References
- AINSWORTH, B.E., W.L. HASKELL, M.C. WHITT, M.L. IRWIN, A.M. SWARTZ, S.J. STRATH, W.L. O’BRIEN, D.R. BASSETT JR, K.H. SCHMITZ, P.O. EMPLAINCOURT, D.R. JACOBS JR, and A.S. LEON (2000) Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32: S498–S516.
- BARBIERI, M., M.R. RIZZO, D. MANZELLA, and G. PAOLISSO (2001) Age-related insulin resistance: is it an obligatory finding? The lesson from healthy centenarians. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 17: 19–26.
- BLACK, C.E., N. HUANG, P.C. NELIGAN, R.H. LEVINE, J.E. LIPA, S. LINTLOP, C.R. FORREST, and C.Y. PANG (2001) Effect of nicotine on vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses in human skin vasculature. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 281: R1097–R1104.
- BORNMYR, S., and H. SVENSSON (1991) Thermography and laser-Doppler flowmetry for monitoring changes in finger skin blood flow upon cigarette smoking. Clin Physiol 11: 135–141.
- DINENNO, F.A., H. TANAKA, B.L. STAUFFER, and D.R. SEALS (2001) Reductions in basal limb blood flow and vascular conductance with human ageing: role for augmented alphaadrenergic vasoconstriction. J Physiol 536: 977–983.
- DI PIETRO, L., C.J. CASPERSEN, A.M. OSTFELD, and E.R. NADEL (1993) A survey for assessing physical activity among older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 25: 628–642.
- DI PIETRO, L., and D.R. SEALS (1995) Introduction to exercise in older adults. In Exercise in Older Adults, C.V. GISOLFI, D.R. LAMB, and E. NADEL, eds., pp. 1–10, Cooper, Carmel, IN.
- FRANCESCHI, C., D. MONTI, P. SANSONI, and A. COSSARIZZA (1995) The immunology of exceptional individuals: the lesson of centenarians. Immunol Today 16: 12–16.
- FRANCESCHI, C., S. VALENSI, M. BONAFE, G. PAOLISSO, A.I. YASHIN, D. MONTI, and G. DE BENEDICTIS (2000) The network and the remodeling theories of aging: historical background and new perspectives. Exp Gerontol 35: 879–896.
- FUJIMURA, H., C. LACROIX, and G. SAID (1991) Vulnerability of nerve fibers to ischemia. A quantitative light and electron microscope study. Brain 114: 1929–1942.
- GREEN, B.G., S.J. LEDERMAN, and J.C. STEVENS (1979) The effect of skin temperature on the perception of roughness. Sens Process 3: 327–333.
- HELME, R.D., and S.MCKERNAN (1986) Effects of age on the axon reflex response to noxious chemical stimulation. Clin Exp Neurol 22: 57–61.
- IMHOLZ, B.P.M., J.J. SETTELS, A.H. VAN DER MEIRACKER, K.H. WESSLING, and W. WIELING (1990) Non-invasive continuous finger blood pressure measurement during orthostatic stress compared to intra-arterial pressure. Cardiovasc Res 24: 214–221.
- JOHNSON, J.M., W.F. TAYLOR, A.P. SHEPHERD, and M.K. PARK (1984) Laser-Doppler measurement of skin blood flow: comparison with plethysmography. J Appl Physiol 56: 798–803.
- JOHNSON, K.O., and J.R. PHILLIPS (1981) Tactile spatial resolution. I. Two-point discrimination, gap detection, grating resolution, and letter recognition. J Neurophysiol 46: 1177–1191.
- JONES, M.B., and C.J. VIERCK JR (1973) Length discrimination on the skin. Am J Psychol 86: 49–60.
- KENNEDY, W.R., G. WENDELSCHAFER-CRABB, and T. JOHNSON (1996) Quantitation of epidermal nerves in diabetic neuropathy. Neurology 47: 1042–1048.
- KENNY, W.L. (1995) Body fluid and temperature regulation as a function of age. In Exercise in Older Adults, C.V. GISOLFI, D.R. LAMB, and E. NADEL, eds., pp. 1–10, Cooper, Carmel, IN.
- KENNY, W.L., and C.G. ARMSTRONG (1996) Reflex peripheral vasoconstriction is diminished in older men. J Appl Physiol 80: 512–515.
- LINDBLAD, L.E., L. EDENVALL, and C. KLINGSTEDT (1990) Neural regulation of vascular tone and cold induced vasoconstriction in human finger skin. Auton Ner Sys 30: 169–173.
- LOOMIS, J.M. (1985) Tactile recognition of raised characters: a parametric study. Bull Psychon Soc 23: 18–20.
- MACK, G.W. (1998) Assessment of cutaneous blood flow by using topographical perfusion mapping techniques. J Appl Physiol 85: 353–359.
- MITCHELL, P.D., and T.N. MITCHELL (2000) The age-dependent deterioration in light touch sensation on the plantar aspect of the foot in a rural community in India: implications when screening for sensory impairment. Lepr Rev 71: 169–178.
- MIZISIN, A.P., M.W. KALICHMAN, R.S. GARRETT, and K.C. DINES (1998) Tactile hyperesthesia, altered epidermal innervation and plantar nerve injury in the hind feet of rats housed on wire grates. Brain Res 788: 13–19.
- MORECRAFT, R., W.F. BLAIR, T.D. BROWN, and R.H. GABLE (1994) Acute effects of smoking on digital artery blood flow in humans. J Hand Surg [Am] 19: 1–7.
- MYERS, R.R., H.M. HECKMAN, J.A. GALBRAITH, and H.C. POWELL (1991) Subperineurial demyelination associated with reduced nerve blood flow and oxygen tension after epineurial vascular stripping. Lab Invest 65: 41–50.
- PATE, R.R., M. PRATT, S.N. BLAIR, W.L. HASKELL, C.A. MACERA, C. BOUCHARD, D. BUCHNER, W. ETTINGER, G.W. HEATH, A.C. KING, A. KRISKA, A.S. LEON, B.H. MARCUS, J. MORRIS, R.S. PAFFENBARGER, K. PATRICK, M.L. POLLOCK, J.M. RIPPE, J. SALLIS, and J.H. WILMORE (1995) Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 273: 402–407.
- PEARSON, G.H.J. (1928) Effect of age on vibratory sensibility. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 20: 482–496.
- PERGOLA, P.E., D.L. KELLOGG JR, J.M. JOHNSON, W.A. KOSIBA, and D.E. SOLOMON (1993) Role of sympathetic nerves in the vascular effects of local temperature in human forearm skin. Am J Physiol 265: H785-H792.
- PFEIFFER, E. (1975) A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 23: 433–441.
- PHILLIPS, J.R., and K.O. JOHNSON (1981) Tactile spatial resolution. II. Neural representation of bars, edges, and gratings in monkey primary afferents. J Neurophysiol 46: 1192–1203.
- RICHARDSON, D. (1987) Effects of tobacco smoke inhalation on capillary blood flow in human skin. Arch Environ Health 42: 19–25.
- RICHARDSON, D., J. TYRA, and A. MCCRAY (1992) Attenuation of the cutaneous vasoconstrictor response to cold in elderly men. J Gerontol 47: M211–M214.
- ROWE, J.W., and R.L. KAHN (1982) Successful Aging, Pantheon Books, New York.
- RYAN, T.J. (1966) The microcirculation of the skin in old age. Gerontologia Clinica 8: 327–337.
- SATHIAN, K., A. ZANGALADZE, J. GREEN, J.L. VITEK, and M.R. DELONG (1997) Tactile spatial acuity and roughness discrimination: impairments due to aging and Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 49: 168–177.
- SIMONE, D.A., M. NOLANO, T. JOHNSON, G. WENDELSCHAFERCRABB, and W.R. KENNEDY (1998) Intradermal injection of capsaicin in humans produces degeneration and subsequent reinnervation of epidermal nerve fibers: correlation with sensory function. J Neurosci 18: 8947–8959.
- SIMONEAU, G.G., J.S. ULBRECHT, J.A. DERR, M.B. BECKER, and P.R. CAVANAGH (1994) Postural instability in patients with diabetic sensory neuropathy. Diabetes Care 17: 1411–1421.
- SLADKY, J.T., R.L. TSCHOEPE, J.H. GREENBERG, and M.J. BROWN (1991) Peripheral neuropathy after chronic endoneurial ischemia. Ann Neurol 29: 272–278.
- STEINBERG, F.U., and A.L. GRABER (1963) The effect of age and peripheral circulation on the perception of vibration. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 44: 645–650.
- STEVENS, J.C. (1992) Aging and spatial acuity of touch. J Gerontol 47: 35–40.
- STEVENS, J.C., and K.K. CHOO (1996) Spatial acuity of the body surface over the life span. Somatosens Mot Res 13: 153–166.
- STEVENS, J.C., and K.K. CHOO (1998) Temperature sensitivity of the body surface over the life span. Somatosens Mot Res 15: 13–28.
- STEVENS, J.C., L.A. CRUZ, L.E. MARKS, and S. LAKATOS (1998) A multimodal assessment of sensory thresholds in aging. J Gerontol 53: 263–272.
- STEVENS, J.C., B.G. GREEN, and A.S. KRIMSLEY (1977) Punctate pressure sensitivity: effects of skin temperature. Sens Process 1: 238–243.
- STEVENS, J.C., and M.Q. PATTERSON (1995) Dimensions of spatial acuity in the touch sense: changes over the life span. Somatosens Mot Res 12: 29–47.
- TUCK, R.R., J.D. SCHMELZER, and P.A. LOW (1984) Endoneurial blood flow and oxygen tension in the sciatic nerves of rats with experimental diabetic neuropathy. Brain 107: 935–950.
- VAN BOVEN, R.W., and K.O. JOHNSON (1994) The limit of tactile spatial resolution in humans: grating orientation discrimination at the lip, tongue, and finger. Neurologia 44: 2361–2366.
- WEBER, E.H. (1846) Der Tastsinn und das Gemeingefühl, Vieweg, Braunschweig.
- WEBER, E.H. (1978) The Sense of Touch [English translations of De tactu and Der Tastsinn], E.H. ROSS and D.J. MURRAY, trans., Academic Press, London.
- WEINSTEIN, S. (1968) Intensive and extensive aspects of tactile sensitivity as a function of body part, sex and laterality. In The Skin Senses, D.R. KENSHALO, ed., pp. 195–222, Thomas, Springfield, IL.
- WETHERHILL, G.B., and H. LEVITT (1965) Sequential estimation of points on a psychometric function. Br J Math Stat Psychol 18: 1–10.
- WOHLERT, A.B. (1996) Tactile perception of spatial stimuli on the lip surface by young and older adults. J Speech Hear Res 39: 1191–1198.
- WOO, J., S.C. HO, and A.L. YU (2002) Lifestyle factors and health outcomes in elderly Hong Kong Chinese aged 70 years and over. Gerontology 48: 234–240.
- WOODWARD, K.L. (1993) The relationship between skin compliance, age, gender, and tactile discriminative thresholds in humans. Somatosens Mot Res 10: 63–67.