References
- Bell, P. (2001). Content analysis of visual images. In T. Van Leeuwen & C. Jewitt (Eds.), Handbook of visual analysis (pp. 10–34). Sage.
- Benson, P., & Lor, W. (1999). Conceptions of language and language learning. System, 27(4), 459–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(99)00045-7
- Bergin, S., & Reilly, R. (2005). Programming: Factors that influence success. ACM Sigcse Bulletin, 37(1), 411–415. https://doi.org/10.1145/1047124.1047480
- Bosch, N., & D’Mello, S. (2017). The affective experience of novice computer programmers. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 27(1), 181–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-015-0069-5
- Brown, G. T., & Wang, Z. (2013). Illustrating assessment: How Hong Kong university students conceive of the purposes of assessment. Studies in Higher Education, 38(7), 1037–1057. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.616955
- Bruce, C., Buckingham, L., Hynd, J., McMahon, C., Roggenkamp, M., & Stoodley, I. (2004). Ways of experiencing the act of learning to program: A phenomenographic study of introductory programming students at university. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 3(1), 145–160. http://jite.org/documents/Vol3/v3p143-160-121.pdf
- Chang, H.-Y., Quintana, C., & Krajcik, J. S. (2014). Using drawing technology to assess students’ visualizations of chemical reaction processes. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 23(3), 355–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-013-9468-2
- Cheryan, S., Meltzoff, A. N., & Kim, S. (2011). Classrooms matter: The design of virtual classrooms influences gender disparities in computer science classes. Computers & Education, 57(2), 1825–1835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.02.004
- Cheryan, S., Plaut, V. C., Handron, C., & Hudson, L. (2013). The stereotypical computer scientist: Gendered media representations as a barrier to inclusion for women. Sex Roles, 69(12), 58–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0296-x
- Chiu, M. S. (2012). Identification and assessment of Taiwanese children’s conceptions of learning mathematics. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 10(1), 163–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-011-9283-2
- Clarebout, G., Depaepe, F., Elen, J., & Briell, J. (2007). The use of drawings to assess students’ epistemological beliefs. In Paper presented at the 12th European conference for research on learning and instruction, Budapest, Hungary.
- Cox, M., & Parkin, C. (1986). Young Children’s human figure drawing: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Educational Psychology, 6(4), 353–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341860060405
- Cox, M., Perara, J., & Fan, X. (1999). Children’s drawing in the UK and China. Journal of Art & Design Education, 18(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5949.00171
- Entwistle, N. J., & Peterson, E. R. (2004). Conceptions of learning and knowledge in higher education: Relationships with study behaviour and influences of learning environments. International Journal of Educational Research, 41(6), 407–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2005.08.009
- Fincher, S., Tenenberg, J., & Robins, A. (2011). Research design: Necessary bricolage. In Proceedings of the seventh international workshop on computing education research (pp. 27–32). Providence, RI: ACM.
- Gomes, A., & Mendes, A. J. (2007, September). Learning to program – Difficulties and solutions. Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Education–ICEE (Vol. 2007), Coimbra, Portugal. Retrieved from http://icee2007.dei.uc.pt/proceedings/papers/411.pdf
- Hansen, A. K., Dwyer, H. A., Iveland, A., Talesfore, M., Wright, L., Harlow, D. B., & Franklin, D. (2017, March). Assessing children’s understanding of the work of computer scientists: The draw-a-computer-scientist test. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE technical symposium on computer science education (pp. 279–284). Seattle, WA.
- Harris, L. R., Brown, G. T., & Harnett, J. A. (2014). Understanding classroom feedback practices: A study of New Zealand student experiences, perceptions, and emotional responses. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 26(2), 107–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-013-9187-5
- Harris, L. R., Brown, G. T. L., & Harnett, J. A. (2009). “Drawing” out student conceptions: Using pupils’ pictures to examine their conceptions of assessment. In D. M. McInerney, G. T. L. Brown, & G. A. D. Liem (Eds.), Research on sociocultural influences on motivation and learning. Student perspectives on assessment: What students can tell us about assessment for learning (pp. 321–330). Information Age Publishing. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-00323-003
- Harrison, L., Clarke, L., & Ungerer, J. (2007). Children’s drawings provide a new perspective on teacher–child relationship quality and school adjustment. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 22(1), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2006.10.003
- Henritius, E., Löfström, E., & Hannula, M. S. (2018). University students’ emotions in virtual learning: A review of empirical research in the 21st century. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(1), 80–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12699
- Hewner, M. (2013). Undergraduate conceptions of the field of computer science. In Proceedings of the ninth annual international ACM conference on International computing education research (pp. 107–114). La Jolla, CA. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633119872659
- Hewner, M., & Guzdial, M. (2008, September). Attitudes about computing in postsecondary graduates. In Proceedings of the fourth international workshop on computing education research (pp. 71–78). Sydney, Australia. https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/1404520.1404528
- Hsieh, W. M., & Tsai, C. C. (2017a). Exploring students’ conceptions of science learning via drawing: A cross-sectional analysis. International Journal of Science Education, 39(3), 274–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2017.1280640
- Hsieh, W. M., & Tsai, C. C. (2017b). Taiwanese high school teachers’ conceptions of mobile learning. Computers & Education, 115, 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.07.013
- Hsieh, W. M., & Tsai, C. C. (2018). Learning illustrated: An exploratory cross-sectional drawing analysis of students’ conceptions of learning. The Journal of Educational Research, 111(2), 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2016.1220357
- Jolley, R. P. (2009). Children and pictures: Drawing and understanding. John Wiley & Sons.
- Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
- Liang, J. C., Su, Y. C., & Tsai, C. C. (2015). The assessment of Taiwanese college students’ conceptions of and approaches to learning computer science and their relationships. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 24(4), 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-014-0201-6
- Lishinski, A., Yadav, A., Good, J., & Enbody, R. (2016, August). Learning to program: Gender differences and interactive effects of students’ motivation, goals, and self-efficacy on performance. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM conference on international computing education research (pp. 211–220). New York, NY: ACM.
- Mansour, N. R. (2018). Women in Computer Science: How Can We Bring More on Board? [Master’s thesis]. Université de Sherbrooke. https://eduq.info/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11515/35994/mansour-women-in-computer-science-usherbrooke-2018.pdf?sequence=2
- Martin, C. D. (2004). Draw a computer scientist. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 36(4), 11–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/1041624.1041628
- Marton, F., Dall’Alba, G., & Beaty, E. (1993). Conceptions of learning. International Journal of Educational Research, 19(3), 277–307.
- Master, A., Cheryan, S., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2016). Computing whether she belongs: Stereotypes undermine girls’ interest and sense of belonging in computer science. Journal of Educational Psychology, 108(3), 424. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000061
- McDonald, J. H. (2009). Handbook of biological statistics (Vol. 2, 6–59). Sparky House Publishing.
- Morrison, B. B. (2017). Dual modality code explanations for novices: Unexpected results. In Proceedings of the ACM conference on international computing education research (pp. 226–235).Tacoma, WA: ACM.
- Moskal, A. C. M., Gasson, J., & Parsons, D. (2017). The ‘art’ of programming: Exploring student conceptions of programming through the use of drawing methodology. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM conference on international computing education research (pp. 39–46). Tacoma, WA: ACM.
- National Academies (2018). Assessing and responding to the growth of computer science undergraduate enrollments. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
- Obama White House (2016). Computer science for all. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/01/30/computer-science-all
- Perry, W. G. J. (1970). Forms of intellectual and ethical development in the college years: A scheme. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
- Ramsey, L. R., Betz, D. E., & Sekaquaptewa, D. (2013). The effects of an academic environment intervention on science identification among women in STEM. Social Psychology of Education, 16(3), 377–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-013-9218-6
- Reid, A., Wood, L. N., Smith, G. H., & Petocz, P. (2005). Intention, approach and outcome: University mathematics students’ conceptions of learning mathematics. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 3(4), 567–586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-004-5818-0
- Sadi, O., & Lee, M.-H. (2015). The conceptix`ons of learning science for science-mathematics groups and literature-mathematics groups in Turkey. Research in Science and Technolological Education, 33(2), 182–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2014.996543
- Säljö, R. (1979). Learning in the learner’s perspective 1. Some commonsense conceptions. No. 76. Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences.
- Schulte, C., & Knobelsdorf, M. (2007, September). Attitudes towards computer science-computing experiences as a starting point and barrier to computer science. In Proceedings of the third international workshop on Computing education research (pp. 27–38). Atlanta, Georgia.
- Selwyn, N., Boraschi, D., & Ozkula, S. M. (2009). Drawing digital pictures: An investigation of primary pupils’ representations of ICT and schools. British Educational Research Journal, 35(6), 909–928. https://doi.org/http://doi.10.1080/01411920902834282
- Thuné, M., & Eckerdal, A. (2009). Variation theory applied to students’ conceptions of computer programming. European Journal of Engineering Education, 34(4), 339–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043790902989374
- Tsai, C. C., Ho, H. N. J., Liang, J. C., & Lin, H. M. (2011). Scientific epistemic beliefs, conceptions of learning science and self-efficacy of learning science among high school students. Learning and Instruction, 21(6), 757–769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2011.05.002
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2014). Employment projections 2010–2020. US Department of Labor. http://www.bls.gov/emp/
- Umapathy, K., Ritzhaupt, A. D., & Xu, Z. (2020). College students’ conceptions of learning of and approaches to learning computer science. Journal of Educational Computing Research,58(3), 662–686. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633119872659
- Wang, H. Y., & Tsai, C. C. (2012). An exploration of elementary school students’ conceptions of learning: A drawing analysis. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 21(3), 610–617.
- Wang, Y., & Chiew, V. (2010). On the cognitive process of human problem solving. Cognitive Systems Research, 11(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2008.08.003
- White House (2017). President trump signs presidential memo to increase access to STEM and computer science education. The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/articles/president-trump-signs-presidential-memo-increase-access-stem-computer-science-education/.
- Wing, J. M. (2006). Computational thinking. Communications of the ACM, 49(3), 33–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/1118178.1118215
- Xu, Z., Ritzhaupt, A. D., Tian, F., & Umapathy, K. (2019). Block-based versus text-based programming environments on novice student learning outcomes: A meta-analysis study. Computer Science Education, 29(23), 177–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2019.1565233
- Yeh, H. Y., Tsai, Y. H., Tsai, C. C., & Chang, H. Y. (2019). Investigating students’ conceptions of technology-assisted science learning: A drawing analysis. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 28(4), 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-019-9769-1