Perceived stress and hair cortisol levels amongst conscripts during basic military training: A repeated measures study

References

• Balducci, C., Fraccaroli, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Utrecht work engagement scale (UWES-9). European Journal of Psycholological Assessment, 26(1), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000020
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. E. (2008). The Bass handbook of leadership: Theory, research and managerial applications. Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership: Industry, military, and managerial applications. Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boesch, M., Sefidan, S., Annen, H., Ehlert, U., Roos, L., Van Uum, S., Russell, E., Koren, G., & LaMarca, R. (2015). Hair cortisol concentration is unaffected by basic military training, but related to sociodemographic and environmental factors. Stress, 18(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2014.974028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourne, P. G. (1967). Some observations on the psychological phenomena seen in basic training. Psychiatry, 30(2), 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1967.11023507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britt, T. W., & Dawson, C. R. (2005). Predicting work-family conflict from workload, job attitudes, group attributes, and health: A longitudinal study. Military Psychology, 17(3), 203–227. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327876mpl1703_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buško, V., & Kulenović, A. (2003). The structure and stability of coping with low-control stressors. Review of Psychology, 10 (2), 75–83. https://hrcak.srce.hr/2971
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 386–396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, J. J., & Jacobs, T. O. (2007). Trust in the profession of arms. In D. M. Snider & G. L. Wadkins (Eds.), The future of the army profession (pp. 39–58). McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Deverell, E., Alvinius, A., & Hede, S. (2019). Horizontal collaboration in crisis management: An experimental study of duty officers in three public agencies. Risks, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy, 10(4), 484–508. https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12179
   Google Scholar
• Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 611–628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driskell, T., Driskell, J. E., & Salas, E. (2015). Mitigating stress effects on team cohesion. In E. Salas, W. B. Vessey, & A. X. Estrada (Eds.), Team cohesion: Advances in psychological theory, methodsmand practice (pp. 247–270). Emerald.
   Google Scholar
• Du Preez, J., Sundin, J., Wessley, S., & Fear, N. T. (2011). Unit cohesion and mental health in UK armed forces. Occupational Medicine, 62(1), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqr151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eatough, E., Chang, C.-H., & Hall, N. (2015). Getting roped in: Group cohesion, trust, and efficacy following a ropes course intervention. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 28(2), 65–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/piq.21183
   Google Scholar
• Endler, N. S., & Magnusson, D. (1976). Toward an interactional psychology of personality. Psychological Bulletin, 83(5), 956–974. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.83.5.956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fors Brandebo, Sjöberg, M., Larsson, G., Eid, J., & Kjellevold Olsen, O. (2013). Trust in a military context: What contributes to trust in superior and subordinate leaders? Journal of Trust Research, 3(1–2), 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2013.820029
   Google Scholar
• Gal, R., & Jones, F. D. (1995). A psychological model of combat stress. In F. D. Jones, L. R. Sparacino, V. L. Wilcox, & J. M. Rothberg (Eds.), Military psychiatry: Preparing in peace for war (pp. 133–148). TMM Publications at the Walter Reed Army Medical center.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, W., Stalder, T., Foley, P., Rauh, M., Deng, H., & Kirschbaum, C. (2013). Quantitative analysis of steroid hormones in human hair using a column-switching LC-APCI-MS/MS assay. Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 928, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girsh, Y. (2019). Negotiating the uniform: Youth attitudes towards the military service in Israel. Young, 27(3), x–x. https://doi.org/10.1177/1103308818787647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). A very brief measure of the big five personality dimensions. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greff, M., Levine, J. M., Abuzgaia, A. M., Elzagallaai, A. A., Rieder, M. J., & van Uum, S. (2019). Hair cortisol analysis: An update on methodological considerations and clinical applications. Clinical Biochemistry, 63, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith, J., & Vaitkus, M. (1999). Relating cohesion to stress, strain, disintegration, and performance: An organizing framework. Military Psychology, 11(1), 27–55. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327876mp1101_3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith, J. (1988). Measurement of group cohesion in U.S. Army units. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 9(2), 149–171. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp09026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith, J. (1997). Test of a model incorporating stress, strain, and disintegration in the cohesion-performance relation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(8), 1489–1526. h ttps:// d oi.o rg/ 10.11 11/j
   Google Scholar
• Groer, M. W., Kane, B., Williams, S. N., & Duffy, A. (2015). Relationship of PTSD symptoms with combat exposure, stress, and inflammationnin American soldiers. Biological Research for Nursing, 17(3), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800414544949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. (Ed.). (2007). Handbook of emotion regulation. The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hedlund, E., Börjesson, M., & Österberg, J. (2015). Team learning in a multinational military staff exercise. Small Group Research, 46(2), 179–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496414568462
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A. (1992). The social psychology of group cohesiveness: From attraction to social identity. Harvester Wheatscheaf.
   Google Scholar
• Kalil, A., Ziol-Guest, K., & Epstein, J. (2010). Nonstandard work and marital instability: Evidence from the national longitudinal survey of youth. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(5), 1289–1300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00765.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalra, S., Einarson, A., Karaskov, T., Van Uum, S., & Koren, G. (2007). The relationship between stress and hair cortisol in healthy pregnant women. Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale, 30(2), E103–E107. https://doi.org/10.25011/cim.v30i2.986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanesarajah, M., Waller, M., Zheng, W. Y., & Dobson, A. J. (2016). Unit cohesion, traumatic exposure and mental health of military personnel. Occupational Medicine, 66(3), 308–315. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqw009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karlén, J., Ludvigsson, J., Frostell, A., Theodorsson, E., & Faresjö, T. (2011). Cortisol in hair measured in young adults - a biomarker of major life stressors? BMC Clinical Pathology, 11(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6890-11-12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lapidot, Y., Kark, R., & Shamir, B. (2007). The impact of situational vulnerability on the development and ersion of followers’ trust in their leader. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(1), 16–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/leaqua.2006.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson, G., and Berglund, A. K. (2019). Mid-level leaders' containing ability: A key to organizational effectiveness. In J. A. Jaworski (Ed.), Advances in sociology research (pp. 93–114). Nova Science Publishers, Inc
   Google Scholar
• Larsson, G., Carlstedt, L., Andersson, J., Andersson, L., Danielsson, E., Johansson, A., Johansson, Johansson., Michel, P-O., & Robertson, I. (2003). A comprehensive system for leader evaluation and development. The Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730310457294
   Google Scholar
• Larsson, G., Johansson, A., Jansson, T., & Grönlund, G.et al (2001). Leadership under severe stress: A grounded theory study. In R. Lester, and A. G. Morton (Eds.), Concepts for Air Force leadership (pp. 441–447). Air University.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson, G., Lundin, J., & Zander, A. (2018). The Leadership model: The art of matching individual and organizational characteristics. Studentlitteratur.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1999). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. Free Association Books.
   Google Scholar
• LePine, J. A. (2003). Team adaptation and post change performance: Effects of team composition in terms of members’ cognitive ability and personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, S. G. (1995). Attitudes towards the conduct of war. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Piece Psychology, 1(2), 179–197. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac0102_6
   Google Scholar
• McCrae, R. R., & Costa, J., P. T. (2008). The five-factor theory of personality. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 159–181). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miles, M. R., & Haider-Markel, D. P. (2018). Personality and genetic associations with military service. Armed Forces & Society, 45(4), 637–658. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X18765449
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Connelly, M. S., & Marks, M. A. (2000). Leadership skills: Conclusions and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(1), 155–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00047-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pethrus, C.-M., Reutfors, J., Johansson, K., Neovius, K., Söderling, J., & Neovius, M. (2019). Marriage and divorce after military deployment to Afghanistan: A matched cohort study from Sweden. PLosS ONE, 14(2), e0207981. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ployhart, R. E., & Bliese, P. D. (2006). Individual adaptability (I-ADAPT) trheory: Conceptualizing antecedents, concequences, and measurement of individual differences in adaptability. In C. S. Burke, L. G. Pierce, & E.Salas (Eds.), Understanding adaptability: A prerequisite for effective performance with complex environments (pp. 3–39). Emerald.
   Google Scholar
• Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (8th ed.). Walters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Salo, M. (2008). Determinants of military adjustment and attrition during finnish conscript service. Tampere University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Severt, J. B., & Estrada, A. X. (2015). On the function and structure of group cohesion. In E. Salas, W. B. Vessey, & A. X. Estrada (Eds.), Team cohesion: Advances in psychological theory, methods and practice (pp. 3–24). Emerald Books.
   Google Scholar
• Short, S. J., Stadler, T., Marceau, K. P., Entringer, S., Moog, N. K., Shirtcliff, E. A., Wadhwa, P. D., & Buss, C. (2016). Correspondence between hair cortisol concentrations and 30-day integrated daily salivary and weekly urinary cortisol measures. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 71(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneonen.2016.05.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stalder, T., Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., Alexander, N., Klucken, T., Vater, A., Wichmann, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Miller, R. (2017). Stress-related and basic determinants of hair cortisol in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 77(2), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.12.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staufenbiel, S. M., Penninx, B. W., Spijker, A. T., Elzinga, B. M., & van Rossum, E. F. (2013). Hair cortisol, stress exposure, and mental health in humans: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 8(8), 1220–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.015
   Google Scholar
• Stetler, C. A., & Guinn, V. (2020). Cumulative cortisol exposure increases during the academic term: Links to performance-related and social-evaluative stressors. Psychoneoroendocrinology, 114, 104584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilson, J. C. F., Freeman, W. D., Burns, W. R., Michel, J. E., Le Cuyer, J. A., Scales, R. H., & Worley, D. R. (2005). Learning to adapt to asymmetric threats. Alexandria Institute for Defense Analysis.
   Google Scholar
• Treadwell, T., Lavertue, N., Kumar, V. K., & Veeraraghavan, V. (2001). The group cohesion scale-revised: Reliability and validity. International Journal of Action Methods: Psychodrama, Skill Training, and Role Playing, 54(1), 3–12.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, J. S., Gunther, K. M., Pleban, R. J., Goodwin, G. A., & Vaughan, A. W. (2007). The application of a model of adaptive performance to army leader behaviors. U.S. Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Vuga, J., & Juvan, J. (2013). Work-family conflict between two greedy institutions: The family and the military. Current Sociology, 61(7), 1058–1077. https://doi.org/10.1177/001139211498881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wester, V. L., & van Rossum, E. F. (2015). Clinical applications of cortisol measurements in hair. European Journal of Endocrinology, 173(4), M1–M10. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-15-0313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, J., Brown, J. M., Bray, R. M., Anderson Goodell, E. M., Rae Olmsted, K. & Adler, A. B (2016). Unit cohesion, resilience, and mental health in soldiers in basic combat training. Military Psychology, 28(4), 241–250. https://doi.org/10.1037/mil0000120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations. (7th ed.). Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Zaccaro, S. J., Gualtieri, J., & Minionis, D. (1995). Task cohesion as a facilitator of team decision making under temporal urgency. Military Psychology, 7(2), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327876mp0702_3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar