Detection of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus by Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction from Two Fish Species at Two Sites in Lake Superior

REFERENCES

• Altuntas , C. and Ogut , H. 2010 . Monthly occurrence and prevalence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) in whiting Merlangius merlangus . Diseases of Aquatic Organisms , 88 : 107 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arkush , K. D. , Mendonca , H. L. , McBride , A. M. , Yun , S. , McDowell , T. S. and Hedrick , R. P. 2006 . Effects of temperature on infectivity and of commercial freezing on survival of the North American strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) . Diseases of Aquatic Organisms , 69 : 145 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bain , M. B. , Cornwell , E. R. , Hope , K. M. , Eckerlin , G. E. , Casey , R. N. , Groocock , G. H. , Getchell , R. G. , Bowser , P. R. , Winton , J. R. , Batts , W. N. , Cangelosi , A. and Casey , J. W. 2010 . Distribution of an invasive aquatic pathogen (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus) in the Great Lakes and its relationship to shipping . PLoS (Public Library of Science) ONE [online serial] , 5 ( 4 ) : e10156 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batts , W. N. and Winton , J. R. 1989 . Enhanced detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and other fish viruses by pretreatment of cell monolayers with polyethylene glycol . Journal of Aquatic Animal Health , 1 : 284 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowser , P. R. , Casey , J. W. , Winton , J. R. and Goodwin , A. E. 2009 . Major losses of wild fish in the USA from a novel strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) . Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh , 61 : 270 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , P. F. , Feist , S. , Kehoe , E. , Parry , L. , Stone , D. M. and Way , K. 1997 . Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus from Atlantic herring Clupea harengus from the English Channel . Diseases of Aquatic Organisms , 30 : 81 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckerlin , G. E. , Farrell , J. M. , Casey , R. N. , Hope , K. M. , Groocock , G. H. , Bowser , P. R. and Casey , J. 2011 . Temporal variation in prevalence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus type IVb among upper St. Lawrence River smallmouth bass . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 140 : 529 – 536 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsayed , E. , Faisal , M. , Thomas , M. , Whelan , G. , Batts , W. and Winton , J. 2006 . Isolation of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus from muskellunge, Esox masquinongy (Mitchill), in Lake St. Clair, Michigan, USA reveals a new sublineage of the North American genotype . Journal of Fish Diseases , 29 : 611 – 619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fijan , N. , Sulimanović , D. , Bearzotti , M. , Muzinić , D. , Zwillenberg , L. O. , Chilmonczyk , S. , Vautherot , J. F. and de Kinkelin , P. 1983 . Some properties of the Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cell line from carp Cyprinus carpio . Annales de l’Insitut Pasteur/Virologie , 134 : 207 – 220 .
   Google Scholar
• Fouchier , R. A. M. , Olsen , B. , Bestebroer , T. M. , Herfst , S. , van der Kemp , L. , Rimmelzwaan , G. F. and Osterhaus , A. D. M. E. 2003 . Influenza A virus surveillance in wild birds in northern Europe in 1999 and 2000 . Avian Diseases , 47 : 857 – 860 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frattini , S. A. , Groocock , G. H. , Getchell , R. G. , Wooster , G. A. , Casey , R. N. , Casey , J. W. and Bowser , P. R. 2011 . A 2006 survey of viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHSV) virus type IVb in New York State waters . Journal of Great Lakes Research , 37 : 194 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagné , N. , MacKinnon , A. M. , Boston , L. , Souter , B. , Cook-Versloot , M. , Griffiths , S. and Olivier , G. 2007 . Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus from mummichog, stickleback, striped bass and brown trout in eastern Canada . Journal of Fish Diseases , 30 : 213 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin , A. E. and Merry , G. E. 2011 . Mortality and carrier status of bluegills exposed to VHSV IVb at different temperatures . Journal of Aquatic Animal Health , 23 : 85 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groocock , G. H. , Getchell , R. G. , Wooster , G. A. , Britt , K. L. , Batts , W. N. , Winton , J. R. , Casey , R. N. , Casey , J. W. and Bowser , P. R. 2007 . Detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia in round gobies in New York State (USA) waters of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River . Diseases of Aquatic Organisms , 76 : 187 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedrick , R. P. , Batts , W. N. , Yun , S. , Traxler , G. S. , Kaufman , J. and Winton , J. R. 2003 . Host and geographic range extensions of the North American strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus . Diseases of Aquatic Organisms , 55 : 211 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope , K. M. , Casey , R. N. , Groocock , G. H. , Getchell , R. G. , Bowser , P. R. and Casey , J. W. 2010 . Comparison of quantitative RT-PCR with cell culture to detect viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus IVb (VHSV IVb) infections in the Great Lakes . Journal of Aquatic Animal Health , 22 : 50 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , C. , Chien , M. S. , Landolt , M. , Batts , W. and Winton , J. 1996 . Mapping the neutralizing epitopes on the glycoprotein of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus, a fish rhabdovirus . Journal of General Virology , 77 : 3033 – 3040 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen , N. J. , Bloch , B. and Larsen , J. L. 1979 . The ulcus-syndrome in cod (Gadus morhua) III: a preliminary virological report . Nordic Veterinary Medicine , 31 : 436 – 442 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim , R. and Faisal , M. 2010 . Experimental studies confirm the wide host range of the Great Lakes viral heamorrhagic septicaemia virus genotype IVb . Journal of Fish Diseases , 33 : 83 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , J. A. , Snow , M. , Smail , D. A. and Raynard , R. S. 2001 . Distribution of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in wild fish species of the North Sea, northeast Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea . Diseases of Aquatic Organisms , 47 : 81 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurath , G. and Leong , J. C. 1985 . Characterization of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus mRNA species reveals a nonvirion rhabdovirus protein . Journal of Virology , 53 : 462 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanciotti , R. S. , Kerst , A. J. , Nasci , R. S. , Godsey , M. S. , Mitchell , C. J. , Savage , H. M. , Komar , N. , Panella , N. A. , Allen , B. C. , Volpe , K. E. , Davis , B. S. and Roehrig , J. T. 2000 . Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay . Journal of Clinical Microbiology , 38 : 4066 – 4071 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leland , D. S. and Ginocchio , C. C. 2007 . Role of cell culture for virus detection in the age of technology . Clinical Microbiology Reviews , 20 : 49 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumsden , J. S. , Morrison , B. , Yason , C. , Russell , S. , Young , K. , Yazdanpanah , A. , Huber , P. , Al-Hussinee , L. , Stone , D. and Way , K. 2007 . Mortality event in freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens from Lake Ontario, Canada, associated with viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus, type IV . Diseases of Aquatic Organisms , 76 : 99 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahony , J. B. 2008 . Detection of respiratory viruses by molecular methods . Clinical Microbiology Reviews , 21 : 716 – 747 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers , T. R. and Winton , J. R. 1995 . Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in North America . Annual Review of Fish Diseases , 5 : 3 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Mortensen , H. F. , Heuer , O. E. , Lorenzen , N. , Otte , L. and Olesen , N. J. 1999 . Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) from wild marine fish species in the Baltic Sea, Kattegat, Skagerrak, and the North Sea . Virus Research , 63 : 95 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergeant , E. S. G. 2009 . EpiTools epidemiological calculators . AusVet Animal Health Services and Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease , Available: epitools.ausvet.com.au. (January 2011)
   Google Scholar
• Smail , D. A. 1995 . Isolation and identification of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) viruses from North Sea cod (Gadus morhua L.) . International Council for the Exploration of the Sea , C.M. 1995/F:15, Copenhagen
   Google Scholar
• Smail , D. A. 2000 . Isolation and identification of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) viruses from cod Gadus morhua with the ulcus syndrome and from haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus having skin haemorrhages in the North Sea . Diseases of Aquatic Organisms , 41 : 231 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takano , R. , Nishizawa , T. , Arimoto , M. and Muroga , K. 2000 . Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) from wild Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) . Fish Pathology , 36 : 153 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) . 2008 . The viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) interim rule , Washington , D.C. : USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service . Available: www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_dis_spec/aquaculture/downloads/vhs_regulated_spp.pdf. (January 2011)
   Google Scholar
• Winton , J. , Batts , W. , deKinkelin , P. , LeBerre , M. , Bremont , M. and Fijan , N. 2010 . Current lineages of the epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cell line are contaminated with fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, cells . Journal of Fish Diseases , 33 : 701 – 704 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winton , J. R. , Kurath , G. and Batts , W. 2008 . Molecular epidemiology of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in the Great Lakes region. U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 2008-3003 , Seattle : Western Fisheries Research Center .
   Google Scholar
• OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) . 2009 . “ Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia ” . In Aquatic Animal Health Standards Commission, editors. Manual of diagnostic tests for aquatic animals , 6th edition , 279 – 298 . Paris : OIE . Available: www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/aahm/2010/2.3.09.VHS.pdf. (January 2011)
   Google Scholar