Sayings and doings become ‘practice’ through ‘practice thirdness’: pivot in recipes for practice

References

• Aguiar, R. B. D., D. S. Silva, C. S. T. Caten, and L. C. P. Silva. 2019. “Lean Mentorship: Fitting External Support to Entrepreneur Needs Over the Startup Development.” Production 29. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6513.20190078.
   Google Scholar
• Alamdari, F., and S. Fagan. 2005. “Impact of the Adherence to the Original Low‐Cost Model on the Profitability of Low‐Cost Airlines.” Transport Reviews 25 (3): 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441640500038748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. R. 2005. “Enacted Metaphor: The Theatricality of the Entrepreneurial Process.” International Small Business Journal 23 (6): 587–603. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242605057654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, A., and S. Ronteau. 2017. “Towards an Entrepreneurial Theory of Practice; Emerging Ideas for Emerging Economies.” Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 9 (2): 110–120. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-12-2016-0054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonacopoulou, E. P., and T. Fuller. 2020. “Practising Entrepreneuring as Emplacement: The Impact of Sensation and Anticipation in Entrepreneurial Action.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 32 (3–4): 257–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641974.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arteaga, R., and J. Hyland. 2013. Innovation is Bringing Discipline to Chaos Pivot: How Top Entrepreneurs Adapt and Change Course to Find Ultimate Success. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118778852.
   Google Scholar
• Atlan, H. 1979. Entre le cristal et la fumée [Between crystal and smoke]. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
   Google Scholar
• Aubusson, P. 2002. “Using Metaphor to Make Sense and Build Theory in Qualitative Analysis.” The Qualitative Report 7 (4): 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Bacharach, S. B. 1989. “Organizational Theories: Some Criteria for Evaluation.” The Academy of Management Review 14 (4): 496–515. https://doi.org/10.2307/258555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baghiu, M. C. 2020. “Analysis of Business Model Innovation in Post-Covid Economy: Determinants for Success.” Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law 2020 (17): 7–24.
   Google Scholar
• Bamberger, P. A. 2019. “On the Replicability of Abductive Research in Management and Organizations: Internal Replication and Its Alternatives.” Academy of Management Discoveries 5 (2): 103–108. https://doi.org/10.5465/amd.2019.0121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandera, C., and E. Thomas. 2019. “To Pivot or Not to Pivot: On the Relationship Between Pivots and Revenue Among Startups.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conferenceon System Sciences, Hawaii.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin, J. 2004. “Beyond Doer and Done To: An Intersubjective View of Thirdness.” The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 73 (1): 5–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2167-4086.2004.tb00151.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, N. J., E. M. Finkbeiner, N. C. Ban, D. Belhabib, S. D. Jupiter, J. N. Kittinger, S. Mangubhai, J. Scholtens, D. Gill, and P. Christie. 2020. “The COVID-19 Pandemic, Small-Scale Fisheries and Coastal Fishing Communities.” Coastal Management 48 (4): 336–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2020.1766937.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglund, K., and A. W. Johansson. 2007. “Constructions of Entrepreneurship: A Discourse Analysis of Academic Publications.” Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 1 (1): 77–102. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506200710736276.
   Google Scholar
• Bidewell, P., and L. Sapsford. 2016. The (Re) Evolution of the Lean Startup Methodology. Sten K. Johnson Centre for Entrepreneurship.
   Google Scholar
• Blank, S. 2006. The Four Steps to the Epiphany: Successful Strategies for Startups That Win. San Francisco: CafePress Com.
   Google Scholar
• Blank, S., and B. Dorf. 2012. The Startup Owner’s Manual: The Step-By-Step Guide for Building a Great Company. USA: BookBaby.
   Google Scholar
• Blank, S., J. Engel, and J. Hornthal. 2013. The Lean Launch Pad Educators Teaching Handbook. Washington: NCIAA.
   Google Scholar
• Bocken, N., and Y. Snihur. 2020. “Lean Startup and the Business Model: Experimenting for Novelty and Impact.” Long Range Planning 53 (4): 101953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2019.101953.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boddington, M., and S. Kavadias. 2018, July. “Entrepreneurial Pivoting as Organizational Search: Defining Pivoting in Early Stage Ventures.” In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2018, No. 1, p. 12065), Academy of Management, Briarcliff Manor, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Boeije, H. 2002. “A Purposeful Approach to the Constant Comparative Method in the Analysis of Qualitative Interviews.” Quality and Quantity 36 (4): 391–409. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020909529486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohn, N., and D. Kundisch. 2018. “The Role of Technology Pivots in Software Startups: Antecedents and Consequences.” https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2018_rp/130.
   Google Scholar
• Bosch, J., H. H. Olsson, J. Björk, and J. Ljungblad. 2013, December. “The Early Stage Software Startup Development Model: A Framework for Operationalizing Lean Principles in Software Startups.” In International Conference on Lean Enterprise Software and Systems (pp. 1–15), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. UK: Cambridge university Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. USA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brandom, R. B. 2010. Between Saying and Doing: Towards an Analytic Pragmatism. OUP Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R. H. 1987. Society as Text: Essays on Rhetoric, Reason, and Reality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Camuffo, A., A. Cordova, A. Gambardella, and C. Spina. 2020. “A Scientific Approach to Entrepreneurial Decision Making: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial.” Management Science 66 (2): 564–586. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cankurtaran, P., and M. B. Beverland. 2020. “Using Design Thinking to Respond to Crises: B2B Lessons from the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic.” Industrial Marketing Management 88:255–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cano, C. R. 2003, May. “The Recent Evolution of Market Segmentation Concepts and Thoughts Primarily by Marketing Academics.” In Proceedings of the Conference on Historical Analysis and Research in Marketing, Michigan, Vol. 11, 119–130.
   Google Scholar
• Champenois, C., V. Lefebvre, and S. Ronteau. 2020. “Entrepreneurship as Practice: Systematic Literature Review of a Nascent Field.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 32 (3–4): 281–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641975.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaparro, X. A. F., and L. A. de Vasconcelos Gomes. 2021. Pivot Decisions in Startups: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 27 (4): 884–910 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, J., and R. Holt. 2017. “Imagery of Ad-Venture: Understanding Entrepreneurial Identity Through Metaphor and Drawing.” Journal of Business Venturing 32 (5): 476–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.06.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, J., R. Holt, and R. Blundel. 2014. “Re-Imagining the Growth Process: (Co)-Evolving Metaphorical Representations of Entrepreneurial Growth.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 26 (3–4): 234–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2014.888099.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelissen, J. P., and M. Kafouros. 2008. “Metaphors and Theory Building in Organization Theory: What Determines the Impact of a Metaphor on Theory?” British Journal of Management 19 (4): 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2007.00550.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denoo, L., H. Yli-Renko, and B. Clarysse. 2018. “Tweaks and Pivots: The Impact of Customer Ties on Young firms’ Business Model Adaptation in an Emerging Industry.“ Academy of Management Global Proceedings 2018:30.
   Google Scholar
• DeSanctis, G., and M. S. Poole. 1994. “Capturing the Complexity in Advanced Technology Use: Adaptive Structuration Theory.” Organization Science 5 (2): 121–147. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.2.121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Discua Cruz, A., E. Hamilton, and S. L. Jack. 2021. “Understanding Entrepreneurial Opportunities Through Metaphors: A Narrative Approach to Theorizing Family Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 33 (5–6): 405–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2020.1727089.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd, S. D. 2002. “Metaphors and Meaning: A Grounded Cultural Model of US Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Venturing 17 (5): 519–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00072-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd, S., and A. R. Anderson. 2007. “Mumpsimus and the Mything of the Individualistic Entrepreneur.” International Small Business Journal 25 (4): 341–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242607078561.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drakopoulou Dodd, S., S. Jack, A. Anderson, and A. Drakopoulos. 2007. “Entrepreneurship in Prospect: Using Metaphors to Identify Cultural Perceptions Amongst Young Europeans (Summary).” Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 27 (19): 1.
   Google Scholar
• Engeström, Y. 2000. “Activity Theory and the Social Construction of Knowledge: A Story of Four Umpires.” Organization 7 (2): 301–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/135050840072006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everaert-Desmedt, N. 2011. “Peirce’s Semiotics.” In Signo [Online], edited by L. Hébert. Canada. http://www.signosemio.com/peirce/semiotics.asp.
   Google Scholar
• Felin, T., A. Gambardella, S. Stern, and T. Zenger. 2020. “Lean Startup and the Business Model: Experimentation Revisited.” Long Range Planning 53 (4): 101889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2019.06.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flechas Chaparro, X. A., and L. A. de Vasconcelos Gomes. 2021. “Pivot Decisions in Startups: A Systematic Literature Review.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 27 (4): 884–910. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-12-2019-0699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fram, S. M. 2013. “The Constant Comparative Analysis Method Outside of Grounded Theory.” The Qualitative Report 18 (1): 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Frederiksen, D. L., and A. Brem. 2017. “How Do Entrepreneurs Think They Create Value? A Scientific Reflection of Eric Ries’ Lean Startup Approach.” International Entrepreneurship & Management Journal 13 (1): 169–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-016-0411-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gherardi, S. 2000. “Practice-Based Theorizing on Learning and Knowing in Organizations.” Organization 7 (2): 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/135050840072001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gherardi, S., and D. Nicolini. 2000. “To Transfer is to Transform: The Circulation of Safety Knowledge.” Organization 7 (2): 329–348. https://doi.org/10.1177/135050840072008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghorashi, H. 2015. Challenges of the Lean Startup Method: Entrepreneurial Knowledge Management during the BML-Loop. Bachelor’s thesis., University of Twente.
   Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. California: Univ of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giones, F., A. Brem, J. M. Pollack, T. L. Michaelis, K. Klyver, and J. Brinckmann. 2020. “Revising Entrepreneurial Action in Response to Exogenous Shocks: Considering the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Business Venturing Insights 14:e00186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00186.
   Google Scholar
• Goyat, S. 2011. “The Basis of Market Segmentation: A Critical Review of Literature.” European Journal of Business and Management 3 (9): 45–54.
   Google Scholar
• Grimes, M. G. 2018. “The Pivot: How Founders Respond to Feedback Through Idea and Identity Work.” Academy of Management Journal 61 (5): 1692–1717. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampel, C. E., P. Tracey, and K. Weber. 2020. “The Art of the Pivot: How New Ventures Manage Identification Relationships with Stakeholders as They Change Direction.” Academy of Management Journal 63 (2): 440–471. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2017.0460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, A. M., R. Lüdeke, W. Streit, C. Urchueguía, P. L. Shillingsburg, Hansen, A.M. and Lüdeke, R., eds. 2005. The Book as Artefact, Text and Border, Vol. 4. Greece: Rodopi. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789401202442.
   Google Scholar
• Harding, N. 2004. The Social Construction of Management. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hildebrand, D. L. 2005. “Pragmatism, Neopragmatism, and Public Administration.” Administration & Society 37 (3): 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399705276114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirvikoski, K. 2014. “Startups Pivoting Towards Value. Data and Value-Driven Software Engineering with Deep Customer Insight.” In Proceedings of the seminar No. 58314308, Helsinki.
   Google Scholar
• Iedema, R., and R. Wodak. 1999. “Introduction: Organizational Discourses and Practices.” Discourse & Society 10 (1): 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010001001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannisson, B. 2011. “Towards a Practice Theory of Entrepreneuring.” Small Business Economics 36 (2): 135–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9212-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns, G. 2006. “The Essential Impact of Context on Organizational Behavior.” Academy of Management Review 31 (2): 386–408. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.20208687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns, G. 2017. “Reflections on the 2016 Decade Award: Incorporating Context in Organizational Research.” Academy of Management Review 42 (4): 577–595. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2017.0044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, A. 1973. The Conduct of Inquiry. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Kemmis, S., J. Wilkinson, C. Edwards-Groves, I. Hardy, P. Grootenboer, and L. Bristol. 2014. “Praxis, practice and practice architectures.” In Changing Practices, Changing Education, 25–41. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-47-4_2.
   Google Scholar
• Kibble, R. 2014. “Discourse as Practice: From Bourdieu to Brandom.”
   Google Scholar
• Kirtley, J., and S. O’Mahony. 2020. “What is a Pivot? Explaining When and How Entrepreneurial Firms Decide to Make Strategic Change and Pivot.” Strategic Management Journal 44 (1): 197–230. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koopman, C. 2007. “Language is a Form of Experience: Reconciling Classical Pragmatism and Neopragmatism.” Transactions of the Charles S Peirce Society 43 (4): 694–727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lave, J. 2009. “The Practice of Learning.“ In Contemporary Theories of Learning, edited by K. Illeris, 208–216. UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lave, J., and E. Wenger. 1991. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge university press.
   Google Scholar
• Law, J. 1984. “On the Methods of Long-Distance Control: Vessels, Navigation and the Portuguese Route to India.” The Sociological Review 32 (1_suppl): 234–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1984.tb00114.x.
   Google Scholar
• Law, J. 2009. “Actor Network Theory and Material Semiotics.“ In The New Blackwell Companion to Social Theory, edited by B. S. Turner , 141–158.
   Google Scholar
• Leatherbee, M., and R. Katila. 2017. “Stay the Course or Pivot? Antecedents of Cognitive Refinements of Business Models in Young Firms.” Working Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Leatherbee, M., and R. Katila. 2020. “The Lean Startup Method: Early‐Stage Teams and Hypothesis‐Based Probing of Business Ideas.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 14 (4): 570–593. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. W., and A. I. Grimes. 1999. “Metatriangulation: Building Theory from Multiple Paradigms.” Academy of Management Review 24 (4): 672–690. https://doi.org/10.2307/259348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, R., and D. Warr. 2017. “Using Metaphor and Montage to Analyse and Synthesise Diverse Qualitative Data: Exploring the Local Worlds of ‘Early School leavers’.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 20 (6): 547–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2016.1242316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manolova, T. S., C. G. Brush, L. F. Edelman, and A. Elam. 2020. “Pivoting to Stay the Course: How Women Entrepreneurs Take Advantage of Opportunities Created by the COVID-19 Pandemic.” International Small Business Journal 38 (6): 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620949136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marvel, M. R., M. T. Wolfe, D. F. Kuratko, and G. Fisher. 2020. “Examining Entrepreneurial Experience in Relation to Pre-Launch and Post-Launch Learning Activities Affecting Venture Performance.” Journal of Small Business Management 60 (4): 759–785. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2020.1762626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurya, A. 2012. Running Lean: Iterate from Plan a to a Plan That Works. USA: O’Reilly Media, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, M., M. Christopher, and M. Bass. 2003. “Market segmentation.” In Marketing, 41–65. London: Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-3741-4_3.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, R., and C. Gao. 2019. “Pivoting Isn’t Enough? Managing Strategic Reorientation in New Ventures.” Organization Science 30 (6): 1289–1318. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2019.1287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintzberg, H. 2017. “Developing Theory About the Development of Theory.” In Handbook of Middle Management Strategy Process Research, 177–196. Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, G. 1980. “Paradigms, Metaphors, and Puzzle Solving in Organization Theory.” Administrative Science Quarterly 25 (4): 605–622. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, T., S. Anokhin, L. Ofstein, and W. Friske. 2020. “SME Response to Major Exogenous Shocks: The Bright and Dark Sides of Business Model Pivoting.” International Small Business Journal 38 (5): 369–379. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620936590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson, L., and A. R. Anderson. 2005. “News and Nuances of the Entrepreneurial Myth and Metaphor: Linguistic Games in Entrepreneurial Sense–Making and Sense–Giving.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29 (2): 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00074.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonaka, I., and H. Takeuchi. 1995. The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, C. L., S. Taylor Jr Jr, and D. C. Taylor. 2021. “Pivot! How the Restaurant Industry Adapted During COVID-19 Restrictions.” International Hospitality Review 35 (2): 132–155. https://doi.org/10.1108/IHR-09-2020-0052.
   Google Scholar
• Orlikowski, W. J., and D. Robey. 1991. “Information Technology and the Structuring of Organizations.” Information Systems Research 2 (2): 143–169. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2.2.143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osigweh, C. A. Y. 1989. “Concept Fallibility in Organizational Science.” Academy of Management Review 14 (4): 579–594. https://doi.org/10.2307/258560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterwalder, A., and Y. Pigneur. 2010. Business Model Generation: A Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers. Vol. 1. USA: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Pant, V., and E. Yu. 2018, October. “Conceptual Modeling to Support Pivoting–An Example from Twitter.” In International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (pp. 260–270). Springer, Cham.
   Google Scholar
• Pease, J. F., J. H. Dean, and D. L. Van Bossuyt. 2014, August. “Toward a Market-Based Lean Startup Product Design Method for the Developing World.” In International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Buffalo, NY, Vol. 46315, V02AT03A045. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• Pillai, S., B. Goldfarb, and D. A. Kirsch. 2018, July. “When Does Economic Experimentation Matter? Towards a History of the Pivot.” In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2018, No. 1, p. 18494), Academy of Management, Briarcliff Manor, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Pillai, S. D., B. Goldfarb, and D. A. Kirsch. 2020. “The Origins of Firm Strategy: Learning by Economic Experimentation and Strategic Pivots in the Early Automobile Industry.” Strategic Management Journal 41 (3): 369–399. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, M. E. 1980. Competitve Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York: Free.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, M. E. 1985. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York: FreePress.
   Google Scholar
• Raelin, J. A. 1997. “A Model of Work-Based Learning.” Organization Science 8 (6): 563–578. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.8.6.563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raimi, L. 2015. “Discourse Analysis of Entrepreneurship Definitions and Theories: Implication for Strengthening Academic Research.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship & Small Business 26 (3): 368–388. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2015.072399.
   Google Scholar
• Raynor, M. E. 1998. “That Vision Thing: Do We Need It?” Long Range Planning 31 (3): 368–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-63019880004-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricoeur, P. 1976. Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning. Texas: TCU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ries, E. 2011. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. USA: Currency.
   Google Scholar
• Ries, E. 2017. The Startup Way: How Modern Companies Use Entrepreneurial Management to Transform Culture and Drive Long-Term Growth. Currency.
   Google Scholar
• Rissen, P. 2019. “The Analysis Phase.” In Experiment-Driven Product Development, 105–114. USA: Apress.
   Google Scholar
• Rorty, R. 1999. Philosophy and Social Hope. UK: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Sadeghiani, A., S. Ahmadi, S. Shokouhyar, and B. Hajipour. 2022. “Systemic Abduction: Reconstructing Towards Concept Clarity in Management Studies.” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 52 (2): 336–361. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadeghiani, A., A. Anderson, S. Ahmadi, and S. Shokouhyar. 2021. “Theorizing ‘pivot’ in small and micro business.“ Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2021.2014205.
   Google Scholar
• Salamzadeh, A., and L. P. Dana. 2020. “The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Challenges Among Iranian Startups.” Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 33 (5): 489–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2020.1821158.
   Google Scholar
• Schatzki, T. 2016. “Sayings, Texts and Discursive Formations.“ In The Nexus of Practices, edited by A. Hui, T. Schatzki, and E. Shove, 138–152. UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schatzki, T. R. 2002. The Site of the Social: A Philosophical Account of the Constitution of Social Life and Change. Penn State University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780271023717.
   Google Scholar
• Sewell, G. 2010. “Metaphor, Myth, and Theory Building: Communication Studies Meets the Linguistic Turn in Sociology, Anthropology, and Philosophy.” Management Communication Quarterly 24 (1): 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318909351584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, D. A., and M. Gruber. 2021. “The Lean Startup Framework: Closing the Academic–Practitioner Divide.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 45 (5): 967–998. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258719899415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sklaveniti, C., and C. Steyaert. 2020. “Reflecting with Pierre Bourdieu: Towards a Reflexive Outlook for Practice-Based Studies of Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 32 (3–4): 313–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641976.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, W. R. 1956. “Product Differentiation and Market Segmentation as Alternative Marketing Strategies.” Journal of Marketing 21 (1): 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224295602100102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sole, D., and A. Edmondson. 2002. “Situated Knowledge and Learning in Dispersed Teams.” British Journal of Management 13 (S2): S17–S34. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.13.s2.3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spina, C. 2018, July. “Experimental Evidence of a Scientific Approach to Decision Making of Entrepreneurial Firms.” In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2018, No. 1, p. 18208), Academy of Management, Briarcliff Manor, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Spinelli, S., Jr, and H. McGowan. 2013. Disrupt Together: How Teams Consistently Innovate. UK: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Steyaert, C. 2007. “‘Entrepreneuring’as a Conceptual Attractor? A Review of Process Theories in 20 Years of Entrepreneurship Studies.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 19 (6): 453–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620701671759.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolze, A., T. Arnsfeld, L. Kelly, and C. Lüdtke. 2014. Faculty of Business Management and Social Sciences. Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Suddaby, R. 2010. “Editor’s Comments: Construct Clarity in Theories of Management and Organization.“ Academy of management review 35 (3): 346–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. R., and E. J. Van Every. 2010. The Situated Organization: Case Studies in the Pragmatics of Communication Research. UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Teague, B., M. D. Gorton, and Y. Liu. 2020. “Different Pitches for Different Stages of Entrepreneurial Development: The Practice of Pitching to Business Angels.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 32 (3–4): 334–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641977.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teague, B., R. Tunstall, C. Champenois, and W. B. Gartner. 2021. “Editorial: An Introduction to Entrepreneurship as Practice (EAP).” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 27 (3): 569–578. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-04-2021-872.
   Google Scholar
• Terho, H., S. Suonsyrjä, A. Karisalo, and T. Mikkonen. 2015, December. “Ways to Cross the Rubicon: Pivoting in Software Startups.” In International Conference on Product-Focused Software Process Improvement (pp. 555–568), Springer, Cham.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, N. A., K. Verduijn, and W. B. Gartner. 2020. “Entrepreneurship-As-Practice: Grounding Contemporary Theories of Practice into Entrepreneurship Studies.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 32 (3–4): 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unterkalmsteiner, M., P. Abrahamsson, X. Wang, A. Nguyen-Duc, S. Q. Shah, S. S. Bajwa, G. H. Baltes, et al. 2016. “Software Startups–A Research Agenda.” E-Informatica Software Engineering Journal 10 (1): 89–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Van, J. S., and J. Bosch. 2013. “Pivots and Architectural Decisions: Two Sides of the Same Medal? What Architecture Research and Lean Startup Can Learn from Each Other.” In Proceedings of Eight International Conference on Software Engineering Advances (ICSEA’13), Venice, Italy, 310–317.
   Google Scholar
• Varella, R. R., J. Frazão, and A. V. Oliveira. 2017. “Dynamic Pricing and Market Segmentation Responses to Low-Cost Carrier Entry.” Transportation Research Part E: Logistics & Transportation Review 98:151–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2016.12.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagenschwanz, A. M. 2021. “The Identity of Entrepreneurs: Providing Conceptual Clarity and Future Directions.” International Journal of Management Reviews 23 (1): 64–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, T. J. 2013. “Entrepreneurship in Action: Bringing Together the Individual, Organizational and Institutional Dimensions of Entrepreneurial Action.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 25 (5–6): 404–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2012.754645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittington, R. 2006. “Completing the Practice Turn in Strategy Research.” Organization Studies 27 (5): 613–634. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840606064101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittle, A., and A. Spicer. 2008. “Is Actor Network Theory Critique?” Organization Studies 29 (4): 611–629. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840607082223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yell, S. 2007. “Theorizing Text as Practice in the New Media Age.” Media Peripheries-Situated in Aotearoa, Regional in Focus, Global in Scope 10 (1): 14–23. https://doi.org/10.11157/medianz-vol10iss1id72.
   Google Scholar