3,383
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

German financial state aid during Covid-19 pandemic: Higher impact among digitalized self-employed

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 76-97 | Received 21 Apr 2022, Accepted 22 Mar 2023, Published online: 09 Apr 2023

References

  • BMWi. 2021. “Betrügerische Beantragung von Corona Hilfen. Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten Reinhard Houben, Michael Theurer, Dr.“ edited by D. Bundestag, 19/27644. Berlin: Bundestagsdrucksache.
  • Abadie, A., and G. Imbens. 2016. “Matching on the Estimated Propensity Score.” Econometrica 84 (2): 781–807. doi:10.3982/ECTA11293.
  • Akerman, A., I. Gaarder, and M. Mogstad. 2015. “The Skill Complementarity of Broadband Internet.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 130 (4): 1781–1824. doi:10.1093/qje/qjv028.
  • Atkins, R., L. Cook, and R. Seamans. 2022. “Discrimination in Lending? Evidence from the Paycheck Protection Program.” Small Business Economics 58 (2): 843–865. doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00533-1.
  • Audretsch, D. B., and M. Belitski. 2017. “Entrepreneurial Ecosystems in Cities: Establishing the Framework Conditions.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 42 (5): 1030–1051. doi:10.1007/s10961-016-9473-8.
  • Ayala, J. C., and G. Manzano. 2014. “The Resilience of the Entrepreneur. Influence on the Success of the Business. A Longitudinal Analysis.” Journal of Economic Psychology 42: 126–135. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2014.02.004.
  • Barrero, J. M., N. Bloom, S. J. Davis. 2021. “Internet Access and Its Implications for Productivity, Inequality, and Resilience,” In Rebuilding the Post-Pandemic Economy, and S. Melissa. Kearney and my Ganz. Washington, D.C: Aspen Institute Press. https://www.economicstrategygroup.org/publication/barrero-bloom-davis/
  • Bartik, A., M. Bertrand, Z. Cullen, E. L. Glaeser, M. Luca, and C. Stanton. 2020. How are Small Businesses Adjusting to COVID-19? Early Evidence from a Survey. Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper 2020-42, University of Chicago.
  • Belghitar, Y., A. Moro, and N. Radić. 2022. “When the Rainy Day is the Worst Hurricane Ever: The Effects of Governmental Policies on SMEs During COVID-19.” Small Business Economics 58 (2): 943–961. doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00510-8.
  • Belitski, M., C. Guenther, A. S. Kritikos, and R. Thurik. 2022. “Economic Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses.” Small Business Economics 58 (2): 593–609. doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00544-y.
  • Belitski, M., J. Korosteleva, and L. Piscitello. 2021. “Digital Affordances and Entrepreneurial Dynamics: New Evidence from European Regions.” Technovation 102442: 102442. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2021.102442.
  • Berger, E. S., F. von Briel, P. Davidsson, and A. Kuckertz. 2021. “Digital or Not–The Future of Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Introduction to the Special Issue.” Journal of Business Research 125: 436–442. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.12.020.
  • Bertschek, I., and D. Erdsiek. 2020. Soloselbständigkeit in der Corona-Krise; Digitalisierung hilft bei der Bewältigung der Krise, ZEW-Kurzexpertise 20-08, Mannheim.
  • Bertschek, I., and U. Kaiser. 2004. “Productivity Effects of Organizational Change: Microeconometric Evidence.” Management Science 50 (3): 394–404. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1030.0195.
  • Bertschek, I., M. Polder, and P. Schulte. 2019. “ICT and Resilience in Times of Crisis: Evidence from Cross-Country Micro Moments Data.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 28 (8): 759–774. doi:10.1080/10438599.2018.1557417.
  • Bhamra, R., S. Dani, and K. Burnard. 2011. “Resilience: The Concept, a Literature Review and Future Directions.” International Journal of Production Research 49 (18): 5375–5393. doi:10.1080/00207543.2011.563826.
  • Bigne, E., J. Nicolau, and E. William. 2021. Advance Booking Across Channels: The Effects on Dynamic Pricing. Tourism Management, 86, Article 104341. 10.1016/j.tourman.2021.10434
  • Biru, A., D. Gilbert, and P. Arenius. 2021. “Unhelpful Help: The State of Support Programmes and the Dynamics of Entrepreneurship Ecosystems in Ethiopia.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 33 (1–2): 108–130. doi:10.1080/08985626.2020.1734267.
  • Block, J. H., C. Fisch, and M. Hirschmann. 2022. “Solo Self-Employed and Bootstrap Financing in the COVID-19 Crisis.” Small Business Economics 58 (2): 867–885. doi:10.1007/s11187-020-00445-6.
  • Block, J., A. S. Kritikos, M. Priem, and C. Stiel. 2022. “Emergency Aid for Self-Employed in the COVID-19 Pandemic. A Flash in the Pan?” Journal of Economic Psychology 93: 102567. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2022.102567.
  • Bloom, N., L. Garicano, R. Sadun, and J. Van Reenen. 2014. “Distinct Effects of Information Technology and Communication Technology on Firm Organization.” Management Science 60 (12): 2859–2885. doi:10.1287/mnsc.2014.2013.
  • Blundell, J., and S. Machin. 2020. “Self-Employment in the COVID-19 Crisis.” Working Paper 3. Centre of Economic Performance.
  • Bresnahan, T. F., E. Brynjolfsson, and L. M. Hitt. 2002. “Information Technology, Workplace Organization, and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Firm-Level Evidence.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 117 (1): 339–376. doi:10.1162/003355302753399526.
  • Bresnahan, T. F., and M. Trajtenberg. 1995. “General Purpose Technologies: Engines of Growth?” Journal of Econometrics 65 (1): 83–108. doi:10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T.
  • Brynjolfsson, E., and L. Hitt. 2000. “Beyond Computation: Information Technology, Organizational Transformation and Business Performance.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (4): 23–48. doi:10.1257/jep.14.4.23.
  • Brynjolfsson, E., D. Rock, and C. Syverson. 2019. “Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox: A Clash of Expectations and Statistics.“ In The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda, edited by A. Agrawal, J. Gans, and A. Goldfarb, 23–57. http://www.nber.org/chapters/c14007
  • Cahuc, P. 2014. “Short-Time Work Compensation Schemes and Employment.” IZA World of Labor 11. doi:10.15185/izawol.11.
  • Caliendo, M., D. Graeber, A. S. Kritikos, and J. Seebauer. 2022. “Pandemic Depression: COVID-19 and the Mental Health of the Self-Employed.” Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 104225872211021. doi:10.1177/10422587221102106.
  • Caliendo, M., and S. Kopeining. 2008. “Some Practical Guidance for the Implementation of Propensity Score Matching.” Journal of Economic Surveys 22 (1): 31–72. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00527.x.
  • Chadwick, I. C., and J. L. Raver. 2020. “Psychological Resilience and Its Downstream Effects for Business Survival in Nascent Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 44 (2): 233–255. doi:10.1177/1042258718801597.
  • Destatis 2022: Bevölkerung, Erwerbstätige: Bundesländer, Jahre (bis 2019). Population and employment: federal states, years (until 2019). GENESIS code 12211-9004. Federal Statistical Office. Wiesbaden.
  • Dinner, I. M., H. J. Van Heerde, and S. A. Neslin. 2014. “Driving Online and Offline Sales: The Cross-Channel Effects of Traditional, Online Display, and Paid Search Advertising.” Journal of Marketing Research 51 (5): 527–545. doi:10.1509/jmr.11.0466.
  • Doern, R., N. Williams, and T. Vorley. 2019. “Special Issue on Entrepreneurship and Crises: Business as Usual? An Introduction and Review of the Literature.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 31 (5–6): 400–412. doi:10.1080/08985626.2018.1541590.
  • Dörr, J. O., S. Licht, and G. Murmann. 2022. “Small Firms and the COVID-19 Insolvency Gap.” Small Business Economics 58 (2): 887–917. doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00514-4.
  • Duso, T., M. Nardotto, and A. Schiersch. 2021. Broadband and Productivity: Structural Estimates for Germany, DIW Discussion Paper, 1988.
  • Engelstätter, B. 2012. “It’s Not All About Performance Gains – Enterprise Software and Innovations.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 21 (3): 223–245. doi:10.1080/10438599.2011.562359.
  • European Commission. 2022. “The Digital Economy and Society (DESI) Indicator 2022, Germany.” https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/redirection/document/88702.
  • Fairlie, R., and F. M. Fossen. 2022a. “Did the Paycheck Protection Program and Economic Injury Disaster Loan Program Get Disbursed to Minority Communities in the Early Stages of COVID-19?” Small Business Economics 58: 829–842. doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00501-9.
  • Fairlie, R., and F. M. Fossen. 2022b. “The Early Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Business Sales.” Small Business Economics 58 (4): 1853–1864. doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00479-4.
  • Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport (FMDT). 2020. Aktuelle Breitbandverfügbarkeit in Deutschland (Stand Mitte 2020). Berlin.
  • Fletcher, D., and M. Sarkar. 2013. “Psychological Resilience: A Review and Critique of Definitions, Concepts, and Theory.” European Psychologist 18 (1): 12–23. doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000124.
  • Franke, N., and F. Piller. 2004. “Value Creation by Toolkits for User Innovation and Design: The Case of the Watch Market.” Journal of Product Innovation Management 21 (6): 401–415. doi:10.1111/j.0737-6782.2004.00094.x.
  • Fritsch, M., A. S. Kritikos, and A. Sorgner. 2015. “Why Did Self-Employment Increase so Strongly in Germany?” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 27 (5–6): 307–333. doi:10.1080/08985626.2015.1048310.
  • Graeber, D., A. S. Kritikos, and J. Seebauer. 2021. “COVID-19: A Crisis of the Female Self-Employed.” Journal of Population Economics 34 (4): 1141–1187. doi:10.1007/s00148-021-00849-y.
  • Gregory, R. W., O. Henfridsson, E. Kaganer, and H. Kyriakou. 2021. “The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Data Network Effects for Creating User Value.” Academy of Management Review 46 (3): 534–551. doi:10.5465/amr.2019.0178.
  • Hartmann, S., J. Backmann, A. Newman, K. M. Brykman, and R. J. Pidduck. 2022. “Psychological Resilience of Entrepreneurs: A Review and Agenda for Future Research.” Journal of Small Business Management 60 (5): 1–39. doi:10.1080/00472778.2021.2024216.
  • Hull, C., Y. Hung, N. Hair, V. Perotti, and R. Demartino. 2007. “Taking Advantage of Digital Opportunities: A Typology of Digital Entrepreneurship.” International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations 4 (3): 290–303. doi:10.1504/IJNVO.2007.015166.
  • Iacobucci, D., and F. Perugini. 2021. “Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Economic Resilience at Local Level.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 33 (9–10): 689–716. doi:10.1080/08985626.2021.1888318.
  • IfM Bonn. 2019. Selbstständigenquote nach Bundesländern. Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus. Institut für Mittelstandsforschung. Bonn: Institut für Mittelstandsforschung.
  • IfW. 2020. “Economic Outlook Update: German GDP Expected to Slump Between 4.5 and 9 Percent in 2020.” https://www.ifw-kiel.de/publications/media-information/2020/economic-outlook-update-german-gdp-expected-to-slump-between-45-and-9-percent-in-2020/ (accessed 14 February 2022).
  • Jean, R. -J., D. Kim, and E. Cavusgil. 2020. “Antecedents and Outcomes of Digital Platform Risk for International New ventures’ Internationalization.” Journal of World Business 55 (1): 101021. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2019.101021.
  • Kalenkoski, C. M., and S. W. Pabilonia. 2022. “Impact of COVID-19 on the Self-Employed.” Small Business Economics 58 (2): 741–768. doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00522-4.
  • Katz, M. L., and C. Shapiro. 1985. “Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility.” The American Economic Review 75 (3): 424–440.
  • Kim, J. H., P. Newberry, L. Wagman, and R. Wolff. 2021. “Local Network Effects in the Adoption of a Digital Platform.” Forthcoming in the Journal of Industrial Economics 70 (3): 493–524. doi:10.1111/joie.12296.
  • Kreuzer, T., A. K. Lindenthal, A. M. Oberländer, and M. Röglinger. 2022. “The Effects of Digital Technology on Opportunity Recognition.” Business & Information Systems Engineering 64 (1): 47–67. doi:10.1007/s12599-021-00733-9.
  • Kumar, A., R. Bezawada, R. Rishika, R. Janakiraman, and P. K. Kannan. 2016. “From Social to Sale: The Effects of Firm-Generated Content in Social Media on Customer Behavior.” Journal of Marketing 80 (1): 7–25. doi:10.1509/jm.14.0249.
  • Laskovaia, A., L. Marino, G. Shirokova, and W. Wales. 2019. “Expect the Unexpected: Examining the Shaping Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Causal and Effectual Decision-Making Logic During Economic Crisis.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 31 (5–6): 456–475. doi:10.1080/08985626.2018.1541593.
  • Li, H., and P. K. Kannan. 2014. “Attributing Conversions in a Multichannel Online Marketing Environment: An Empirical Model and a Field Experiment.” Journal of Marketing Research 51 (1): 40–56. doi:10.1509/jmr.13.0050.
  • Liu, Y., Y. Zhang, H. Fang, and X. Chen. 2022. “SMEs’ Line of Credit Under the COVID-19: Evidence from China.” Small Business Economics 58 (2): 807–828. doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00474-9.
  • Lokuge, S., D. Sedera, V. Grover, and X. Dongming. 2019. “Organizational Readiness for Digital Innovation: Development and Empirical Calibration of a Construct.” Information & Management 56 (3): 445–461. doi:10.1016/j.im.2018.09.001.
  • Lou, C., and Q. Xie. 2021. “Something Social, Something Entertaining? How Digital Content Marketing Augments Consumer Experience and Brand Loyalty.” International Journal of Advertising 40 (3): 376–402. doi:10.1080/02650487.2020.1788311.
  • Lyytinen, K., Y. Yoo, and R. J. Boland Jr. 2016. “Digital Product Innovation Within Four Classes of Innovation Networks.” Information Systems Journal 26 (1): 47–75. doi:10.1111/isj.12093.
  • Maier, L., C. V. Baccarella, J. H. Block, T. F. Wagner, and K. I. Voigt. 2021. “The Legitimization Effect of Crowdfunding Success: A Consumer Perspective.” Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 10422587211057025: 104225872110570. doi:10.1177/10422587211057025.
  • Matt, C., T. Hess, and A. Benlian. 2015. “Digital Transformation Strategies.” Business & Information Systems Engineering 57 (5): 339–343. doi:10.1007/s12599-015-0401-5.
  • Meurer, M., M. Waldkirch, P. K. Schou, E. L. Bucher, and K. Burmeister-Lamp. 2022. “Digital Affordances: How Entrepreneurs Access Support in Online Communities During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Small Business Economics 58 (2): 637–663. doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00540-2.
  • Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. 2020. “German Government Announces 50 Billion in Emergency Aid for Small Businesses.” Accessed 5 October 2020.https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2020/20200323-50-german-government-announces-50-billion-euros-in-emergency-aid-for-small-businesses.html
  • Mittal, S., M. A. Khan, D. Romero, and T. Wuest. 2018. “A Critical Review of Smart Manufacturing & Industry 4.0 Maturity Models: Implications for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs).” Journal of Manufacturing Systems 49: 194–214. doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2018.10.005.
  • Naldi, L., J. P. Larsson, and H. Westlund. 2020. “Policy Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial Orientation in Vulnerable Swedish Municipalities.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 32 (7–8): 473–491. doi:10.1080/08985626.2020.1798557.
  • Nambisan, S. 2017. “Digital Entrepreneurship: Toward a Digital Technology Perspective of Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 41 (6): 1029–1055. doi:10.1111/etap.12254.
  • Newman, A., M. Obschonka, and J. Block. 2022. “Small Businesses and Entrepreneurship in Times of Crises: The Renaissance of Entrepreneur-Focused Micro Perspectives.” International Small Business Journal 40 (2): 119–129.
  • Niebel, T., F. Rasel, and S. Viete. 2019. “BIG Data – BIG Gains? Understanding the Link Between Big Data Analytics and Innovation.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 28 (3): 296–316. doi:10.1080/10438599.2018.1493075.
  • Ojala, A., N. Evers, and A. Rialp. 2018. “Extending the International New Venture Phenomenon to Digital Platform Providers: A Longitudinal Case Study.” Journal of World Business 53 (3): 725–739. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2018.05.001.
  • Papadopoulos, T., K. N. Baltas, and M. E. Balta. 2020. “The Use of Digital Technologies by Small and Medium Enterprises During COVID-19: Implications for Theory and Practice.” International Journal of Information Management 55: 102192. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102192.
  • Ritter, T., and C. L. Pedersen. 2020. “Digitization Capability and the Digitalization of Business Models in Business-To-Business Firms: Past, Present, and Future.” Industrial Marketing Management 86: 180–190. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.11.019.
  • Rosenbaum, P., and D. Rubin. 1985. “Constructing a Control Group Using Multivariate Matched Sampling Methods That Incorporate the Propensity Score.” The American Statistician 39 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1080/00031305.1985.10479383.
  • Rosin, A. F., D. Proksch, S. Stubner, and A. Pinkwart. 2020. “Digital New Ventures: Assessing the Benefits of Digitalization in Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Small Business Strategy 30 (2): 59–71.
  • Roy, A. 1951. “Some Thoughts on the Distribution of Earnings 1.” Oxford Economic Papers 3 (2): 135–145. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041827.
  • Rubin, D. 1974. “Estimating Causal Effects to Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies.” Journal of Educational Psychology 66 (5): 688–701. doi:10.1037/h0037350.
  • Rubin, D. 2001. “Using Propensity Scores to Help Design Observational Studies: Application to the Tobacco Litigation.” Health Services & Outcomes Research Methodology 2 (3–4): 169–188. doi:10.1023/A:1020363010465.
  • Simón-Moya, V., L. Revuelto-Taboada, and D. Ribeiro-Soriano. 2016. “Influence of Economic Crisis on New SME Survival: Reality or Fiction?” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 28 (1–2): 157–176. doi:10.1080/08985626.2015.1118560.
  • Steininger, D. M. 2019. “Linking Information Systems and Entrepreneurship: A Review and Agenda for It‐associated and Digital Entrepreneurship Research.” Information Systems Journal 29 (2): 363–407. doi:10.1111/isj.12206.
  • Steininger, D. M., M. K. Brohman, and J. H. Block. 2022. “Digital Entrepreneurship: What is New if Anything?” Business & Information Systems Engineering 64 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1007/s12599-021-00741-9.
  • Sussan, F., and Z. J. Acs. 2017. “The Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystem.” Small Business Economics 49 (1): 55–73. doi:10.1007/s11187-017-9867-5.
  • Torrès, O., A. Benzari, C. Fisch, J. Mukerjee, A. Swalhi, and R. Thurik. 2022. “Risk of Burnout in French Entrepreneurs During the COVID-19 Crisis.” Small Business Economics 58 (2): 717–739. doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00516-2.
  • Trischler, M. F. G., and J. Li-Ying. 2022. “Digital Business Model Innovation: Toward Construct Clarity and Future Research Directions.” Review of Managerial Science 17 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1007/s11846-021-00508-2.
  • Verhoef, P. C., T. Broekhuizen, Y. Bart, A. Bhattacharya, J. Q. Dong, N. Fabian, and M. Haenlein. 2021. “Digital Transformation: A Multidisciplinary Reflection and Research Agenda.” Journal of Business Research 122: 889–901. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.022.
  • von Briel, F., P. Davidsson, and J. Recker. 2018. “Digital Technologies as External Enablers of New Venture Creation in the IT Hardware Sector.” Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 42 (1): 47–69. doi:10.1177/1042258717732779.
  • Walsman, M. C. 2022. “Operational Adaptation and Innovation During COVID-19: Lessons Learned from Consulting and a Road Map for the Future.” Service Science 14 (2): 195–212. doi:10.1287/serv.2022.0301.
  • Wurman, P. R. 2001. “Dynamic Pricing in the Virtual Marketplace.” IEEE Internet Computing 5 (2): 36–42. doi:10.1109/4236.914646.
  • Zopiatis, A., K. Pericleous, and Y. Theofanous. 2021. “COVID-19 and Hospitality and Tourism Research: An Integrative Review.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 48: 275–279. doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.07.002.