Doping Doctors: The Influence of the Marketing Departments of Pharmaceutical Companies on Physician and Researcher Behavior in Japan

References

• A Standing Committee for Science and the Society, the Science Council of Japan. 2005, July 21. Current status of misconduct in science and preventive measures. http://www.scj.go.jp/ja/info/kohyo/pdf/kohyo-19-t1031-8.pdf (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Abenomics refers to the economic policies advocated by Prime Minister Abe. It is based upon “three arrows” of fiscal stimulus, monetary easing and structural reforms. ( from the Financial Times Lexicon <http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=abenomics>). The Economist characterized the program as a “mix of reflation, government spending and a growth strategy designed to jolt the economy out of suspended animation that has gripped it for more than two decades.” ( “Abe’s Master Plan,” The Economist, May 18, 2013.)
   Google Scholar
• Alleged data fabrications in the clinical studies on Diovan (Valsartan) from Novartis. (August 10, 2013). http://diovan-novartis.blogspot.jp/ (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Asahi Shinbun editors. (July 28, 2013). It is now mandatory for researchers to take ethics training, the Japan Science and Technology Agency has announced. Asahi Shinbun. http://www.asahi.com/shimen/articles/TKY201307270545.html (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Bero, L. 2013. Industry sponsorship and research outcome a Cochrane review. JAMA Internal Medica 173 (7):580–81. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.4190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conflict of interest Policies at Academic Medical Centers. 2014. AMSA Scorecard 2014. American Medical Student Association. http://amsascorecard.org/
   Google Scholar
• Dwan, K., C. Gamble, P. R. Williamson, and J. J. Kirkham; the Reporting Bias Group. 2013. Systematic review of the empirical evidence of study publication bias and outcome reporting bias — An updated review. PLoS ONE 8 (7):e66844. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Editors of the Lancet. 2009. Retraction-Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 374:1226. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61768-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Editors of the Lancet. 2013a. Retraction: Valsartan in a Japanese population with hypertension and other cardiovascular disease (Jikei Heart Study): A randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint morbidity-mortality study. Lancet 382:843. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61847-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Editors of the Lancet. 2013b. Retraction of: Effect of valsartan on morbidity and mortality in uncontrolled hypertensive patients with high cardiovascular risks: KYOTO HEART Study. [(2009). Euro Heart J 30: 2461-2469]. Euro Heart Journal 34:1023. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedberg, M., B. Saffran, T. J. Stingson, W. Nelson, and C. L. Bennett. 1999. Evaluation of conflict of interest in economic analyses of new drugs used in oncology. Jama 282:1453–57. doi:10.1001/jama.282.15.1453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays Japan. Life sciences jobs: MR (Medical Representative). hays.co.jp. http://www.hays.co.jp/en/jobs/life-sciences-jobs/HAYS_055099.
   Google Scholar
• Ichikawa, I., and M. Motojima. 2012. Creating the CITI-Japan program for web-based training: Where ethics, law and science experts meet. In Promoting Research Integrity in a Global Environment, eds. T. Mayer, and N.Steneck. Kanagawa, Japan: World Scientific Publishing Co.
   Google Scholar
• Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association. 2013, January 16. JPMA Code of Practice. http://www.jpma.or.jp/english/isuues/pdf/code_practice.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Jikei University of Medicine. Second Interim Report from “Jikei Heart Study” Investigation. 2013, July 30. http://www.jikei.ac.jp/news/20130730.html (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Kawai, S. 2013, August 27. ‘Scholarship Donation’ is indispensable for the sake of research activities. In Repetitive incidence of research misconduct: Proposals from ten experts, aiming to restore public trust on research. http://cmad.nikkeibp.co.jp/?4_199013_56290_9 (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine. An Investigation Report from the Clinical Study “Kyoto Heart Study”. 2013, July 11. http://www.kpu-m.ac.jp/doc/news/2013/ files/20130711press.pdf (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Muramatsu T., K. Matsushita, K. Yamashita, T. Kondo, K. Maeda, S. Shintani, S. Ichimiya, M. Ohno, T. Sone, N. Ikeda, M. Wataraj, T. Murohara; NAGOYA HEART Study Investigators. 2012. Comparison between valsartan and amlodipine regarding cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients with glucose intolerance: NAGOYA HEART Study. Hypertension 59:580–6. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.184226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MR Education & Accreditation Center of Japan. 2015. White paper on MR. mre.or.jp. www.mre.or.jp/whitep_guideline/pdf/2015hakusyo-01-11.pdf (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Narumi, H., H. Hakano, and S. Shindo. 2011. Effects of valsartan and amlodipine on cardiorenal protection in Japanese hypertensive patients: The Valsartan Amlodipine Randomized Trial. Hypertension Research : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 34:62–69. doi:10.1038/hr.2010.186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health. 2009, November 24. Update on the Requirement for Instruction in the Responsible Conduct of Research. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-10-019.html.
   Google Scholar
• National Public Service Ethics Board. Q&A on the code of conduct for national government officials. http://www.jinji.go.jp/rinri/kaisetu/shitugi.pdf#search= ‘%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%8B%99%E5%93%A1%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E8%A6%8F%E5%AE%9A’ (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Newswire, P. R. 2015, November 3. Sweden at Top, Middle East at Bottom of EF’s Global Ranking of English Skills. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sweden-at-top-middle-east-at-bottom-of-efs-global-ranking-of-english-skills-539730692.html.
   Google Scholar
• Nishikawa, R. 2014, October 22. Issues involved in the special curriculum, “Morality”. Nhk.or.jp. http://www.nhk.or.jp/kaisetsu-blog/100/201572.html (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. 2013, July 29. A report on the role of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation in the five investigator-initiated clinical studies. http://www.novartis.co.jp/valsartan/0729/pdf/novartis_report20130729_2.pdf (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Review Committee for the Recent Cases of Clinical Study on an Antihypertensive Drug. 2013, October 8. Proposal for the management and preventive measures for misconducts based on the recent cases of clinical study on antihypertensive drugs: An Interim Report. http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-10801000-Iseikyoku- Soumuka/0000026006.pdf (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Sufrin, C., and J. Ross. 2008. Pharmaceutical industry marketing: Understanding its impact on women’s health. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 63 (9, September):585–96. doi:10.1097/OGX.0b013e31817f1585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Science Council of Japan. 2013, February 19. Announcement of a science forum on promoting responsible conduct of research. http://www.scj.go.jp/ja/event/pdf2/166-s-0219.pdf (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Shiga Microalbuminuria Reduction Trial (SMART) Group, Uzu, T., and M. Sawaguchi. et al. 2008. Impact of renin-angiotensin system inhibition on microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes: A post hoc analysis of the Shiga Microablbuminuria Reduction Trial (SMART). Hypertension Research : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 31: 1171–76. 10.1291/hypres.31.1171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waseda University PhD Review Committee. 2014, July 17. Report from the Waseda University Review Committee on the PhD thesis of Haruko Obokata. http://www.waseda.jp/jp/news14/data/140717_committee_report.pdf (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe, J. 2015, April 1. Professors reminding audience members of drug names for hefty honorariums from drug companies1. Asahi Shinbun. www.asahi.com/articles/ASH305GJFH30UUPI006.html (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Workshop for research ethics education. Minutes from May 15, 2015 general panel discussion. Jams.med.or.jp. http://jams.med.or.jp/researchethics/index.html (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Yasushi, T. 2013, August 30. Researchers need to be more aware how contact with MRs may affect their research. In Repetitive incidence of research misconduct: Proposals from ten experts, aiming to restore public trust on research. http://cmad. nikkeibp.co.jp/?4_199013_56290_10 (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Yui, Y. 2012. Concerns about the Jikei Heart Study. The Lancet 379:e48. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60599-6.
   Google Scholar