Evaluation of the critical warzone experiences scale among Gulf War I-era veterans: Associations with PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors

References

• Batterham, P. J., Ftanou, M., Pirkis, J., Brewer, J. L., Mackinnon, A. J., Beautrais, A., Fairweather-Schmidt, A. K., & Christensen, H. (2015). A systematic review and evaluation of measures for suicidal ideation and behaviors in population-based research. Psychological Assessment, 27(2), 501–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakey, S. M., Halverson, T. F., Evans, M. K., Patel, T. A., Hair, L. P., Meyer, E. C., DeBeer, B. B., Beckham, J. C., Pugh, M. J., Calhoun, P. S., & Kimbrel, N. A. (2021). Experiential avoidance is associated with medical and mental health diagnoses in a national sample of deployed Gulf war veterans. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 142, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, C. J., Griffith, J. E., Pace, B. T., Hinkson, K., Bryan, A. O., Clemans, T. A., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). Combat exposure and risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors among military personnel and veterans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(5), 633–649. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., Christian, L. M., & Dillman, D. A. (2009). Internet, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: The tailored design method. Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Dillon, K. H., Cunningham, K. C., Neal, J. M., Wilson, S. M., Dedert, E. A., Elbogen, E. B., Calhoun, P. S., Beckham, J. C., Mid-Atlantic, V. A., MIRECC Workgroup, & Kimbrel, N. A. (2018). Examination of the indirect effects of combat exposure on suicidal behavior in veterans. Journal of Affective Disorders, 235, 407–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn, J. J., Dillon, K. H., Dennis, P. A., Patel, T. A., Mann, A. J., Calhoun, P. S., Kimbrel, N. A., Beckham, J. C., & Elbogen, E. B. (2020). Post-traumatic symptom severity mediates the association between combat exposure and suicidal ideation in veterans. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 50(6), 1167–1172. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen, M. A., Bohnert, A. S., Ignacio, R. V., McCarthy, J. F., Valenstein, M. M., Kim, H. M., & Blow, F. C. (2010). Psychiatric diagnoses and risk of suicide in veterans. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(11), 1152–1158. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, J. M., Zimering, R. T., Taylor, K. L., & Mora, C. (1989). Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure. Psychological Assessment, 1(1), 53–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.53
   Google Scholar
• Kimbrel, N. A., Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S., DeBeer, B. B., Keane, T. M., Lee, D. J., Marx, B. P., Meyer, E. C., Morissette, S. B., Elbogen, E. B., & Patel, V. (2021). Development and validation of the Durham risk score for estimating suicide attempt risk: A prospective cohort analysis. PLOS Medicine, 18(8), e1003713. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimbrel, N. A., Calhoun, P. S., Elbogen, E. B., Brancu, M., Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Registry Workgroup, V. A., & Beckham, J. C. (2014). The factor structure of psychiatric comorbidity among Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans and its relationship to violence, incarceration, suicide attempts, and suicidality. Psychiatry Research, 220(1–2), 397–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimbrel, N. A., DeBeer, B. B., Meyer, E. C., Silvia, P. J., Beckham, J. C., Young, K. A., & Morissette, S. B. (2015). An examination of the broader effects of warzone experiences on returning Iraq/Afghanistan veterans’ psychiatric health. Psychiatry Research, 226(1), 78–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimbrel, N. A., Evans, L. D., Patel, A. B., Wilson, L. C., Meyer, E. C., Gulliver, S. B., & Morissette, S. B. (2014). The Critical Warzone Experiences (CWE) Scale: Initial psychometric properties and associations with PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Psychiatry Research, 220(3), 1118–1124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimbrel, N. A., Meyer, E. C., DeBeer, B. B., Gulliver, S. B., & Morissette, S. B. (2016). A 12-month prospective study of the effects of PTSD-depression comorbidity on suicidal behavior in Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. Psychiatry Research, 243, 97–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2003). The patient health questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener. Medical Care, 41(11), 1284–1292. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, K. (2018). Estimating Standardized SEM parameters given nonnormal data and incorrect model: Methods and comparison. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 25(4), 600–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2017.1392248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeardMann, C. A., Matsuno, R. K., Boyko, E. J., Powell, T. M., Reger, M. A., Hoge, C. W., & Millennium Cohort Study. (2021). Association of combat experiences with suicide attempts among active-duty US service members. JAMA Network Open, 4(2), e2036065. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, J. F., Bossarte, R. M., Katz, I. R., Thompson, C., Kemp, J., Hannemann, C. M., Nielson, C., & Schoenbaum, M. (2015). Predictive modeling and concentration of the risk of suicide: Implications for preventive interventions in the US department of veterans affairs. American Journal of Public Health, 105(9), 1935–1942. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman, A., Bagge, C. L., Gutierrez, P. M., Konick, L. C., Kopper, B. A., & Barrios, F. X. (2001). The suicidal behaviors questionnaire-revised (SBQ-R): Validation with clinical and nonclinical samples. Assessment, 8(4), 443–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/107319110100800409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins, A., Bovin, M. J., Smolenski, D. J., Mark, B. P., Kimerling, R., Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A., Kaloupek, D. G., Schnurr, P. P., Pless Kaiser, A., Leyva, Y. E., & Tiet, Q. Q. (2016). The primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5): Development and evaluation within a veteran primary care sample. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(10), 1206–1211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-016-3703-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stander, V. A., Thomsen, C. J., & Highfill McRoy, R. M. (2014). Etiology of depression comorbidity in combat-related PTSD: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(2), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Army Center for Military History. (2024). https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-117-1/CMH_70-117-1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2024). America’s wars fact sheet. www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vogt, D. S., Smith, B. N., King, L. A., King, D. W., Knight, J. A., & Vasterling, J. J. (2013). Deployment risk and resilience inventory-2 (DRRI-2): An updated tool for assessing psychosocial risk and resilience factors among service members and veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(6), 710–717. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, K. M., Cabrera, O. A., Eckford, R. D., Adler, A. B., & Bliese, P. D. (2012). The impact of predeployment functional impairment on mental health after combat. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, & Policy, 4(3), 260–269. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024373
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue, C., Ge, Y., Tang, B., Liu, Y., Kang, P., Wang, M., Zhang, L., & Schmahl, C. (2015). A meta-analysis of risk factors for combat-related PTSD among military personnel and veterans. PLOS One, 10(3), e0120271. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar