Inspiring role model and compassion in nascent social entrepreneurs: does education matter?

References

• Abbasianchavari, A., and A. Moritz. 2021. “The Impact of Role Models on Entrepreneurial Intentions and Behavior: A Review of the Literature.” Management Review Quarterly 71 (1): 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-019-00179-0.
   Google Scholar
• ADB-Asian Development Bank ADB. 2012. “India Social Enterprise Landscape Report.” Mandaluyong City, Philippines. ADB publications. Accessed February 2, 2022. http://adb.org/sites/default/…/2012/india-social-enterprise-landscape-report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. 1991. “The Theory of Planned Behaviour.” Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes 50 (2): 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alarifi, G., and D. Alrubaishi. 2018. “The social entrepreneurship landscape in Saudi Arabia.” Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal 24 (4): 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Alvord, S. H., L. D. Brown, and C. W. Letts. 2004. “Social Entrepreneurship and Societal Transformation an Exploratory Study.” The Journal of Applied Behavioural Science 40 (3): 260–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886304266847.
   Google Scholar
• Andres, J. 2013. Critical Success Factors for Non-Profit Organisations Starting Social Enterprises. Alberta: Master degree Thesis submitted to University of Calgary, Haskayne School of business.
   Google Scholar
• Anwar, I., P. Thoudam, and I. Saleem. 2022. “Role of Entrepreneurial Education in Shaping Entrepreneurial Intention Among University Students: Testing the Hypotheses Using Mediation and Moderation Approach.” Journal of Education for Business 97 (1): 8–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2021.1883502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf, M. A. 2021. ““Is Old Gold?” the Role of Prior Experience in Exploring the Determinants of Islamic Social Entrepreneurial Intentions: Evidence from Bangladesh.” Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 12 (2): 265–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2019.1702580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf, M. M., M. A. Razzaque, S.-T. Liaw, P. K. Ray, and M. R. Hasan. 2019. “Social Business as an Entrepreneurship Model in Emerging Economy.” Management Decision 57 (5): 1145–1161 . https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-04-2017-0343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, J. E., and E. A. Reficco. 2009. “Corporate social entrepreneurship.” Oekologisches Wirtschaften, No. 2. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1427898.
   Google Scholar
• Austin, J., K. Stevenson, and J. Wsi-Skillern. 2006. “Social & Commercial Entrepreneurship: Same, Different, or Both?” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00107.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacq, S., and E. Alt. 2018. “Feeling Capable and Valued: A Prosocial Perspective on the Link Between Empathy and Social Entrepreneurial Intentions.” Journal of Business Venturing 33 (3): 333–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.01.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacq, S., and G. T. Lumpkin. 2021. “Social entrepreneurship and COVID‐19.” Journal of Management Studies 58 (1): 285. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P., and Y. Yi. 1989. “The Degree of Intention Formation as a Moderator of the Attitude-Behavior Relationship.” Social Psychology Quarterly 52 (4): 266–279. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786991.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baguley, S. I., A. Pavlova, and N. S. Consedine. 2022. “More Than a Feeling? What Does Compassion in Healthcare ‘Look Like’to Patients?” Health Expectations 25 (4): 1691–1702. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baierl, R., D. Grichnik, M. Spörrle, and I. M. Welpe. 2014. “Antecedents of Social Entrepreneurial Intentions: The Role of an Individual’s General Social Appraisal.” Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 5 (2): 123–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2013.871324.
   Google Scholar
• Balsiger, P. 2021. “The Dynamics of ‘Moralized Markets’: A Field Perspective.” Socio-Economic Review 19 (1): 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwz051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A., and R. H. Walters. 1977. Social Learning Theory. Vol. 1. Prentice Hall: Englewood cliffs.
   Google Scholar
• Barendsen, L., and H. Gardner. 2004. “Is the Social Entrepreneur a New Type of Leader?” Leader to Leader 2004 (34): 43. https://doi.org/10.1002/ltl.100.
   Google Scholar
• BarNir, A., W. E. Watson, and H. M. Hutchins. 2011. “Mediation and Moderated Mediation in the Relationship Among Role Models, Self‐Efficacy, Entrepreneurial Career Intention, and Gender.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 41 (2): 270–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00713.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D. 1987. “Prosocial Motivation: Is It Ever Truly Altruistic?” In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 65–122. Vol. 20. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60412-8.
   Google Scholar
• Blank, T. H., and L. Gabay-Mariani. 2021. “From Dream to Reality: The Ambivalent Role of Nascent Entrepreneurs’ Motivation in the Intention-Action Gap.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 13 (4): 1083–1111. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2020-0474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosma, N., J. Hessels, V. Schutjens, M. Van Praag, and I. Verheul. 2012. “Entrepreneurship and Role Models.” Journal of Economic Psychology 33 (2): 410–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosma, N., T. Schott, S. Terjesen, and P. Kew 2016. “GEM 2015 to 2016: Special Topic Report on Social Entrepreneurship.” Report, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, London.
   Google Scholar
• Boyatzis, R. E., M. L. Smith, and N. Blaize. 2006. “Developing Sustainable Leaders Through Coaching and Compassion.” Academy of Management Learning & Education 5 (1): 8–24. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2006.20388381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brieger, S. A., A. Bäro, G. Criaco, and S. A. Terjesen. 2021. “Entrepreneurs’ Age, Institutions, and Social Value Creation Goals: A Multi-Country Study.” Small Business Economics 57 (1): 425–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00317-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunel, 1. O., É. M. Laviolette, and M. Radu Lefebvre. 2014. “Renforcer l’auto-efficacité entrepreneuriale des étudiants par des modèles de rôle d’anciens ayant réussi ou échoué: le professeur doit-il intervenir?” Revue Internationale PME 27 (3): 193–223. https://doi.org/10.7202/1028046ar.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, D. T., and J. C. Stanley. 2015. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Norris, Illinois United States: Ravenio books.
   Google Scholar
• Carsrud, A. L., and R. W. Johnson. 1989. “Entrepreneurship: a social psychological perspective.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 1 (1): 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985628900000003.
   Google Scholar
• Chandra, Y., F. Tjiptono, and A. Setyawan. 2021. “The promise of entrepreneurial passion to advance social entrepreneurship research.” Journal of Business Venturing Insights 16:e00270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00270.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, J., A. Benamraoui, and A. Rieple. 2014. “Learning-By-Doing as an Approach to Teaching Social Entrepreneurship.” Innovations in Education and Teaching International 51 (5): 459–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2013.785251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chell, E. 2007. “Social Enterprise and Entrepreneurship Towards a Convergent Theory of the Entrepreneurial Process.” International Small Business Journal 25 (1): 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242607071779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X. P., X. Yao, and S. Kotha. 2009. “Entrepreneur Passion and Preparedness in Business Plan Presentations: A Persuasion Analysis of Venture capitalists’ Funding Decisions.” Academy of Management Journal 52 (1): 199–214. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.36462018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin, W. W., B. L. Marcolin, and P. R. Newsted. 2003. “A Partial Least Squares Latent Variable Modeling Approach for Measuring Interaction Effects: Results from a Monte Carlo Simulation Study and an Electronic-Mail Emotion/Adoption Study.” Information Systems Research 14 (2): 189–217. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.14.2.189.16018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, N., and S. Majumdar. 2014. “Social Entrepreneurship as an Essentially Contested Concept: Opening a New Avenue for Systematic Future Research.” Journal of Business Venturing 29 (3): 363–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, H., and H. Katz. 2016. “Social Entrepreneurs Narrating Their Careers: A Psychodynamic-Existential Perspective.” Australian Journal of Career Development 25 (2): 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416216658046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelissen, J. P., O. Akemu, J. G. Jonkman, and M. D. Werner. 2021. “Building Character: The Formation of a Hybrid Organizational Identity in a Social Enterprise.” Journal of Management Studies 58 (5): 1294–1330. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12640.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crupi, A., S. Liu, and W. Liu. 2022. “The Top‐Down Pattern of Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship. Bricolage and Agility in Response to COVID‐19: Cases from China.” R&D Management 52 (2): 313–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darmanto, S., and G. Yuliari. 2018. “Mediating role of entrepreneurial self efficacy in developing entrepreneurial behaviour of entrepreneur students.” Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal 24 (1): 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Dees, J. 1998. “Enterprising Non-Profits.” Harvard Business Review 76 (1): 54–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duong, C. D., and N. X. Vu. 2023. “The Single, Complementary, Balanced, and Imbalanced Influences of Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Intentions on Entrepreneurial Behaviors: Polynomial Regression with Response Surface Analysis.” Heliyon 9 (3): e14604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst, K. 2018. “Heart over mind–An empirical analysis of social entrepreneurial intention formation on the basis of the theory of planned behaviour.” Doctoral dissertation, Universität Wuppertal, Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaft/Schumpeter School of Business and Economics» Dissertationen.
