References
- Reynolds EH, Stramentinoli G: Folic acid, S-adenosylmethionine and affective disorder. Psychol Med 13: 705–710, 1983.
- Scott JM, Dinn JJ, Wilson P, et al: Pathogenesis of subacute combined degeneration: a result of methyl group deficiency. Lancet 2: 334–337, 1981.
- Stabler SP, Marcell PD, Podell ER, et al: Elevation of total homocysteine in the serum of patients with cobalamin or folate deficiency detected by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Clin Invest 81: 466–474, 1988.
- Cantoni GL: The centrality of S-adenosylhomocysteinase in the regulation of the biological utilization of S-adenosylmethionine. In Borchardt RT, Creveling CR, Ueland PM, eds: Biological Methylation and Drug Design: Experimental and Clinical Roles of S-adenosylmethionine. Clifton, NJ, Humana Press, 1986, pp 227–238.
- Mudd SH, Cantoni GL: Biological transmethylation methyl-group neogenesis and other “one-carbon metabolic reactions dependent upon tetrahydrofolic acid.” In Florkin M, Stotz EH, eds: Comprehensive Biochemistry, vol 15. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1964, pp 1–47.
- Holliday R: A different kind of inheritance. Sci Am 260: 60–65, 68–70, 73, 1989.
- Billingsley ML, Kincaid RL, Wolf ME, et al: Is there a functional role for protein carboxylmethylation in the nervous system? In Borchardt RT, Creveling CR, Ueland PM, eds: Biological Methylation and Drug Design: Experimental and Clinical Roles of S-adenosylmethionine. Clifton, NJ, Humana Press, 1986, pp 25–41.
- Clarke S, O'Connor CM: Do eukaryotic carboxyl methyltransferases regulate protein function? Trends Biochem Sci 8: 391–394, 1983.
- Crews FT: Effects of membrane fluidity on secretion and receptor stimulation. Psychopharmacol Bull 18: 135–143, 1982.
- Hirata F, Axelrod J: Phospholipid methylation and biological signal transmission. Science 209: 1082–1090, 1980.
- Wurtman RJ, Rose S, Matthysse S, et al: L-dihydroxyphenylalanine effect on S-adenosylmethionine in brain. Science 169: 395–397, 1970
- Surtees R, Hyland K: 1-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (levodopa) lowers central nervous system S-adenosylmethionine concentrations in humans. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53: 569–572, 1990.
- Taylor KM, Randall PK: Depletion of S-adenosyl-l-methionine in mouse brain by antidepressive drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 194: 303–310, 1975.
- Shorvon SD, Carney MW, Chanarin I, et al: The neuropsychiatry of megaloblastic anaemia. Br Med J 281: 1036–1038, 1980.
- Agamanolis DP, Green R, Harris JW: The neuropathology of cobalamin deficiency. In Dreosti IE, Smith RM, eds: Neurobiology of Trace Elements. Clifton, NJ, Humana Press, 1983.
- Carney MW: Serum folate values in 423 psychiatric patients. Br Med J 4: 512–516, 1967.
- Young SN, Ghadirian AM: Folic acid and psychopathology. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 13: 841–863, 1989.
- Chanarin I: The Megaloblastic Anaemias, 2nd ed. Oxford, Blackwell Medical Publishers, 1979, pp 187–197.
- Carney MW, Chary TK, Laundy M, et al: Red cell folate concentrations in psychiatric patients. J Affective Disord 19: 207–213, 1990.
- Carl GF: Effect of chronic valproate treatment on folate-dependent methyl biosynthesis in the rat. Neurochem Res 11: 671–685, 1987.
- Reynolds EH, Preece J, Johnson AL: Folate metabolism in epileptic and psychiatric patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 34: 726–732, 1971.
- Trimble MR, Corbett JA, Donaldson D: Folic acid and mental symptoms in children with epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 43: 1030–1034, 1980.
- del Ser Quijano T, Bermejo Pareja F, Munõz-García D, et al: Psychological disturbances and folic acid in chronic epileptic outpatients. Epilepsia 24: 588–596, 1983.
- Coppen A, Abou-Saleh MT: Plasma folate and affective morbidity during long-term lithium therapy. Br J Psychiatry 141: 87–89, 1982.
- Godfrey PS, Toone BK, Carney MW, et al: Enhancement of recovery from psychiatric illness by methylfolate. Lancet 336: 392–395, 1990.
- Botez MI, Young SN, Bachevalier J, et al: Folate deficiency and decreased brain 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in man and rat. Nature 278: 182–183, 1979.
- Botez MI, Young SN: Effects of anticonvulsant treatment and low levels of folate and thiamine on amine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid. Brain 114: 333–348, 1991.
- Bottiglieri T, Hyland K, Laundy M, et al: Folate deficiency, biopterin and monoamine metabolism in depression. Psychol Med 1992 (in press).
- Hyland K, Smith I, Bottiglieri T, et al: Demyelination and decreased S-adenosylmethionine in 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. Neurology 38: 459–462, 1988.
- Kaufman S: Some metabolic relationships between biopterin and folate: implications for the “methyl trap hypothesis.” Neurochem Res 16: 1031–1036, 1991.
- Korevaar WC, Geyer MA, Knapp S, et al: Regional distribution of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in brain. Nature 245: 244–245, 1973.
- McClain LD, Carl GF, Bridgers WF: Distribution of folic acid coenzymes and folate dependent enzymes in mouse brain. J Neurochem 24: 719–722, 1975.
- Janicak PG, Lipinski J, Davis JM, et al: S-adenosylmethionine in depression: a literature review and preliminary report. Ala J Med Sci 25: 306–313, 1988.
- Friedel HA, Goa KL, Benfield P: S-adenosyl-l-methionine: a review of its pharmacologic properties and therapeutic potential in liver dysfunction and affective disorders in relation to its physiological role in cell metabolism. Drugs 38: 389–416, 1989.
- Carney MW, Martin R, Bottiglieri T, et al: Switch mechanism in affective illness and S-adenosylmethionine. (letter) Lancet 1: 820–821, 1983.
- Ordonez LA, Wurtman RJ: Folic acid deficiency and methyl group metabolism in rat brain: effects of l-dopa. Arch Biochem Biophys 160: 372–376, 1974.
- Bottiglieri T, Godfrey P, Flynn T, et al: Cerebrospinal fluid S-adenosylmethionine in depression and dementia: effects of treatment with parenteral and oral S-adenosylmethionine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53: 1096–1098, 1990.
- Bottiglieri T, Laundy M, Martin R, et al: S-adenosylmethionine influences monoamine metabolism. (letter) Lancet 2: 224, 1984.
- Curcio M, Catto E, Stramentinoli G, et al: Effect of S-adenosyl-l-methionine on serotonin metabolism in rat brain. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2: 65–71, 1978.
- Otero-Losada ME, Rubio MC: Acute changes in 5-HT metabolism after S-adenosyl-l-methionine administration. Gen Pharmacol 20: 403–406, 1989.
- Otero-Losada ME, Rubio MC: Acute effects of S-adenosyl-l-methionine on catecholaminergic central function. Eur J Pharmacol 163: 353–356, 1989.
- Goodwin JS, Goodwin JM, Garry PJ: Association between nutritional status and cognitive functioning in a healthy elderly population. JAMA 249: 2917–2921, 1983.
- Bell IR, Edman JS, Marby DW, et al: Vitamin B12 and folate status in acute geropsychiatric inpatients: affective and cognitive characteristics of a vitamin nondeficient population. Biol Psychiatry 27: 125–137, 1990.
- Greer A, McBride D, Shenkin A: Comparison of the nutritional state of new and long-term patients in a psychogeriatric unit. Br J Psychiatry 149: 738–741, 1986.
- Ikeda T, Furukawa Y, Mashimoto S, et al: Vitamin B12 levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of people with Alzheimer's dementia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82: 327–329, 1990.
- Nijst TQ, Wevers RA, Schoonderwaldt HC, et al: Vitamin B12 and folate concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of neurological patients with special reference to multiple sclerosis and dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53: 951–954, 1990.
- Reynolds EH, Godfrey P, Bottiglieri T, et al: S-adenosylmethionine and Alzheimer's disease. (abstract) Neurology 39 (suppl 1): 397, 1989.
- Williams RS, Matthysse S: Age-related changes in Down syndrome brain and the cellular pathology of Alzheimer disease. Prog Brain Res 70: 49–67, 1986.
- Gericke GS, Hesseling PB, Brinks, et al: Leucocyte ultrastructure and folate metabolism in Down's syndrome. S Afr Med J 51: 369–374, 1977.
- Hewitt KE, Carter G, Jancar J: Ageing in Down's syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 147: 58–62, 1985.
- Lejeune J, Rethoré MO, de Blois MC, et al: Metabolism of monocarbons and trisomy 21: sensitivity to methotrexate. Ann Genet 29: 16–19, 1986.
- Chadefaux B, Rethoré MO, Raoul O, et al: Cystathionine beta synthetase: gene dosage effect in trisomy 21. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 128: 40–44, 1985.
- Chadefaux B, Ceballos I, Hamet M, et al: Is absence of atheroma in Down syndrome due to decreased homocysteine levels? (letter) Lancet 2: 741, 1988.
- Reynolds EH, Bottiglieri T, Laundy M, et al: Vitamin B12 metabolism in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 49: 649–652, 1992.
- Crellin RF, Bottiglieri T, Reynolds EH: Multiple sclerosis and macrocytosis. Acta Neurol Scand 81: 388–391, 1991.
- Najim al-Din AS, Khojali M, Habbosh H, et al: Macrocytosis in multiple sclerosis: a study of 82 de novo Arab patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54: 415–416, 1991.
- Sigel SH, Hall CA, Antel JP: Plasma R binder deficiency and neurologic disease. N Engl J Med 317: 1330–1332, 1987.
- Carmel R, Watkins D, Goodman SI, et al: Hereditary defect of cobalamin metabolism (cblG mutation) presenting as a neurologic disorder in adulthood. N Engl J Med 318: 1738–1741, 1988.
- Ransohoff RM, Jacobsen DW, Green R: Vitamin B12 deficiency and multiple sclerosis. (letter) Lancet 335: 1285–1286, 1990.
- Pincus JH: Folic acid deficiency: a cause of subacute combined system degeneration. In Botez MI, Reynolds EH, eds: Folic Acid in Neurology, Psychiatry, and Internal Medicine. New York, Raven Press, 1979, pp 427–433.
- Lever EG, Elwes RD, Willams A, et al: Subacute combined degeneration of the cord due to folate deficiency: response to methylfolate treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49: 1203–1207, 1986.
- Crang AJ, Jacobsen W: A possible model for subacute combined degeneration of the cord. In Rose CF, Benhan PO, eds: Recent Progress in Neurology. London, Pitman, 1980, pp 146–161.
- van der Westhuyzen J, Fernandes-Costa F, Metz J: Cobalamin inactivation by nitrous oxide produces severe neurological impairment in fruit bats: protection by methionine and aggravation by folates. Life Sci 31: 2001–2010, 1982.
- Weir DG, Keating S, Molloy A, et al: Methylation deficiency causes vitamin B12-associated neuropathy in the pig. J Neurochem 51: 1949–1952, 1988.
- Vieira-Makings E, Metz J, Van der Westhuyzen J, et al: Cobalamin neuropathy: is S-adenosylhomocysteine toxicity a factor? Biochem J 266: 707–711, 1990.
- Bottiglieri T, Godfrey P, Carney MW, et al: CSF S-adenosylmethionine in neurological and psychiatric patients: effects of treatment with parenteral and oral S-adenosylmethionine. In Linnell J, Bhatt R, eds: Biomedicine and Physiology of Vitamin B12. London, The Childrens Medical Charity, 1990, pp 167–174.
- Peifer JJ, Lewis RD: Effects of vitamin B12 deprivation on phospholipid fatty acid patterns in liver and brain of rats fed high and low levels of linoleate in low methionine diets. J Nutr 109: 2160–2172, 1979.
- Rosenberg L: Disorders of propionate and methyl malonate metabolism. In Stanburg J, Wyngaarden J, Goldstein JL, et al, eds: The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1983, pp 474–497.
- Navia BA, Cho ES, Petito CK, et al: The AIDS dementia complex: II. Neuropathology. Ann Neurol 19: 525–535, 1986.
- Petito CK, Navia BA, Cho ES, et al: Vacuolar myelopathy pathologically resembling subacute combined degeneration in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 312: 874–879, 1985.
- Gray F, Gherardi R, Scaravilli F: The neuropathology of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): a review. Brain 111: 245–266, 1988.
- Surtees R, Hyland K, Smith I: Central-nervous-system methyl-group metabolism in children with neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet 335: 619–621, 1990.
- Huber C, Batchelor JR, Fuchs D, et al: Immune response-associated production of neopterin: release from macrophages primarily under control of interferon gamma. J Exp Med 160: 310–316, 1984.
- Keating JN, Trimble KC, Mulcahy F, et al: Evidence of brain methyltransferase inhibition and early brain involvement in HIV-positive patients. Lancet 337: 935–939, 1991.
- de Ferra F, Baglioni C: Correlation between growth inhibition and presence of 5′-methylthioadenosine in cells treated with interferon. Cancer Res 44: 2297–2301, 1984.
- Poirier LA, Wilson MJ, Shivapurkar N: Carcinogenesis and DNA hypomethylation in methyl-deficient animals. In Borchardt RT, Creveling CR, Ueland PM, eds: Biological Methylation and Drug Design: Experimental and Clinical Roles of S-adenosylmethionine. Clifton, NJ, Humana Press, 1986, pp 151–161.
- Schatz RA, Wilens TE, Sellinger Z: Decreased in vivo protein and phospholipid methylation after in vivo elevation of brain S-adenosylhomocysteine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 98: 1097–1107, 1981.
- Schatz RA, Wilens TE, Sellinger Z: Decreased transmethylation of biogenic amines after in vivo elevation of brain S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine. J Neurochem 36: 1739–1748, 1981.
- Surtees R, Leonard J, Austin S: Association of demyelination with deficiency of cerebrospinal-fluid S-adenosylmethionine in inborn errors of methyl-transfer pathway. Lancet 338: 1550–1554, 1991.
- Regland B, Gottfries CG: Slowed synthesis of DNA and methionine is a pathogenic mechanism common to dementia in Down's syndrome, AIDS and Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypotheses 38: 11–19, 1992.