References
- American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2016. 5th ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
- Angell, M. 2015a. Medical research: The dangers to the human subjects. New York Review Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/11/19/medical-research-dangers-human-subjects/ (accessed November 20, 2017).
- Angell, M. 2015b. Medical research on humans: Making it ethical. New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/12/03/medical-research-humans-making-it-ethical/. (accessed November 20, 2017)
- Bero, L. 2014. What is in a name? Nonfinancial influences on the outcomes of systematic reviews and guidelines. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 67 (11):1239–41. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.06.015.
- Bero, L. A., and Q. Grundy. 2016. Why having a (nonfinancial) interest is not a conflict of interest. PLoS Biology 14 (12):e2001221. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001221.
- Black’s Law Dictionary. 1979. 5th ed. (Bryan A. Garner). West Publishing.
- Brody, H. 2008. A reply to Thomas Stossel on the AMA-CEJA draft report. The Medscape Journal of Medicine 10 (7):154.
- Brody, H. 2011a. Clarifying conflict of interest. American Journal of Bioethics 11 (1):23–28. doi:10.1080/15265161.2010.534530.
- Brody, H. 2011b. Intellectual conflict of interest rides again. Hooked: Ethics, Medicine, and Pharma. http://brodyhooked.blogspot.com/2011/12/intellectual-conflict-of-interest-rides.html (accessed November 20, 2017).
- Ethics & Compliance Initiative. 2016. Governing policies for the board. http://erc.webair.com/?q=page/governing-policies-board-directors. (accessed November 20, 2017).
- Field, M. J., and B. Lo. 2009. Conflict of interest in medical research, education, and practice. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
- Guyatt, G., A. Akl, J. Hirsh, C. Kearon, M. Crowther, D. Gutterman, S. Z. Lewis, I. Nathanson, R. Jaeschke, and H. Schnemann. 2010. The vexing problem of guidelines and conflict of interest: A potential solution. Annals of Internal Medicine 152 (11):738–41. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00254.
- Horton, R. 1997. Conflicts of interest in clinical research: Opprobrium or obsession? Lancet 349 (9059):1112–13. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)22016-7.
- Internal Revenue Service, Instructions for Form 1023 6. 2006. GOTOBUTTON d0e2126 https://www.irs.gov/instructions/i1023/ch02.html#d0e2126. (accessed November 20, 2017)
- Krimsky, S. 2006. Autonomy, disinterest, and entrepreneurial science. American Association for the Advancement of Science 43 (4):22–29.
- Lederer, E. D. 2007. Development of clinical practice guidelines: Are we defining the issues too narrowly? Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2 (2):207. doi:10.2215/CJN.04471206.
- Lenzer, J. 2016. When is a point of view a conflict of interest? British Medical Journal 23:355. http://www.bmj.com/content/355/bmj.i6194.
- Levinsky, N. G. 2002. Nonfinancial conflicts of interest in research. New England Journal of Medicine 347 (10):759–61. doi:10.1056/NEJMsb020853.
- Loder, E., C. Brizzell, and F. Godlee. 2015. Revisiting the commercial-academic interface in medical journals. Bmj 350:h2957. doi:10.1136/bmj.h2957.
- Lundh, A., J. Lexchin, B. Mintzes, J. B. Schroll, and L. Bero. 2017. Industry sponsorship and research outcome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28207928.
- Maj, M. 2008. Non-financial conflicts of interests in psychiatric research and practice. British Journal of Psychiatry 193 (2):91–92. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.049361.
- Marshall, E. 1992. When does intellectual passion become conflict of interest? American Association for the Advancement of Science 257 (5070):620–23.
- Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law. 1996. Springfield: Merriam-Webster.
- Novartis Conflict of Interest Policy. Novartis Global Policy. 2015. https://www.novartis.com/sites/www.novartis.com/files/Conflict_of_Interest_Policy_Final_en.pdf?utm_source=drupal&utm_medium=redirect&utm_campaign=drupalredirect&utm_content=www.novartis.com/downloads/corporate-responsibility/resources/conflict_of_interest_policy_final_en.pdf (accessed November 20, 2017).
- OECD. 2003. Managing conflict of interest in the public service: OECD guidelines and country experiences. Paris: OECD. https://www.oecd.org/gov/ethics/48994419.pdf.
- Office of Government Ethics. 1993. 5 C.F.R. Part 2635. Standards of ethical conduct for employees of the executive branch. https://www2.oge.gov/Web/oge.nsf/Resources/5+C.F.R.+Part+2635:++Standards+of+ethical+conduct+for+employees+of+the+executive+branch (accessed November 20, 2017).
- OGE. 2017. https://www.oge.gov/web/oge.nsf/Financial%20Conflicts%20of%20Interest/E07A0C541EF92CF385257E96006364E1?opendocument (accessed November 20, 2017).
- Peters, A. 2012. Conflict of interest as a cross-cutting problem of governance. In: Conflict of interest in global, public and corporate governance, 3–38. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- QFinance. 2010. The ultimate resource, 2nd ed. New York: Bloomsbury Information Limited.
- Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary. 2001. 92nd ed. New York: Random House.
- Rodwin, M. 1993. Medicine, money and morals: Physicians’ conflicts of interest. New York: Oxford University Press. especially “What are conflicts of interest, 70: 8-11,and Ch 7, “Fiduciary Law and the Professions: regulating, Civil Servants, Business Professionals and Lawyers” 70:179-210.
- Rodwin, M. 2011. Conflicts of interest and the future of medicine: The United States, France and Japan. New York: Oxford University Press. “Appendix: The Idea of Conflicts of Interest: its Origins and Application to Physicians,” 41:251-157.
- Rosenbaum, L. 2015a. Beyond moral outrage—Weighing the trade-offs of COI regulation. New England Journal of Medicine 372 (21):2064–68. doi:10.1056/NEJMms1502498.
- Rosenbaum, L. 2015b. Understanding bias—The case for careful study. New England Journal of Medicine 372 (20):1959–63. doi:10.1056/NEJMms1502497.
- Rothman, K. J. 1991. The ethics of research sponsorship. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 44:25–28. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90171-5.
- Rothman, K. J. 1993a. Conflict of interest: The new McCarthyism in science. JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association 269 (21):2782–84. doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03500210082037.
- Rothman, K. J. 1993b. Journal policies on conflict of interest. American Association for the Advancement of Science 261 (5129):1661. doi:10.1126/science.8378766.
- Rothman, K. J., and C. I. Cann. 1997. Judging words rather than authors. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 8 (3):223–25.
- Saver, R. S. 2014. Is it really all about the money? Reconsidering non-financial interests in medical research. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40 (3):467–81. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00679.x.
- Sollitto, S., S. Hoffman, M. J. Mehlman, R. J. Lederman, S. J. Youngner, and M. M. Lederman. 2003. Intrinsic conflicts of interest in clinical research: A need for disclosure. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 13 (2):83–91. doi:10.1353/ken.2003.0015.
- Steinberg, E., S. Greenfield, M. Mancher, D. M. Wolman, and R. Graham, eds. 2011. Clinical practice guidelines we can trust. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
- Steinbrook, R., J. P. Kassirer, and M. Angell. 2015. Justifying conflicts of interest in medical journals: A very bad idea. Bmj 350:h2942. doi:10.1136/bmj.h2942.
- Stossel, T. P. 2008. Response to AMA’s council on ethical and judicial affairs draft report on” ethical guidance for physicians and the profession with respect to industry support for professional education in medicine. Medscape Journal of Medicine 10 (6):137.
- Thompson, D. F. 1993. Understanding financial conflicts of interest. New England Journal of Medicine 329:573–76. doi:10.1056/NEJM199308193290812.
- Thomson Reuters. 2015. Conflicts of interest in business & professions: law and compliance §. 1:3 (Online Treatise-Westlaw Next). Thomson Reuters.
- World Bank. 2004. Revised 2010. Consultant guidelines. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROCUREMENT/Resources/ConGuid-10-06-RevMay10-ev2.pdf.
- World Book Dictionary Millennium Edition. 2000. Chicago: World Book.