   Google Scholar
• Espellita, S. R., Jr, D. S. Anticuando, C. E. L. D. Peña, N. B. Collamar, K. D. S. Bastasa, and J. M. Alqueza. 2022. Cultural Dimensions and Motivations of Social Entrepreneurship Engagement. Asian Journal of Entrepreneurship 3 (2): 26–40.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2021. “Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 2020 Thematic Chapters.” Accessed March 7, 2023. file:///C:/Users/bider/Downloads/desi_ 2020_thematic_chapters_-_full_european_analysis_22E60892-D319-9F6D-3E247D4BE7030772_67086.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Falk, R. F., and N. B. Miller. 1992. A primer for soft modeling. Akron: University of Akron Press.
   Google Scholar
• Faludi, J. 2023. “How to Create Social Value Through Digital Social Innovation? Unlocking the Potential of the Social Value Creation of Digital Start-Ups.” Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 14 (1): 73–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2020.1823871.
   Google Scholar
• Fayolle, A., B. Gailly, and N. Lassas‐Clerc. 2006. “Assessing the Impact of Entrepreneurship Education Programmes: A New Methodology.” Journal of European Industrial Training 30 (9): 701–720. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590610715022.
   Google Scholar
• Fellnhofer, K., and K. Puumalainen. 2017. “Can Role Models Boost Entrepreneurial Attitudes?” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 21 (3): 274–290. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEIM.2017.083476.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fornell, C., and F. L. Bookstein. 1982. “Two Structural Equation Models: LISREL and PLS Applied to Consumer Exit-Voice Theory.” Journal of Marketing Research 19 (4): 440–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378201900406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORNELL, C., and D. F. Larcker. 1981. “Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics.” Journal of Marketing Research 18 (3): 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganguli, I., M. Huysentruyt, and C. Le Coq. 2021. “How Do Nascent Social Entrepreneurs Respond to Rewards? A Field Experiment on Motivations in a Grant Competition.” Management Science 67 (10): 6294–6316. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2020.3793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Villaverde, P. M., J. Rodrigo-Alarcón, M. J. Ruiz-Ortega, and G. Parra-Requena. 2018. “The Role of Knowledge Absorptive Capacity on the Relationship Between Cognitive Social Capital and Entrepreneurial Orientation.” Journal of Knowledge Management 22 (5): 1015–1036. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-07-2017-0304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, G., R. K. Merrill, and S. J. Schillebeeckx. 2021. “Digital Sustainability and Entrepreneurship: How Digital Innovations are Helping Tackle Climate Change and Sustainable Development.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 45 (5): 999–1027. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258719899425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gieure, C., M. Del Mar Benavides-Espinosa, and S. Roig-Dobón. 2020. “The Entrepreneurial Process: The Link Between Intentions and Behaviour.” Journal of Business Research 112:541–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.088.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz, J. L., D. Keltner, and E. Simon-Thomas. 2010. “Compassion: An Evolutionary Analysis and Empirical Review.” Psychological Bulletin 136 (3): 351. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes, M. G., J. S. McMullen, T. J. Vogus, and T. L. Miller. 2013. “Studying the Origins of Social Entrepreneurship: Compassion and the Role of Embedded Agency.” Academy of Management Review 38 (3): 460–463. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2012.0429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruen, R. J., and G. Mendelsohn. 1986. “Emotional Responses to Affective Displays in Others: The Distinction Between Empathy and Sympathy.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (3): 609. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.3.609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Jr., G. T. M. Hult, C. M. Ringle, and M. Sarstedt. 2014. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications. 307. Reviewed by Lawrence Hoc Nang Fong and Rob Law, European Journal of Tourism Research Vol. 6(2), –307.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., G. T. M. Hult, C. M. Ringle, and M. Sarstedt. 2017. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). 2nd ed. New York, United States: Sage Publicstion.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., C. M. Ringle, and M. Sarstedt. 2011. “PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet.” Journal of Marketing Theory & Practice 19 (2): 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Jr, M. Sarstedt, L. M. Matthews, and C. M. Ringle. 2016. “Identifying and Treating Unobserved Heterogeneity with FIMIX-PLS: Part I–Method.” European Business Review 28 (1): 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-09-2015-0094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakami, S. 2021. “The Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Community Development. A Case Study of Social Entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia.” Psychology and Education Journal 58 (2): 154–161. https://doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.1065.
   Google Scholar
• Halberstadt, J., and A. B. Spiegler. 2018. “Networks and the Idea-Fruition Process of Female Social Entrepreneurs in South Africa.” Social Enterprise Journal 14 (4): 429–449. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-01-2018-0012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman, H. H. 1976. Modern Factor Analysis. Chicago, United States: University of Chicago press.
   Google Scholar
• Hartigan, P. 2006. “It’s About People, Not Profits.” Business Strategy Review 17 (4): 42–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0955-6419.2006.00433.x.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, H. M. 2020. “Intention towards social entrepreneurship of university students in an emerging economy: the influence of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurship education.” On the Horizon-The Strategic Planning Resource for Education Professionals 28 (3): 133–151. https://doi.org/10.1108/OTH-04-2020-0012.
   Google Scholar
• Henseler, J., T. K. Dijkstra, M. Sarstedt, C. M. Ringle, A. Diamantopoulos, D. W. Straub, D. J. Ketchen Jr, J. F. Hair, G. T. M. Hult, and R. J. Calantone. 2014. “Common Beliefs and Reality About PLS: Comments on Rönkkö and Evermann (2013).” Organizational Research Methods 17 (2): 182–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114526928.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henseler, J., G. Hubona, and P. A. Ray. 2016. “Using PLS Path Modeling in New Technology Research: Updated Guidelines.” Industrial Management & Data Systems 116 (1): 2–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2015-0382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hockerts, K. 2015. “The Social Entrepreneurial Antecedents Scale (SEAS): A Validation Study.” Social Enterprise Journal 11 (3): 260. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-05-2014-0026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hockerts, K. 2017. “Determinants of social entrepreneurial intentions.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 41 (1): 105–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hockerts, K. 2018. “The Effect of Experiential Social Entrepreneurship Education on Intention Formation in Students.” Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 9 (3): 234–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2018.1498377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppe, M., M. Westerberg, and E. Leffler. 2017. “Educational Approaches to Entrepreneurship in Higher Education: A View from the Swedish Horizon.” Education+ Training 59 (7/8): 751–767. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-12-2016-0177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ip, C. Y., C. Liang, H. J. Lai, and Y. J. Chang. 2021. “Determinants of Social Entrepreneurial Intention: An Alternative Model Based on Social Cognitive Career Theory.” Nonprofit Management and Leadership 31 (4): 737–760. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ip, C. Y., T. Zhuge, Y. S. Chang, T. H. Huang, and Y. L. Chen. 2022. “Exploring the determinants of nascent social entrepreneurial behaviour.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (6): 3556. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadiyil, P. R., A. Forrier, and M. B. Arthur. 2020. “Introduction to Career Dynamics in a Global World.” In Career Dynamics in a Global World, 1–10. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Kanov, J. M., S. Maitlis, M. C. Worline, J. E. Dutton, P. J. Frost, and J. M. Lilius. 2004. “Compassion in organizational life.” American Behavioural Scientist 47 (6): 808–827. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764203260211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kickul, J., L. Gundry, P. Mitra, and L. Berçot. 2018. “Designing with Purpose: Advocating Innovation, Impact, Sustainability, and Scale in Social Entrepreneurship Education.” Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy 1 (2): 205–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515127418772177.
   Google Scholar
• Koe Hwee Nga, J., and G. Shamuganathan. 2010. “The Influence of Personality Traits and Demographic Factors on Social Entrepreneurship Start Up Intentions.” Journal of Business Ethics 95 (2): 259–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0358-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb, D. A. 2014. Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. New Jersey (US): FT press.
   Google Scholar
• Kolvereid, L. 1996. “Prediction of Employment Status Choice Intentions.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 21 (1): 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879602100104.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, N. F., Jr, M. D. Reilly, and A. L. Carsrud. 2000. “Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions.” Journal of Business Venturing 15 (5–6): 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse, P. 2020. “Can There Only Be One?–An Empirical Comparison of Four Models on Social Entrepreneurial Intention Formation.” International Entrepreneurship & Management Journal 16 (2): 641–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00608-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehn, K. W. 2008. “Entrepreneurial intentions research: Implications for entrepreneurship education.” Journal of Entrepreneurship Education 11:87–98.
   Google Scholar
• Lall, S. A., and J. Park. 2022. “How Social Ventures Grow: Understanding the Role of Philanthropic Grants in Scaling Social Entrepreneurship.” Business & Society 61 (1): 3–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650320973434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laviolette, E. M., M. R. Lefebvre, and O. Brunel. 2012. “The Impact of Story Bound Entrepreneurial Role Models on Self‐Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research 18 (6): 720–742. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551211268148.
   Google Scholar
• Lent, R. W., S. D. Brown, and G. Hackett. 2002. “Social Cognitive Career Theory.” Career Choice and Development 4 (1): 255–311.
   Google Scholar
• Lepoutre, J., R. Justo, S. Terjesen, and N. Bosma. 2013. “Designing a global standardized methodology for measuring social entrepreneurship activity: the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor social entrepreneurship study.” Small Business Economics 40 (3): 693–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9398-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C., M. Murad, S. F. Ashraf, N. Syed, and M. Riaz. 2020. “Entrepreneurial Nascent Behaviour: The Role of Causation Process in Opportunity Discovery and Creation.” Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 8 (4): 183–200. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2020.080410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liñán, F., J. C. Rodríguez-Cohard, and J. M. Rueda-Cantuche. 2011. “Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intention Levels: A Role for Education.” International Entrepreneurship & Management Journal 7 (2): 195–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-010-0154-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorz, M., and T. Volery. 2011. “The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Intention.” University of St. Gallen.
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, S. B., P. M. Podsakoff, and C. B. Jarvis. 2005. “The Problem of Measurement Model Misspecification in Behavioural and Organizational Research and Some Recommended Solutions.” Journal of Applied Psychology 90 (4): 710. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mair, J., and E. Noboa. 2006. “Social Entrepreneurship: How Intentions to Create a Social Venture are Formed.” In Social Entrepreneurship, edited by J. Mair, J. Robinson, and K. Hockerts, 121–135. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230625655_8.
   Google Scholar
• Mandyoli, B., C. G. Iwu, and Z. Magoda. 2016. “Determining the Nexus Between Social Entrepreneurship and the Employability of Graduates.” Socioeconomica 5 (10): 279–298. https://doi.org/10.12803/SJSECO.51009.
   Google Scholar
• Markman, G. D., D. B. Balkin, and R. A. Baron. 2002. “Inventors and New Venture Formation: The Effects of General Self–Efficacy and Regretful Thinking.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 27 (2): 149–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00004.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez-Gregorio, S., L. Badenes-Ribera, and A. Oliver. 2021. “Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurship Intention and Related Outcomes in Educational Contexts: A Meta-Analysis.” The International Journal of Management Education 19 (3): 100545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, B. C., J. J. McNally, and M. J. Kay. 2013. “Examining the Formation of Human Capital in Entrepreneurship: A Meta-Analysis of Entrepreneurship Education Outcomes.” Journal of Business Venturing 28 (2): 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee, J. E., M. Peterson, S. L. Mueller, and J. M. Sequeira. 2009. “Entrepreneurial Self–Efficacy: Refining the Measure.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33 (4): 965–988. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00304.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, T. L., M. G. Grimes, J. S. McMullen, and T. J. Vogus. 2012. “Venturing for Others with Heart and Head: How Compassion Encourages Social Entrepreneurship.” Academy of Management Review 37 (4): 616–640. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsha’at. 2020. unleashing-the-power-of-the-social-enterprise-sector-in-saudi-arabia.pdf (pwc.com). Assessed January 18, 2024.
   Google Scholar
• Moon, C. W., and Y. S. Koh 2015, July. Compassion, pro-social motivation and social entrepreneurship: An empirical investigation. In Proceedings of the Third Asia-Pacific Conference on Global Business, Economics, Finance and Banking, 17-19 July 2015, Singapore, 23.
   Google Scholar
• Motta, V. F., and S. V. R. Galina. 2023. “Experiential learning in entrepreneurship education: A systematic literature review.” Teaching and Teacher Education 121:103919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mungai, E., and S. R. Velamuri. 2011. “Parental entrepreneurial role model influence on male offspring: Is it always positive and when does it occur?.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 35 (2): 337–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00363.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardini, G., M. G. Bublitz, C. Butler, S. Croom-Raley, J. Edson Escalas, J. Hansen, and L. A. Peracchio. 2022. “Scaling Social Impact: Marketing to Grow Nonprofit Solutions.” Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 41 (3): 254–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/07439156221087997.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naveed, M., M. Q. Zia, S. Younis, and Z. A. Shah. 2021. “Relationship of individual social entrepreneurial orientations and intentions: role of social entrepreneurship education.” Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 15 (1): 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-07-2020-0118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndofirepi, T. M. 2020. “Relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial goal intentions: psychological traits as mediators.” Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 9 (1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-0115-x.
   Google Scholar
• Nowiński, W., and M. Y. Haddoud. 2019. “The Role of Inspiring Role Models in Enhancing Entrepreneurial Intention.” Journal of Business Research 96:183–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussbaum, M. 1996. “Compassion: The Basic Social Emotion.” Social Philosophy and Policy 13 (1): 27–58. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052500001515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD| European Commission. 2013. “Policy brief on social entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial activities in Europe.” Accessed July 13, 2022. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/industry-and-services/policy-brief-on-social-entrepreneurship_13d53589-en.
   Google Scholar
• Omoto, A. M., A. M. Malsch, and J. A. Barraza. 2008. “Compassionate acts: Motivations for and correlates of volunteerism among older adults.” In The science of compassionate love: Theory, research, and applications, edited by B. Fehr, S. Sprecher, and L. G. Underwood, 257–282. Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444303070.ch9.
   Google Scholar
• Oosterbeek, H., M. Van Praag, and A. Ijsselstein. 2010. “The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation.” European Economic Review 54 (3): 442–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2009.08.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormiston, J., and R. Seymour. 2011. “Understanding value creation in social entrepreneurship: The importance of aligning mission, strategy and impact measurement.” Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 2 (2): 125–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2011.606331.
   Google Scholar
• Park, C., M. Keil, and J. W. Kim. 2009. “The Effect of IT Failure Impact and Personal Morality on IT Project Reporting Behaviour.” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 56 (1): 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2008.2009794.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham, L. X., L. T. Phan, A. N. H. Le, and A. B. N. Tuan. 2022. “Factors Affecting Social Entrepreneurial Intention: An Application of Social Cognitive Career Theory.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 0 (0). https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2021-0316.
   Google Scholar
• Pittz, T. G., L. T. Madden, and D. Mayo. 2016. “Catalyzing Social Innovation: Leveraging Compassion and Open Strategy in Social Entrepreneurship.” New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 20 (2): 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1108/NEJE-20-02-2017-B003.
   Google Scholar
• Povey, R., M. Conner, P. Sparks, R. James, and R. Shepherd. 2000. “Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Two Dietary Behaviours: Roles of Perceived Control and Self‐Efficacy.” British Journal of Health Psychology 5 (2): 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910700168810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahmanti, V. N., and H. Subandi. 2024. “Redefining Social Entrepreneurship as a Strategy to Strengthen the Social Welfare of SDGs.” Migration Letters 21 (S2): 110–132.
   Google Scholar
• Ramoglou, S., and E. W. Tsang. 2016. “A realist perspective of entrepreneurship: Opportunities as propensities.” Academy of Management Review 41 (3): 410–434. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2014.0281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauch, A., and W. Hulsink. 2015. “Putting Entrepreneurship Education Where the Intention to Act Lies: An Investigation into the Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Behavior.” Academy of Management Learning & Education 14 (2): 187–204. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2012.0293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, R. E., and G. J. de Bruijn. 2013. “How Big is the Physical Activity Intention–Behaviour Gap? A Meta‐Analysis Using the Action Control Framework.” British Journal of Health Psychology 18 (2): 296–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, R. E., H. M. Macdonald, and H. A. McKay. 2006. “Predicting Physical Activity Intention and Behaviour Among Children in a Longitudinal Sample.” Social Science & Medicine 62 (12): 3146–3156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sana, H. A., S. Alkhalaf, S. Zulfiqar, W. M. Al-Rahmi, A. S. Al-Adwan, and A. R. AlSoud. 2021. “Upshots of intrinsic traits on social entrepreneurship intentions among young business graduates: An investigation through moderated-mediation model.” Sustainability 13 (9): 5192. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satar, M. S. 2019. “Towards developing a comprehensive model for describing the phenomenon of community engagement in social enterprises.” Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 13 (4): 472–488. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-03-2018-0024.
   Google Scholar
• Satar, S. 2022. “Sustainability and Triple Bottom Line Planning in Social Enterprises: Developing the Guidelines for Social Entrepreneurs.” International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17 (3): 813–821. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170311.
   Google Scholar
• Satar, M. S., and G. Alarifi. 2022. “Social entrepreneurship and covid-19: managing the crisis.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship 26 (S1): 1–11. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/social-entrepreneurship-and-covid19-managing-the-crisis-13344.html.
   Google Scholar
• Satar, M. S., and S. John. 2019. “The critical success factors of social entrepreneurship in India: An empirical study.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship & Small Business 37 (3): 309–341. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2019.101103.
   Google Scholar
• Satar, M. S., S. John, A. Ahmed, and A. Ahmed. 2016. “A conceptual model of critical success factors for Indian social enterprises.” World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 12 (2): 113–138. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-09-2015-0042.
   Google Scholar
• Satar, M. S., and S. Natasha. 2019. “Individual social entrepreneurship orientation: towards development of a measurement scale.” Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 13 (1): 49–72. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-09-2018-0052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saudi Gazette. 2021. “Saudi Arabia’s small businesses went digital during pandemic to help attract and retain customers.” Report. Accessed June 11, 2023. https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/603101.
   Google Scholar
• Schlaegel, C., and M. Koenig. 2014. “Determinants of entrepreneurial intent: A meta–analytic test and integration of competing models.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 38 (2): 291–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahid, S. M., and G. Alarifi. 2021. “Social entrepreneurship education: A conceptual framework and review.” The International Journal of Management Education 19 (3): 100533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahid Satar, M., G. Alarifi, A. A. Alkhoraif, and M. Asad. 2023. “Influence of perceptual and demographic factors on the likelihood of becoming social entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and United Arab Emirates–an empirical analysis.” Cogent Business & Management 10 (3): 2253577. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2253577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheeran, P., and T. L. Webb. 2016. “The Intention–Behavior Gap.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 10 (9): 503–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, D. 2015. “Party On! A call for entrepreneurship research that is more interactive, activity based, cognitively hot, compassionate, and prosocial.” Journal of Business Venturing 30 (4): 489–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2015.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiota, M. N., D. Keltner, and O. P. John. 2006. “Positive Emotion Dispositions Differentially Associated with Big Five Personality and Attachment Style.” The Journal of Positive Psychology 1 (2): 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500510833.
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair, S., K. Beamer, T. F. Hack, S. McClement, S. Raffin Bouchal, H. M. Chochinov, and N. A. Hagen. 2017. “Sympathy, Empathy, and Compassion: A Grounded Theory Study of Palliative Care patients’ Understandings, Experiences, and Preferences.” Palliative Medicine 31 (5): 437–447. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216316663499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, W. K., M. L. Besharov, A. K. Wessels, and M. Chertok. 2012. “A Paradoxical Leadership Model for Social Entrepreneurs: Challenges, Leadership Skills, and Pedagogical Tools for Managing Social and Commercial Demands.” Academy of Management Learning & Education 11 (3): 463–478. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2011.0021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, I. H., and W. P. Woodworth. 2012. “Developing Social Entrepreneurs and Social Innovators: A Social Identity and Self-Efficacy Approach.” Academy of Management Learning & Education 11 (3): 390–407. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2011.0016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souitaris, V., S. Zerbinati, and A. Al-Laham. 2007. “Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources.” Journal of Business Venturing 22 (4): 566–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.05.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, S. D., D. D. Brock, T. G. Pittz, and E. Liguori. 2018. “Multi-disciplinary involvement in social entrepreneurship education: A uniquely threaded ecosystem.” Journal of Ethics & Entrepreneurship 8 (1): 73–91.
   Google Scholar
• Stirzaker, R., L. Galloway, J. Muhonen, and D. Christopoulos. 2021. “The drivers of social entrepreneurship: agency, context, compassion and opportunism.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 27 (6): 1381–1402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, M. 1974. “Cross-validation and multinomial prediction.” Biometrika 61 (3): 509–515. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/61.3.509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutter, C., G. D. Bruton, and J. Chen. 2019. “Entrepreneurship as a solution to extreme poverty: A review and future research directions.” Journal of Business Venturing 34 (1): 197–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.06.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney, C. D. 2019. “DAISY faculty: Role modeling compassion for the next generation of nurses.” JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration 49 (3): 113–115. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000000721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, L. P., A. N. H. Le, and L. P. Xuan. 2020. “A systematic literature review on social entrepreneurial intention.” Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 11 (3): 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2019.1640770.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenenhaus, M., V. E. Vinzi, Y. M. Chatelin, and C. Lauro. 2005. “PLS path modeling.” Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 48 (1): 159–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2004.03.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracey, P., and N. Phillips. 2007. “The Distinctive Challenge of Educating Social Entrepreneurs: A Postscript and Rejoinder to the Special Issue on Entrepreneurship Education.” Academy of Management Learning & Education 6 (2): 264–271. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2007.25223465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran, A. T., and H. Von Korflesch. 2016. “A conceptual model of social entrepreneurial intention based on the social cognitive career theory.” Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 10 (1): 17–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-12-2016-007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trexler, J. 2008. “Social entrepreneurship as algorithm: Is social enterprise sustainable?.” E: Co Issue 10 (3): 65–85.
   Google Scholar
• UN. 2020. “Youth, social entrepreneurship, and the 2030 agenda.” New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2020-World-Youth-Report-FULL-FINAL.pdf (un.org)
   Google Scholar
• Urban, B. 2020. “Entrepreneurial alertness, self-efficacy and social entrepreneurship intentions.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 27 (3): 489–507. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-08-2019-0285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urban, B., and L. Kujinga. 2017. “The institutional environment and social entrepreneurship intentions.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research 23 (4): 638–655. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2016-0218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gelderen, M., M. Brand, M. Van Praag, W. Bodewes, E. Poutsma, and A. Van Gils. 2008. “Explaining Entrepreneurial Intentions by Means of the Theory of Planned Behaviour.” Career Development International 13 (6): 538–559. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810901688.
   Google Scholar
• Van Gelderen, M., T. Kautonen, and M. Fink. 2015. “From entrepreneurial intentions to actions: Self-control and action-related doubt, fear, and aversion.” Journal of Business Venturing 30 (5): 655–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2015.01.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vision-2030. 2016. Online. [Accessed May 13, 2022. https://www.vision2030.gov.sa/media/rc0b5oy1/saudi_vision203.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wartman, S. A., and C. D. Combs. 2019. “Reimagining medical education in the age of AI.” AMA Journal of Ethics 21 (2): 146–152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weerawardena, J., and G. S. Mort. 2006. “Investigating social entrepreneurship: A multidimensional model.” Journal of World Business 41 (1): 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weerawardena, J., S. Salunke, N. Haigh, and G. S. Mort. 2021. “Business model innovation in social purpose organizations: Conceptualizing dual social-economic value creation.” Journal of Business Research 125:762–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.10.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, T. A., and D. A. Shepherd. 2016. “Building Resilience or Providing Sustenance: Different Paths of Emergent Ventures in the Aftermath of the Haiti Earthquake.” Academy of Management Journal 59 (6): 2069–2102. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0682.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wry, T., and J. G. York. 2017. “An identity-based approach to social enterprise.” Academy of Management Review 42 (3): 437–460. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2013.0506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yitshaki, R., and F. Kropp. 2016. “Motivations and opportunity recognition of social entrepreneurs.” Journal of Small Business Management 54 (2): 546–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yitshaki, R., F. Kropp, and B. Honig. 2022. “The role of compassion in shaping social entrepreneurs’ prosocial opportunity recognition.” Journal of Business Ethics 179 (2): 617–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04860-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younis, A., P. Xiaobao, M. A. Nadeem, S. Kanwal, A. H. Pitafi, G. Qiong, and D. Yuzhen. 2021. “Impact of positivity and empathy on social entrepreneurial intention: The moderating role of perceived social support.” Journal of Public Affairs 21 (1): e2124. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahra, S. A., E. Gedajlovic, D. O. Neubaum, and J. M. Shulman. 2009. “A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges.” Journal of Business Venturing 24 (5): 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.04.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahra, S. A., and M. Wright. 2016. “Understanding the Social Role of Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Management Studies 53 (4): 610–629. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapkau, F. B., C. Schwens, and R. Kabst. 2017. “The role of prior entrepreneurial exposure in the entrepreneurial process: A review and future research implications.” Journal of Small Business Management 55 (1): 56–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapkau, F. B., C. Schwens, H. Steinmetz, and R. Kabst. 2015. “Disentangling the effect of prior entrepreneurial exposure on entrepreneurial intention.” Journal of Business Research 68 (3): 639–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.08.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zettel, L., and R. Garrett. 2023. “A pragmatic perspective on social entrepreneurial opportunities.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research 29 (6): 1376–1395. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-09-2022-0851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, H., S. E. Seibert, and G. E. Hills. 2005. “The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions.” Journal of Applied Psychology 90 (6): 1265. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar