Application and Interpretation of Bone Densitometry in Modern Medicine

References

• Mack PB, O'Brien AT, Smith JM, Bauman AW: A method for estimating degree of mineralization of bones from tracings of roentgenograms. Science 1939; 89: 467.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cameron JR, Sorenson J: Measurements of bone mineral in vivo: an improved method. Science 1963; 142: 230–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn WL, Wahner HW, Riggs BL: Measurement of bone mineral content in human vertebrae and hip by dual photon absorptiometry. Radiology 1980; 136: 485–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahner HW, Dunn WL, Mazess RB, Towsley M, Lindsay R, Markhard L, Dempster D: Dual-photon Gd-153 absorptiometry of bone. Radiology 1985; 156: 203–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos BO, Skoldborn H: Dual photon absorptiometry in lumbar vertebrae: theory and method (Part I). Acta Radiol 1974; 13: 266–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazess RB, Ort M, Judy P: Absorptiometric bone mineral determination using 153Gd. In Cameron JR, ed: Proceedings of Bone Measurements Conference. Washington, D.C.: US Atomic Energy Commission, 1970: 308–312.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson CR, Madsen M: Dichromatic absorptiometry of vertebral bone mineral content. Invest Radiol 1977; 12: 180–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, Gordan GS: Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97: 699–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cann CE: Quantitative computed tomography for bone mineral analysis: technical considerations. In Genant HK, ed: Osteoporosis Update 1987. San Francisco: University of California Printing Services, 1987: 131–144.
   Google Scholar
• Genant HK, Block JE, Steiger P, Gluer C: Quantitative computed tomography in the assessment of osteoporosis. In Genant HK, ed: Osteoporosis Update 1987. San Francisco: University of California Printing Services, 1987: 49–72.
   Google Scholar
• Cann CE, Genant HK: Precise measurement of vertebral mineral content using computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1980; 4: 493–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalender WA: Effective dose values in bone mineral measurements by photon absorptiometry and computed tomography. Osteoporos Int 1992; 2: 82–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees B, Stevenson JC: An evaluation of DXA and comparison with dual-photon absorptiometry. Osteoporos Int 1992; 2: 146–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly TL, Slovik DM, Schoenfeld DA, Neer RM: Quantitative digital radiography versus dual photon absorptiometry of the lumbar spine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67: 839–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouilles JM, Tremollieres F, Todorovsky N, Ribot C: Precision and sensitivity of DXA in spinal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1991; 6: 997–1002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazess RB: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for the management of bone disease. Physical Medicine Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 1995; 6: 507–537.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson D, Feingold M, Mascha E, Kleerekoper M: Comparison of single-photon and DXA of the radius. Bone and Mineral 1992; 18: 77–83.
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein RS, New KD, Sappington LJ: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry versus single photon absorptiometry of the radius. Cold/Tissue Int 1991; 49: 313–316.
   Google Scholar
• Ilich JZ, Hsieh LC, Tzagournis MA, Wright JK, Saracoglu M, Barden HS, Matkovic V: A comparison of single photon and dual x-ray absorptiometry of the forearm in children and adults. Bone 1994; 15: 187–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly TL, Crane G, Baran DT: Single x-ray absorptiometry of the forearm: precision, correlation, and reference data. Calcif Tissue Int 1994; 54: 212–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DA, Hosie CJ, Deacon AD, Hamblen DL: Quantitative gamma-ray computed tomography of the radius in normal subjects and osteoporotic patients. Br J Radiol 1990; 63: 776–782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rico H, Diaz ERH, Duran CS, Villa LF, Penela SF: Quantitative peripheral computed tomodensitometric study of cortical and trabecular bone mass in relation with menopause. Maturitas 1994; 18: 183–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner KG, Cummings SR, Black D, Palermo L, Gluer C, Genant HK: Simple measurement of femoral geometry predicts hip fracture: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 1993; 8: 1211–1217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health and Public Policy Committee, American College of Physicians: Radiologic methods to evaluate bone mineral content. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 908–911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laval-Jeantet AM, Roger B, Bouysee S, Bergot C, Mazess RB: Influence of vertebral fat content on quantitative CT density. Radiology 1986; 159: 463–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardsell P, Johnell O, Nilsson BE: The predictive value of bone loss for fragility fractures in women: a longitudinal study over 15 years. Calcif Tissue Int 1991; 49: 90–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardsell P, Johnell O, Nilsson BE, Gullberg B: Predicting various fragility fractures in women by forearm bone densitometry: a follow-up study. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 52: 348–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Browner W, Cauley J, Ensrud K, Genant HK, Palermo L, Scott J, Vogt TM: Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures: the study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Lancet 1993; 341: 72–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui SL, Slemenda CW, Johnston CC Jr: Baseline measurement of bone mass predicts fracture in white women. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 355–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui SL, Slemenda CW, Johnston CC Jr: Age and bone mass as predictors of fracture in a prospective study. J Clin Invest 1988; 81: 1804–1809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasnich RD, Ross PD, Heilbrun LK, Vogel JM: Prediction of postmenopausal fracture risk with use of bone mineral measurements. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153: 745–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross PD, Wasnich RD, Heilbrun LK, Vogel JM: Definition of a spine fracture threshold based upon prospective fracture risk. Bone 1987; 8: 271–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, Cauley JA, Genant HK, Mascioli SR, Scott JC, Seeley DG, Steiger P, Vogt TM: Appendicular bone density and age predict hip fracture in women: the study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. JAMA 1990; 263: 665–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross PD, Davis JW, Epstein RS, Wasnich RD: Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 919–923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasnich RD, Ross PD, Davis JW, Vogel JM: A comparison of single and multisite BMC measurements for assessment of spine fracture probability. J Nucl Med 1989; 30: 1166–1171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization: Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: report of a World Health Organization Study Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1994; 843: 1–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasnich RD: Fracture prediction with bone mass measurements. In Genant HK, ed: Osteoporosis Update 1987. San Francisco: Radiology Research and Education Foundation, 1987: 95–101.
   Google Scholar
• Cummings SR, Black D: Bone mass measurements and risk of fracture in Caucasian women: a review of findings from prospective studies. Am J Med 1995; 98: S24–S28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips JL: Statistical Thinking, 2nd ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Singh M, Nagrath AR, Maini PS: Changes in trabecular pattern of the upper end of the femur as an index of osteoporosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1970; 52: 457–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melton LJ III, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Wahner HW, Riggs BL: Long-term fracture prediction by bone mineral assessed at different skeletal sites. J Bone Miner Res 1993; 8: 1227–1233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drinka PJ, DeSmet AA, Bauwens SF, Rogot A: The effect of overlying calcification on lumbar bone densitometry. Calcif Tissue Int 1992; 50: 507–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye MA, Melton LJ III, Bryant SC, Fitzpatrick LA, Wahner HW, Schwartz RS, Riggs BL: Osteoporosis and calcification of the aorta. Bone and Mineral 1992; 19: 185–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pouilles JM, Tremollieres F, Ribot C: The effects of menopause on longitudinal bone loss from the spine. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 52: 340–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He YF, Davis JW, Ross PD, Wasnich RD: Declining bone loss rate variability with increasing follow-up time. Bone and Mineral 1993; 21: 119–128.
   Google Scholar
• Riggs BL, Wahner HW, Melton LJ III, Richelson LS, Judd HL, Offord KP: Rates of bone loss in the appendicular and axial skeletons of women: evidence of substantial vertebral bone loss before menopause. J Clin Invest 1986; 77: 1487–1491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mautalen C, Vega E, Ghiringhelli G, Fromm G: Bone diminution of osteoporotic females at different skeletal sites. Calcif Tissue Int 1990; 46: 217–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouilles JM, Tremollieres F, Ribot C: Spine and femur densitometry at the menopause: are both sites necessary in the assessment of the risk of osteoporosis? Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 52: 344–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai K, Rencken M, Drinkwater BL, Chesnut CH III: Site of bone density measurement may affect therapy decision. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 53: 225–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis JW, Ross PD, Wasnich RD: Evidence for both generalized and regional low bone mass among elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9: 305–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenspan SL, Maitland-Ramsey L, Myers E: Classification of osteoporosis in the elderly is dependent on site-specific analysis. Calcif Tissue Int 1996; 58: 409–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouilles JM, Ribot C, Tremollieres F, Bonneu M, Brun S: Risk factors of vertebral osteoporosis: results of a study of 2279 women referred to a menopause clinic. Revue de Rhumatisme et des Maladies Osteo-Articulaires 1991; 58: 169–177.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper C, Shah S, Hand DJ, Adams J, Compston J, Davie M, Woolf A: Screening for vertebral osteoporosis using individual risk factors: the Multicentre Vertebral Fracture Study Group. Osteoporos Int 1991; 2: 48–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribot C, Tremollieres F, Pouilles JM: Can we detect women with low bone mass using clinical risk factors? Am J Med 1995; 98: S52–S55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupich RC, Griffin MG, Pacifici R, Avioli LV, Susman N: Lateral dual-energy radiography: artifact error from rib and pelvic bone. J Bone Miner Res 1992; 7: 97–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazess RB, Barden HS: Interrelationships among bone densitometry sites in normal young women. Bone and Mineral 1990; 11: 347–356.
   Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Devogelaer J, Gennari C: Practical guide for the use of bone mineral measurements in the assessment of treatment of osteoporosis: a position paper of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and Bone Disease. Osteoporos Int 1996; 6: 256–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller PD, Bonnick SL, Rosen CJ: Consensus of an international panel on the clinical utility of bone mass measurements in the detection of low bone mass in the adult population. Calcif Tissue Int 1996; 58: 207–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson SF, Johnston CC: AACE clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocrine Practice 1996; 2: 155–171.
   Google Scholar