References
- Ainsworth, M. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. The American Psychologist, 44(4), 709–716. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.4.709
- Ainsworth, M. S. (1991). Attachments and other affectional bonds across the life cycle. In C. M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde, & P. Marris (Eds.), Attachment across the life cycle (pp. 33–51). Tavistock/Routledge.
- Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill’s handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications (3rd ed.). Free Press.
- Bessey, A. F., Black, K. J., & Britt, T. W. (2023). A bidirectional examination of mental health symptoms and perceptions of leader support: Which comes first? Military Psychology, 35(2), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2022.2085957
- Blau, P. (1986). Exchange and power in social life. Transaction Publishers. https://org/citeulike-article-id:422844
- Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). Basic Books. ( Original work published 1969).
- Bradley, B. H., Postlethwaite, B. E., Klotz, A. C., Hamdani, M. R., & Brown, K. G. (2012). Reaping the benefits of task conflict in teams: The critical role of team psychological safety climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024200
- Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W. J., & Thorndike, R. M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods: Comparative studies in behavioral science. A Wiley-Intersection Publication.
- Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Salas, E., Pierce, L., & Kendall, D. (2006). Understanding team adaptation: A conceptual analysis and model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1189–1207. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1189
- Cozzarelli, C., Hoekstra, S. J., & Bylsma, W. H. (2000). General versus specific mental models of attachment: Are they associated with different outcomes? Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(5), 605–618. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200267008
- Davidovitz, R., Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Izsak, R., & Popper, M. (2007). Leaders as attachment figures: Leaders’ attachment orientations predict leadership-related mental representations and followers’ performance and mental health. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 93(4), 632–650. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.632
- Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 611–628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.611
- Dyer, N. G., Hanges, P. J., & Hall, R. J. (2005). Applying multilevel confirmatory factor analysis techniques to the study of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(1), 149–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.009
- Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
- Edmondson, A. (2004). Psychological safety, trust, and learning in organizations: A group-level lens. In R. M. Kramer & K. S. Cook (Eds.), Trust and distrust in organizations: Dilemmas and approaches (pp. 239–272). Russell Sage Foundation.
- Edmondson, A., Bohmer, R. M., & Pisano, G. P. (2001). Disrupted routines: Team learning and new technology implementation in hospitals. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(4), 685–716. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094828
- Fein, E. C., Benea, D., Idzadikhah, Z., & Tziner, A. (2020). The security to lead: A systematic review of leader and follower attachment styles and leader–member exchange. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 29(1), 106–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1696774
- Fleiss, J. L. (2011). Design and analysis of clinical experiments. John Wiley & Sons.
- Frazier, M. L., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R. L., Pezeshkan, A., & Vracheva, V. (2017). Psychological safety: A meta-analytic review and extension. Personnel Psychology, 70(1), 113–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12183
- Gillath, O., Selcuk, E., & Shaver, P. R. (2008). Moving toward a secure attachment style: Can repeated security priming help? Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(4), 1651–1666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00120.x
- Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
- Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Parker, S. K. (2007). A new model of work role performance: Positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of Management Journal, 50(2), 327–347. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2007.24634438
- Halpin, S. M. (2011). Historical influences on the changing nature of leadership within the military environment. Military Psychology, 23(5), 479–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2011.600138
- Harms, P. D., Credé, M., Tynan, M., Leon, M., & Jeung, W. (2017). Leadership and stress: A meta-analytic review. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(1), 178–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.10.006
- Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0501_1
- Hinojosa, A. S., Shaine, M. J. D., & McCauley, K. D. (2020). A strange situation indeed: Fostering leader–follower attachment security during unprecedented crisis. Management Decision, 58(10), 2099–2115. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-08-2020-1142
- Huang, F. L. (2016). Alternatives to multilevel modeling for the analysis of clustered data. The Journal of Experimental Education, 84(1), 175–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2014.952397
- Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
- Kark, R., Karazi-Presler, T., & Tubi, S. (2016). Paradox and challenges in military leadership. In Leadership lessons from compelling contexts (Vol. 8, pp. 157–187). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-357120160000008031
- Koh, C. B., & O’Higgins, E. (2018). Relationships between emotional intelligence, perceived and actual leadership effectiveness in the military context. Military Psychology, 30(1), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2017.1419021
- La Guardia, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Within-person variation in security of attachment: A self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 79(3), 367–384. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.367
- Lavy, S. (2014). Supervisor security provision: Correlates and related mechanisms. Psychological Reports, 114(3), 758–783. https://doi.org/10.2466/01.21.PR0.114k30w8
- Lee, S., & Ling, L. (2007). Understanding affectional ties to groups from the perspective of attachment theory. In E. A. Mannix, M. A. Neale, & C. P. Anderson (Eds.), Affect and groups (Vol. 10, pp. 217–248). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1534-0856(07)10009-8
- Lester, P. B., Harms, P. D., & DeSimone, J. A. (2023). Taken to the extreme: Transformational leadership, psychological capital, and follower health outcomes in extreme contexts. Military Psychology, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2022.2147361
- Lisá, E., Greškovičová, K., & Krizova, K. (2021). The perception of the leader as an attachment figure: Can it mediate the relationship between work engagement and general/citizenship performance? BMC Psychology, 9(1), 196. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00700-9
- Martin, I. H., Prophet, T., Owens, C., Martin, J., & Plummer, G. (2017). “Corps” leadership: A cadet perspective on shared leadership. International Journal of Public Leadership, 13(3), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPL-02-2017-0009
- Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709–734. https://doi.org/10.2307/258792
- May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., & Harter, L. M. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 77(1), 11–37. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317904322915892
- Mayseless, O., & Popper, M. (2007). Reliance on leaders and social institutions: An attachment perspective. Attachment & Human Development, 9(1), 73–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730601151466
- Mayseless, O., & Popper, M. (2019). Attachment and leadership: Review and new insights. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.08.003
- Meerits, A., & Kivipõld, K. (2020). Leadership competencies of first-level military leaders. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(8), 953–970. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-09-2019-0392
- Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1995). Appraisal of and coping with a real-life stressful situation: The contribution of attachment styles. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(4), 406–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167295214011
- Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 35, pp. 53–152). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(03)01002-5
- Morath, R. A., Leonard, A. L., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2011). Military Leadership: An overview and introduction to the special Issue. Military Psychology, 23(5), 453–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2011.600133
- Moriano, J. A., Molero, F., Laguía, A., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2021). Security providing leadership: A job resource to prevent employees’ burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, 18(23), 12551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312551
- Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. (2012). Mplus: Statistical analysis with latent variables: User’s guide. Muthén & Muthén.
- Nembhard, I. M., & Edmondson, A. (2006). Making it safe: The effects of leader inclusiveness and professional status on psychological safety and improvement efforts in health care teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(7), 941–966. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.413
- O’Keefe, D. F., Son Hing, L. S., & Catano, V. (2023). Unethical behaviour in the military: The role of supervisor ethicality, ethical climate, and right-wing authoritarianism. Military Psychology, 35(1), 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2022.2068899
- Pastor Álvarez, A., Molero Alonso, F., Bardera Mora, M. D. P., & Moriano León, J. A. (2019). Authentic leadership and its relationships with work engagement and organizational citizenship behaviors in military units: The role of identification as a mediating variable. Military Psychology, 31(5), 412–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2019.1646078
- Perry, S. J., Johnson, L. U., Witt, L. A., & McDonald, D. P. (2021). Equipping soldiers to benefit from goal-focused leadership: The moderating effects of non-discriminatory leader behaviors and workgroup cohesion. Military Psychology, 33(5), 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2021.1962182
- Podsakoff, P. M., Podsakoff, N. P., Williams, L. J., Huang, C., & Yang, J. (2023). Common method bias: It’s bad, It’s complex, it’s widespread, and It’s not easy to fix. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology & Organizational Behavior, 11(1), 17–61. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-110721-040030
- Popper, M., & Mayseless, O. (2003). Back to basics: Applying a parenting perspective to transformational leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(1), 41–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00183-2
- Rom, E., & Mikulincer, M. (2003). Attachment theory and group processes: The association between attachment style and group-related representations, goals, memories, and functioning. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 84(6), 1220–1235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1220
- Ronen, S., & Mikulincer, M. (2012). Predicting employees’ satisfaction and burnout from managers’ attachment and caregiving orientations. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, 21(6), 828–849. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2011.595561
- Schoel, C., Bluemke, M., Mueller, P., & Stahlberg, D. (2011). When autocratic leaders become an option—Uncertainty and self-esteem predict implicit leadership preferences. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 101(3), 521–540. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023393
- Sciarrino, N. A., Moschetto, J. M., Choquette, E. M., Davis, B. C., & Bannister, J. A. (2020). Understanding the impact of attachment insecurity on PTSD symptoms among male Veterans and military personnel. Military Psychology, 32(5), 379–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2020.1774322
- Smith, E. R., Murphy, J., & Coats, S. (1999). Attachment to groups: Theory and management. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 77(1), 94–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.94
- Smith, K. G., Smith, K. A., Olian, J. D., Sims, H. P., Jr., O’Bannon, D. P., & Scully, J. A. (1994). Top management team demography and process: The role of social integration and communication. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(3), 412–438. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393297
- Sparrowe, R. T., Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Kraimer, M. L. (2001). Social networks and the performance of individuals and groups [Article]. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 316–325. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069458
- Wang, L. C., & Hollenbeck, J. R. (2019). LMX in team‐based contexts: TMX, authority differentiation, and skill differentiation as boundary conditions for leader reciprocation. Personnel Psychology, 72(2), 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12306
- Wu, C.-H., & Parker, S. K. (2017). The role of leader support in facilitating proactive work behavior: A perspective from attachment theory. Journal of Management, 43(4), 1025–1049. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314544745
- Yip, J., Ehrhardt, K., Black, H., & Walker, D. O. (2018). Attachment theory at work: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2204
- Zhang, Z., Zyphur, M. J., & Preacher, K. J. (2009). Testing multilevel mediation using hierarchical linear models: Problems and solutions. Organizational Research Methods, 12(4), 695–719. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428108327450