Alleviation of deleterious effects of salt stress by applications of supplementary potassium–calcium on spinach

References

• Achilea , O. 2002 . Alleviation of salinity–induced stress in cash crops by multi-K (potassium nitrate), five cases typifying the underlying pattern . Acta Horticulturae , 573 : 43 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Al-Khateeb , S. A. 2006 . Effect of calcium/sodium ratio on growth and ion relations of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedling grown under saline conditions . Journal of Agronomy , 5 : 175 – 181 . doi: 10.3923/ja.2006.175.181
   Google Scholar
• Ashraf , M. and Harris , P. J. C. 2004 . Potential indicators of salinity tolerance in plants . Plant Science , 166 : 13 – 16 . doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.10.024
   Google Scholar
• Benlloch , M. , Ojeda , M. A. , Ramos , J. and Rodriguez-Navarro , A. 1994 . Salt sensitivity and low discrimination between potassium and sodium in bean plants . Plant Soil , 166 : 117 – 123 . doi: 10.1007/BF02185488
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliss , R. D. , Platt-Aloia , A. and Thomson , W. W. 1986 . Osmotic sensitivity in relation to salt sensitivity in germination barley seed . Plant Cell Environment , 9 : 721 – 725 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1986.tb02104.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabanero , F. J. , Martinez , V. and Carvajal , M. 2004 . Does calcium determine water uptake under saline conditions in pepper plants, or is it water flux that determines calcium uptake? . Plant Science , 166 : 443 – 450 . doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.10.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caines , A. M. and Shennan , C. 1999 . Interactive effects of Ca2+ and NaCl salinity on the growth of two tomato genotypes differing in Ca2+ use efficiency . Plant Physiology and Biochemistry , 37 : 569 – 576 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cataldo , D. A. , Haroon , L. E. , Schrader , L. and Young , V. L. 1975 . Rapid colorimetric determination of nitrate in plant tissue by nitration of salicylic acid . Communications of Soil Science and Plant Analysis , 6 : 71 – 80 . doi: 10.1080/00103627509366547
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman , H. D. & Pratt , P. F. 1961 . Methods of Analysis for Soils Plants and Waters Berkeley : University of California Division of Agricultural Science .
   Google Scholar
• Chookhampaeng , S. , Pattanagul , W. and Theerakulpisut , P. 2007 . Screening of some tomato commercial cultivars from Thailand for salinity tolerance . Asian Journal of Plant Sciences , 6 : 788 – 794 . doi: 10.3923/ajps.2007.788.794
   Google Scholar
• Chow , W. S. , Ball , M. C. and Anderson , J. M. 1990 . Growth and photosynthetic responses of spinach to salinity: Implications of K+ nutrition for salt tolerance . Australian Journal of Plant Physiology , 17 : 563 – 578 . doi: 10.1071/PP9900563
   Google Scholar
• Colmer , T. D. , Epstein , E. and Dvora , K. J. 1995 . Differential solute regulation in leaf blades of various ages in salt-sensitive wheat and a salt-tolerant wheat Lophopyrum elongatum (Host.) A Love amphiploid . Plant Physiology , 108 : 1715 – 1724 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girija , C. , Smith , B. N. and Swamy , P. M. 2002 . Interactive effects of sodium chloride and calcium chloride on the accumulation of proline and glycinebetaine in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) . Environmental and Experiment Botany , 47 : 1 – 10 . doi: 10.1016/S0098-8472(01)00096-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouia , H. , Chorbal , H. M. and Touraine , B. 1994 . Effects of NaCl on flows of N and mineral ions and on NO3-reduction rate within whole plants of salt-sensitive bean and salt-tolerant cotton . Plant Physiology , 105 : 1409 – 1418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal , S. S. , Sharma , S. K. and Rains , D. W. 2003 . Crop Production in Saline Environments: Global and Integrative Perspectives , 427 New York : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grattan , S. R. and Grieve , C. M. 1999 . Salinity mineral nutrient relations in horticultural crops . Scientia Horticulturae , 78 : 127 – 157 . doi: 10.1016/S0304-4238(98)00192-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajer , A. S. , Malibari , A. A. , Al Zahrani , H. S. and Almaghrabi , O. A. 2006 . Responses of three tomato cultivars to seawater salinity 1. Effect of salinity on the seedling growth . African Journal of Biotechnology , 5 : 855 – 861 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain , M. , Sharaf , M. S. & Aslam , F. 1990 . Growth, nodulation nutrient uptake and nitrogen fixation of Dalbergia sissoo as affected by different levels of nitrogen . C.F. Nitrogen fixing Tree Research Report , 8 . Faisalabad , , Pakistan : Department of Soil Science, University of Agricultural .
   Google Scholar
• Inal , A. 2002 . Growth, proline accumulation and ionic relations of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) as influenced by NaCl and Na2SO4 salinity . Turk Journal of Botany , 26 : 285 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Kacar , B. & Inal , A. 2008 . Plant Analysis Ankara : Nobel Publication , 892 ; ISBN: 978-605-395-036-3.
   Google Scholar
• Kafkafi , U. , Siddiqi , M. Y. , Ritchie , R. J. , Glass , A. D. M. and Ruth , T. J. 1992 . Reduction of nitrate (13NO3) influx and nitrogen (13N) translocation by tomato and melon varieties after short exposure to calcium and potassium chloride salts . Journal of Plant Nutrition , 15 : 959 – 975 . doi: 10.1080/01904169209364374
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kafkafi , U. , Valoras , N. and Letey , J. 1982 . Chloride interaction with nitrate and phosphate nutrition in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) . Journal of Plant Nutrition , 5 : 1369 – 1385 . doi: 10.1080/01904168209363070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaya , C. , Higgs , D. and Kirnak , H. 2001 . The effects of high salinity (NaCl) and supplementary phosphorus and potassium on physiology and nutrition development of spinach . Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology , 27 : 47 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Langdale , G. W. , Thomas , J. R. and Littleton , T. G. 1971 . Influence of soil salinity and nitrogen fertilizer on spinach growth . Journal of the Rio Grande Valley Horticultural Society , 25 : 61 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Lauchli , A. & Epstein , E. 1990 . Plant responses to saline and sodic conditions . In K.K. Tanji Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management Manual . Manual No: 71 . Reston , , USA : ASCE Press , 113 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Leskovar , D. I. and Piccinni , G. 2005 . Yield and leaf quality of processing spinach under deficit irrigation . Horticultural Science , 40 : 1868 – 1870 .
   Google Scholar
• Maas , E. V. and Hoffman , G. J. 1977 . Crop salt tolerance-current assessment . Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, American Society of Civil Engineers , 103 : 115 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Maathuis , F. J. and Amtmann , A. 1999 . K+ nutrition and Na+ toxicity: The basis of cellular K+/Na+ ratios . Annals of Botany , 84 : 123 – 133 . doi: 10.1006/anbo.1999.0912
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan , S. and Tuteja , N. 2005 . Cold, salinity and drought stress: An overview . Archives of Biochemical and Biophysics , 444 : 139 – 158 . doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.10.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Ballesta , M. , Martinez , V. and Carvajal , M. 2000 . Regulation of water channel activity in whole roots of melon plants grown under saline conditions . Australian Journal of Plant Physiology , 27 : 685 – 691 .
   Google Scholar
• Muhammad , S. M. , Akbar , M. and Neue , U. H. 1987 . Effect of Na/Ca and Na/K ratios in saline culture solution on the growth and mineral nutrition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) . Plant and Soil , 104 : 57 – 62 . doi: 10.1007/BF02370625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munns , R. 2002 . Comparative physiology of salt and water stress . Plant, Cell and Environment , 25 : 239 – 250 . doi: 10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00808.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parida , A. K. and Das , A. B. 2005 . Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review . Exotoxicol Environment , 60 : 324 – 349 . doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qadir , M. , Qureshi , R. H. and Ahmad , N. 2002 . Amelioration of calcareous saline sodic soils through phytoremediation and chemical strategies . Soil Use and Management , 18 : 381 – 385 . doi: 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2002.tb00256.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renault , S. and Afifi , M. 2009 . Improving NaCl resistance of red-osier dogwood: Role of CaCl2 and CaSO4 . Plant Soil , 315 : 123 – 133 . doi: 10.1007/s11104-008-9737-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renault , S. , Croser , C. , Franklin , J. A. and Zwiazek , J. J. 2001 . Effects of NaCl and Na2SO4 on red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera Michx) seedlings . Plant Soil , 233 : 261 – 268 . doi: 10.1023/A:1010512021353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , S. P. , Downton , W. J. S. , John , S. and Millhouse , A. 1983 . Photosynthesis and ion content of leaves and isolated chloroplasts of salt-stressed spinach . Plant Physiology , 73 : 238 – 242 . doi: 10.1104/pp.73.2.238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubatzky , V. E. & Yamaguchi , M. 1997 . World Vegetable, Principle, Production and Nutritive Values New York Champan Hall , 843 .
   Google Scholar
• Rubio , J. S. , Garcia-Sanchez , F. , Rubio , F. and Martinez , V. 2009 . Yield, blossom-end rot incidence, and fruit quality in pepper plants under moderate salinity are affected by K and Ca fertilization . Scientia Horticulturae , 119 : 79 – 87 . doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2008.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salam , A. , Wyn Jhones , R. G. & Gliddon , C. J. 1992 . Genetic control of salt tolerance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) . Proceeding Second Congress of the European Society for Agronomy , August 23–28 , Warwick University , UK . 132 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Satti , S. M. E. and Al-Yahyai , C. J. 1995 . Salinity tolerance in tomato: Implications of potassium, calcium and phosphorus . Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis , 26 : 2749 – 2760 . doi: 10.1080/00103629509369484
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon , M. C. and Grieve , C. M. 1999 . Tolerance of vegetable crops to salinity . Scientia Horticulturae , 78 : 5 – 38 . doi: 10.1016/S0304-4238(98)00189-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez , D. L. and Grieve , C. M. 1988 . Predicting cation ratios in corn from saline solution composition . Journal of Experimental Botany , 39 : 605 – 612 . doi: 10.1093/jxb/39.5.605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suleiman , S. , Wilson , C. and Grieve , C. M. 2002 . Effect of salinity and exogenously applied polyamines on growth and ion relations in spinach . Journal of Plant Nutrition , 12 : 2705 – 2717 . doi: 10.1081/PLN-120015533
   Google Scholar
• Tabatabaei , S. J. and Fakhrzad , F. 2008 . Foliar and soil application of potassium nitrate affects the tolerance of salinity and canopy growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne var. Boulevard) . American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences , 3 : 544 – 550 . doi: 10.3844/ajabssp.2008.544.550
   Google Scholar
• Taiz , L. & Zeiger , Z. 2006 . Cell walls: Structure, biogenesis, and expansion . L. Taiz Z. Zeiger Plant Physiology Sunderland, MA , , USA : Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers , 349 – 375 .
   Google Scholar
• Tzortzakis , N. G. 2010 . Potassium and calcium enrichment alleviate salinity-induced stress in hydroponically grown endives . Horticultural Science (Prague) , 37 : 155 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkmar , K. M. , Hu , Y. and Steppuhn , H. 1998 . Physiological responses of plants to salinity: A review . Canadian Journal of Plant Science , 78 : 19 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousif , B. S. , Nguyen , N. T. , Fukuda , Y. , Hakata , H. , Okamato , Y. , Masaoka , Y. and Saneoka , H. 2010 . Effect of salinity on growth, mineral composition, photosynthesis and water relations of two vegetable crops; New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides) and Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) . International Journal of Agriculture and Biology , 12 : 211 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar