Historical shocks and community-based enterprises: the slave trades, family dynamics, and social entrepreneurship in Africa

References

• Adjei, E. K., R. H. Eriksson, U. Lindgren, and E. Holm. 2019. “Familial Relationships and Firm Performance: The Impact of Entrepreneurial Family Relationships.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 31 (5–6): 357–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1514074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldrich, H. E., and J. E. Cliff. 2003. “The Pervasive Effects of Family on Entrepreneurship: Toward a Family Embeddedness Perspective.” Journal of Business Venturing 18:573–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00011-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, J., H. Stevenson, and J. Wei-Skillern. 2006. “Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Same, Different, or Both?” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00107.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacq, S., C. Hertel, and G. T. Lumpkin. 2022. “Communities at the Nexus of Entrepreneurship and Societal Impact: A Cross-Disciplinary Literature Review.” Journal of Business Venturing 37 (5): 106231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2022.106231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacq, S., and F. Janssen. 2011. “The Multiple Faces of Social Entrepreneurship: A Review of Definitional Issues Based on Geographical and Thematic Criteria.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 23 (5–6): 373–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2011.577242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baughn, C. C., B.-L. Chua, and K. E. Neupert. 2006. “The Normative Context for Women’s Participation in Entrepreneurship: A Multicountry Study.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30 (5): 687–708. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00142.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudreaux, K. 2007. “Reconciliation: Entrepreneurship and Commercial Activity in Post-Conflict Rwanda.” Economic Affairs 27 (2): 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2007.00724.x.
   Google Scholar
• Branzei, O., S. C. Parker, P. W. Moroz, and E. Gamble. 2018. “Going Pro-Social: Extending the Individual-Venture Nexus to the Collective Level.” Journal of Business Venturing 33 (5): 551–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.06.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Council. 2020. “Social Enterprise and Job Creation in Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/social_enterprise_and_job_creation_in_sub-saharan_africa_final_singlepages.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Brush, C. G. 1992. “Research on Women Business Owners: Past Trends, a New Perspective and Future Directions.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 16 (4): 5–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879201600401.
   Google Scholar
• Bullough, A., M. Renko, and T. Myatt. 2013. “Danger Zone Entrepreneurs: The Importance of Resilience and Self-Efficacy for Entrepreneurial Intentions.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 38 (3): 473–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Certo, S. T., and T. Miller. 2008. “Social Entrepreneurship: Key Issues and Concepts.” Business Horizons 51 (4): 267–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2008.02.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Community Partnering for Local Development. 2019. “What Are Community Based Enterprises.” http://www.communitypartnering.info/what45.html.
   Google Scholar
• Cron, W. L., M. C. Gilly, J. L. Graham, and J. W. Slocum. 2009. “Gender Differences in the Pricing of Professional Services: Implications for Income and Customer Relationships.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 109 (1): 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.11.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumming, D., S. Johan, and I. Uzuegbunam. 2020. “An Anatomy of Entrepreneurial Pursuits in Relation to Poverty.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 32 (1–2): 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danieli, Y. 1998. “Assessing Trauma Across Cultures from a Multigenerational Perspective.” In International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma, edited by Y. Danieli, 65–89. New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Datta, P., and R. Gailey. 2012. “Empowering Women Through Social Entrepreneurship: Case of a Women’s Cooperative in India.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 36 (3): 569–587. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00505.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawkins, S., A. W. Tien, A. Newman, and A. Martin. 2017. “Psychological Ownership.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 38 (2): 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defourny, J., and M. Nyssens. 2008. “Social Enterprise in Europe: Recent Trends and Developments.” Social Enterprise Journal 4 (3): 202–228. https://doi.org/10.1108/17508610810922703.
   Google Scholar
• Entrepreneurship Database Program. 2018. Accessed October 14, 2022. https://www.galidata.org/entrepreneurs/.
   Google Scholar
• Foo, M.-D., B. Vissa, and B. Wu. 2020. “Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 14 (3): 289–301. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes, M. G., J. Gehman, and K. Cao. 2018. “Positively Deviant: Identity Work Through B Corporation Certification.” Journal of Business Venturing 33 (2): 130–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handy, F., R. A. Cnaan, G. Bhat, and L. C. P. M. Meijs. 2011. “Jasmine Growers of Coastal Karnataka: Grassroots Sustainable Community-Based Enterprise in India.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 23 (5–6): 405–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2011.580166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasenzagl, R., I. Hatak, and H. Frank. 2018. “Problematizing Socioemotional Wealth in Family Firms: A Systems-Theoretical Reframing.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 30 (1–2): 199–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2017.1401123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrington, M., and A. Coduras. 2019. “The National Entrepreneurship Framework Conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparative Study of GEM Data/National Expert Surveys for South Africa, Angola, Mozambique and Madagascar.” Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research 9 (1): 60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-019-0183-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. 1984. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. 2nd ed. Beverly Hills CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Jami, A., M. Kouchaki, F. Gino, G. V. Johar, M. C. Campbell, and C. Lamberton. 2021. “I Own, so I Help Out: How Psychological Ownership Increases Prosocial Behavior.” Journal of Consumer Research 47 (5): 698–715. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucaa040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jay, J. 2013. “Navigating Paradox as a Mechanism of Change and Innovation in Hybrid Organizations.” Academy of Management Journal 56 (1): 137–159. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, J. E., and C. G. Brush. 2013. “Research on Women Entrepreneurs: Challenges to (And From) the Broader Entrepreneurship Literature.” The Academy of Management Annals 7 (1): 663–715. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2013.782190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Justo, R., D. R. Detienne, and P. Sieger. 2015. “Failure or Voluntary Exist? Reassessing the Female Underperformance Hypothesis.” Journal of Business Venturing 30 (6): 775–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2015.04.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khavul, S., G. D. Bruton, and E. Wood. 2009. “Informal Family Business in Africa.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33 (6): 1219–1238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00342.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khayesi, J. N. O., G. George, and J. Antonakis. 2014. “Kinship in Entrepreneur Networks: Performance Effects of Resource Assembly in Africa.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 38 (6): 1323–1342. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibler, E., V. Salmivaara, P. Stenholm, and S. Terjesen. 2018. “The Evaluative Legitimacy of Social Entrepreneurship in Capitalist Welfare Systems.” Journal of World Business 53 (6): 944–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2018.08.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirmayer, L. J., J. P. Gone, and J. Moses. 2014. “Rethinking Historical Trauma.” Transcultural Psychiatry 51 (3): 299–319. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461514536358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koelle, S. W. 1854. Polyglotta Africana: Or, a Comparative Vocabulary of Nearly Three Hundred Words and Phrases, in More Than One Hundred Distinct African Languages. London: Church Missionary House.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y., and S. A. Zahra. 2012. “Formal Institutions, Culture, and Venture Capital Activity: A Cross-Country Analysis.” Journal of Business Venturing 27 (1): 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.06.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumpkin, G. T., and S. Bacq. 2022. “Family Business, Community Embeddedness, and Civic Wealth Creation.” Journal of Family Business Strategy 13 (2): 100469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2021.100469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mair, J., and I. Marti. 2006. “Social Entrepreneurship Research: A Source of Explanation, Prediction, and Delight.” Journal of World Business 41 (1): 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlow, S. 2020. “Gender and Entrepreneurship: Past Achievements and Future Possibilities.” International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 12 (1): 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-05-2019-0090.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nafziger, E. W. 1969. “The Effect of the Nigerian Extended Family on Entrepreneurial Activity.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 18 (1, Part 1): 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1086/450400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naidu, S., and A. Chand. 2017. “National Culture, Gender Inequality and Women’s Success in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.” Social Indicators Research 130 (2): 647–664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1203-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunn, N. 2008. “The Long-Term Effects of Africa’s Slave Trades.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 123 (1): 139–176. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2008.123.1.139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunn, N. 2017. “Understanding the Long-Run Effects of Africa’s Slave Trades.” In The Long Economic and Political Shadow of History Volume II. Africa and Asia, edited by S. Michalopoulos, and E. Papaioannou, 36–48. London, UK: CEPR Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nunn, N., and L. Wantchekon. 2011. “The Slave Trade and the Origins of Mistrust in Africa.” American Economic Review 101 (7): 3221–3252. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.7.3221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peattie, K., and A. Morley. 2008. “Eight Paradoxes of the Social Enterprise Research Agenda.” Social Enterprise Journal 4 (2): 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1108/17508610810901995.
   Google Scholar
• Peredo, A. M., and J. J. Chrisman. 2006. “Toward a Theory of Community-Based Enterprise.” Academy of Management Review 31 (2): 309–328. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.20208683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peredo, A. M., and J. J. Chrisman. 2017. “Conceptual Foundations: Community-Based Enterprise and Community Development.” In Entrepreneurial Neighbourhoods: Towards an Understanding of the Economies of Neighbourhoods and Communities, edited by M. V Ham, D. Reuschke, R. Kleinhans, C. Mason, and S. Syrett, 151–178. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/usd/entrepreneurial-neighbourhoods-9781785367236.html.
   Google Scholar
• Peredo, A., and M. McLean. 2006. “Social Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review of the Concept.” Journal of World Business 41 (1): 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.10.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce J. L., T. Kostova, and K. T. Dirks. 2001. “Toward a Theory of Psychological Ownership in Organizations.” Academy of Management Review 26 (2): 298–310. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.4378028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, J. L., T. Kostova, and K. T. Dirks. 2003. “The State of Psychological Ownership: Integrating and Extending a Century of Research.” Review of General Psychology 7 (1): 84–107. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.1.84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, J. L., S. A. Rubenfeld, and S. Morgan. 1991. “Employee Ownership: A Conceptual Model of Process and Effects.” The Academy of Management Review 16 (1): 121–144. https://doi.org/10.2307/258609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, L., and J. A. Snyder. 2018. “The Historical Slave Trade and Firm Access to Finance in Africa.” The Review of Financial Studies 31 (1): 142–174. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhx091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, L., and J. A. Snyder. 2020. “Historical Origins of Firm Ownership Structure: The Persistent Effects of the African Slave Trade.” Academy of Management Journal 63 (6): 1687–1713. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2018.0597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redhead, G., and Z. Bika. 2022. “‘Adopting Place’: How an Entrepreneurial Sense of Belonging Can Help Revitalise Communities.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 34 (3–4): 222–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2022.2049375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieger, V., A. Grundler, H.-J. Winkler, B. Tschauner, and A. Engelen. 2021. “A Cross-National Perspective of Compassion’s Role in Driving Social Entrepreneurial Intentions.” Journal of International Management 27 (1): 100824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2021.100824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera-Santos, M., D. Holt, D. Littlewood, and A. Kolk. 2015. “Social Entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Academy of Management Perspectives 29 (1): 72–91. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2013.0128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahasranamam, S., M. K. Nandakumar, V. Pereira, and Y. Temouri. 2021. “Knowledge Capital in Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Investigating the Role of Informal Institutions.” Journal of International Management 27 (1): 100833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2021.100833.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, F. M. 2012. “A Positive Theory of Social Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Ethics 111 (3): 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1413-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, L., C. Dolan, M. Johnstone-Louis, K. Sugden, and M. Wu. 2012. “Enterprise and Inequality: A Study of Avon in South Africa.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 36 (3): 543–568. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00507.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slade Shantz, A. F., G. M. Kistruck, D. F. Pacheco, and J. W. Webb. 2020. “How Formal and Informal Hierarchies Shape Conflict within Cooperatives: A Field Experiment in Ghana.” Academy of Management Journal 63 (2): 503–529. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2018.0335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, P. B. 2004. “Nations, Cultures and Individuals: New Perspectives on Old Dilemmas.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 35 (1): 6–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103260460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabellini, G. 2008. “The Scope of Cooperation: Values and Incentives.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 123 (3): 905–950. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2008.123.3.905.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. L. 2002. “The World of the Social Entrepreneur.” International Journal of Public Sector Management 15 (5): 412–431. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550210435746.
   Google Scholar
• Tracey, P., N. Phillips, and O. Jarvis. 2011. “Bridging Institutional Entrepreneurship and the Creation of New Organizational Forms: A Multilevel Model.” Organizational Science 22 (1): 60–80. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1090.0522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uzuegbunam, A. O., and I. Uzuegbunam. 2018. “Arm’s-Length or Give-And-Take: Gender Differences in the Relational Orientation of New Ventures in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 12 (4): 522–541. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadhwani, R. D., D. Kirsch, F. Welter, W. B. Gartner, and G. G. Jones. 2020. “Context, Time, and Change: Historical Approaches to Entrepreneurship Research.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 14 (1): 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weerawardena, J., and G. S. Mort. 2006. “Investigating Social Entrepreneurship: A Multi-Dimensional Model.” Journal of World Business 41 (1): 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welter, F. 2011. “Contextualizing Entrepreneurship: Conceptual Challenges and Ways Forward.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 35 (1): 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00427.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahra, S. A., E. Gedajlovic, D. O. Neubaum, and J. M. Shulman. 2009. “A Typology of Social Entrepreneurs: Motives, Search Processes and Ethical Challenges.” Journal of Business Venturing 24 (5): 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.04.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahra, S. A., and M. Wright. 2011. “Entrepreneurship’s Next Act.” Academy of Management Perspectives 25 (4): 67–83. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2010.0149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar