTC.2012.043934.
  • Rasmussen, E., and M. Wright. 2015. “How Can Universities Facilitate Academic spin-offs? An Entrepreneurial Competency Perspective.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 40 (5): 782–799. doi:10.1007/s10961-014-9386-3.
  • Rasmussen, E., S. Mosey, and M. Wright. 2015. “The Transformation of Network Ties to Develop Entrepreneurial Competencies for University spin-offs.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 27 (7–8): 430–457. doi:10.1080/08985626.2015.1070536.
  • Rihoux, B., and C. Ragin, Eds. 2009. Configurational Comparative Methods: Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.
  • Ruef, M., H. Aldrich, and N. Carter. 2003. “The Structure of Founding Teams: Homophily, Strong Ties, and Isolation among US Entrepreneurs.” American Sociological Review 68 (2): 195–222. doi:10.2307/1519766.
  • Ruef, M. 2010. The Entrepreneurial Group: Social Identities, Relations, and Collective Action. Princeton: NJ, Princeton University Press.
  • Schaeffer, V., and M. Matt. 2016. “Development of Academic Entrepreneurship in a non-mature Context: The Role of the University as a hub-organisation.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 28 (9–10): 724–745. doi:10.1080/08985626.2016.1247915.
  • Scholten, V., O. Omta, R. Kemp, and T. Elfring. 2015. “Bridging Ties and the Role of Research and start-up Experience on the Early Growth of Dutch Academic spin-offs.” Technovation 45-46: 40–51. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2015.05.001.
  • Shah, S., R. Agarwal, and R. Echambadi. 2019. “Jewels in the Crown: Exploring the Motivations and Team Building Processes of Employee Entrepreneurs.” Strategic Management Journal 40 (9): 1417–1452. doi:10.1002/smj.3027.
  • Shane, S., S. Dolmans, J. Jankowski, I. Reymen, and G. Romme. 2015. “Academic Entrepreneurship: Which Inventors Do Technology Licensing Officers Prefer for Spinoffs?” The Journal of Technology Transfer 40 (2): 273–292. doi:10.1007/s10961-014-9365-8.
  • Siegel, D., D. Waldman, and A. Link. 2003. “Assessing the Impact of Organizational Practices on the Relative Productivity of University Technology Transfer Offices: An Exploratory Study.” Research Policy 32: 27–48. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00196-2.
  • Siegel, D., R. Veugelers, and M. Wright. 2007. “Technology Transfer Offices and Commercialization of University Intellectual Property: Performance and Policy Implications.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 23 (4): 640–660. doi:10.1093/oxrep/grm036.
  • Simsek, Z., B. C. Fox, and C. Heavey. 2015. “What’s past Is Prologue” A Framework, Review, and Future Directions for Organizational Research on Imprinting.” Journal of Management 41 (1): 288–317. doi:10.1177/0149206314553276.
  • Smith, B. 2007. “Entrepreneurial team formation: The effects of technological intensity and decision making on organizational emergence.” PhD diss., University of Cincinnati.
  • Stinchcombe, A. 1965. “Social Structure and Organizations.” In Handbook of Organizations, edited by G. J. March, 142–193. Chicago: Rand McNally.
  • Tilcsik, A. 2014. “Imprint–environment Fit and Performance: How Organizational Munificence at the Time of Hire Affects Subsequent Job Performance.” Administrative Science Quarterly 59 (4): 639–668. doi:10.1177/0001839214549042.
  • Useem, M. 1984. The Inner Circle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Vanaelst, I., B. Clarysse, M. Wright, A. Lockett, N. Moray, and R. S’Jegers. 2006. “Entrepreneurial Team Development in Academic Spinouts: An Examination of Team Heterogeneity.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30 (2): 249–271. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00120.x.
  • Visintin, F., and D. Pittino. 2014. “Founding Team Composition and Early Performance of university-Based spin-off Companies.” Technovation 34 (1): 31–43. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2013.09.004.
  • Walter, T., C. Ihl, R. Mauer, and M. Brettel. 2018. “Grace, Gold, or Glory? Exploring Incentives for Invention Disclosure in the University Context.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 43 (6): 1725–1759. doi:10.1007/s10961-013-9303-1.
  • Welter, F., and W. Gartner. 2016. A Research Agenda for Entrepreneurship and Context. Cheltenham, Glos & Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Whittington, K. B., J. Owen-Smith, and W. Powell. 2009. “Networks, Propinquity, and Innovation in knowledge-intensive Industries.” Administrative Science Quarterly 54 (1): 90–122. doi:10.2189/asqu.2009.54.1.90.
  • Würmseher, M. 2017. “To Each His Own: Matching Different Entrepreneurial Models to the Academic Scientist’s Individual Needs.” Technovation 59: 1–17. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2016.10.002.
  • Yin, R. 1994. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Beverly Hills CA: Sage publishing.
  • Zahra, S., and M. Wright. 2011. “Entrepreneurship’s Next Act.” Academy of Management Perspectives 25 (4): 67–83. doi:10.5465/amp.2010.0149.