Psychological Hardiness Predicts Admission Into Norwegian Military Officer Schools

REFERENCES

• Atwater , L. E. , Dionne , S. D. , Avolio , B. , Camobreco , J. F. and Lau , A. W. 1999 . A longitudinal study of the leadership development process: Individual differences predicting leader effectiveness . Human Relations , 52 : 1543 – 1562 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartone , P. T. A short hardiness scale . Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society . New York , NY . July .
   Google Scholar
• Bartone , P. T. 1999 . Hardiness protects against war-related stress in Army Reserve Forces . Consulting Psychology Journal , 51 : 72 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Bartone , P. T. 2000 . “ Hardiness as a resiliency factor for United States Forces in the Gulf War ” . In Posttraumatic stress intervention: Challenges, issues and perspectives , Edited by: Violanti , J. M. , Paton , D. and Dunning , C. 115 – 133 . Springfield , IL : Charles C Thomas Publisher Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Bartone , P. T. , Eid , J. , Johnsen , B. H. , Laberg , J. C. and Snook , S. A. 2009 . Big five personality factors, hardiness, and social judgment as predictors of leader performance . Leadership & Organization Development Journal , 30 : 498 – 521 .
   Google Scholar
• Bartone , P. T. and Hystad , S. W. 2010 . “ Increasing mental hardiness for stress resilience in operational settings ” . In Enhancing human performance in security operations: International and law enforcement perspectives , Edited by: Bartone , P. T. , Johnsen , B. H. , Eid , J. , Violanti , J. M. and Laberg , J. C. 257 – 272 . Springfield , IL : Charles C. Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Bartone , P. T. , Roland , R. R. , Picano , J. J. and Williams , T. J. 2008 . Psychological hardiness predicts success in US Army Special Forces candidates . International Journal of Selection and Assessment , 16 : 78 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartone , P. T. , Ursano , R. J. , Wright , K. M. and Ingraham , L. H. 1989 . The impact of a military air disaster on the health of assistance workers: A prospective study . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 177 : 317 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd , Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Eid , J. , Johnsen , B. H. , Bartone , P. T. and Nissestad , O. A. 2008 . Growing transformational leaders: Exploring the role of personality hardiness . Leadership & Organization Development Journal , 29 : 4 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Eid , J. , Meland , N. T. , Matthews , M. D. and Johnsen , B. H. 2005 . Dispositional optimism and self-assessed situation awareness in a Norwegian military training exercise . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 100 : 649 – 658 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eid , J. and Morgan , C. A. I II. 2006 . Dissociation, hardiness, and performance in military cadets participating in survival training . Military Medicine , 171 : 436 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham , J. M. 2006 . Congeneric and (essentially) tau-equivalent estimates of score reliability: What they are and how to use them . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 66 : 930 – 944 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpin , G. , Halpin , G. and Arbet , S. 1994 . Effects of number and type of response choices on internal consistency reliability . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 79 : 928 – 930 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann , E. and Grønnerød , C. 2009 . Rorschach variables and Big Five scales as predictors of military training completion: A replication study of the selection of candidates to the Naval Special Forces in Norway . Journal of Personality Assessment , 91 : 254 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann , E. , Sunde , T. , Kristensen , W. and Martinussen , M. 2003 . Psychological measures as predictors of military training performance . Journal of Personality Assessment , 80 : 87 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hystad , S. W. , Eid , J. , Johnsen , B. H. , Laberg , J. C. and Bartone , P. 2010 . Psychometric properties of the revised Norwegian Dispositional Resilience (hardiness) Scale . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 51 : 237 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsen , B. H. , Eid , J. , Pallesen , S. , Bartone , P. T. and Nissestad , O. A. 2009 . Predicting transformational leadership in Naval cadets: Effects of personality hardiness and training . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 39 : 2213 – 2235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobasa , S. C. 1979 . Stressful life events, personality, and health—Inquiry into hardiness . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord , F. M. and Novick , M. 1968 . Statistical theories of mental test scores , Reading , MA : Addison-Wesley Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Maddi , S. R. 2007 . Relevance of hardiness assessment and training to the military context . Military Psychology , 19 : 61 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddi , S. R. and Harvey , R. H. 2006 . “ Hardiness considered across cultures ” . In Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping , Edited by: Wong , P.T.P. and Wong , L.C.J. 409 – 426 . New York , NY : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Maddi , S. R. and Kobasa , S. C. 1984 . The hardy executive: Health under stress , Homewood , IL : Dow Jones-Irwin .
   Google Scholar
• Raykov , T. 1997 . Scale reliability, Cronbach's alpha, and violations of essential tau-equivalence with fixed congeneric components . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 32 : 329 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raykov , T. 2001 . Estimation of congeneric scale reliability using covariance structure analysis with nonlinear constraints . British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology , 54 : 315 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riska , E. 2002 . From type A man to the hardy man: Masculinity and health . Sociology of Health & Illness , 24 : 347 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudmin , F. W. 1999 . Norwegian short-form of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 40 : 229 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumsey , M. G. and White , L. A. 2010 . “ Barriers to personality measures in military personnel selection ” . In Enhancing human performance in security operations. International and law enforcement perspectives , Edited by: Bartone , P. T. , Johnsen , B. H. , Eid , J. , Violanti , J. M. and Laberg , J. C. 85 – 119 . Springfield , IL : Charles C. Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Sandal , G. M. , Grønningsæter , H. , Eriksen , H. E. , Gravraakmo , A. , Birkeland , K. and Ursin , H. 1998 . Personality and endocrine activation in military situations . Military Psychology , 10 : 45 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , S. H. 2006 . A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and applications . Comparative Sociology , 5 : 137 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Sheard , M. 2009 . Hardiness commitment, gender, and age differentiate university academic performance . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 79 : 189 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skomorovsky , A. and Sudom , K. A. 2011 . Psychological well-being of Canadian Forces officer candidates: The unique roles of hardiness and personality . Military Medicine , 176 : 389 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar