The Abilities Associated with Verbal Fluency Performance in a Young, Healthy Population Are Multifactorial and Differ Across Fluency Variants

REFERENCES

• Ardila , A. , Galeano , L. M. , & Rosselli , M. ( 1998 ). Toward a model of neuropsychological activity . Neuropsychology Review , 8 ( 4 ), 171 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bate , A. J. , Mathias , J. L. , & Crawford , J. R. ( 2001 ). Performance on the Test of Everyday Attention and standard tests of attention following severe traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 15 ( 3 ), 405 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , H. E. , Nieman , D. H. , Dingemans , P. M. , Van de Fliert , J. R. , De Haan , L. , & Linszen , D. H. ( 2010 ). Verbal fluency as a possible predictor for psychosis . European Psychiatry , 25 ( 2 ), 105 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boone , K. B. , Ponton , M. O. , Gorsuch , R. L. , Gonzalez , J. J. , & Miller , B. L. ( 1998 ). Factor analysis of four measures of prefrontal lobe functioning . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 13 ( 7 ), 585 – 595 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittner , R. M. , & Crowe , S. F. ( 2007 ). The relationship between working memory, processing speed, verbal comprehension and FAS performance following traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 21 ( 7 ), 709 – 719 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan , J. , Luszcz , M. A. , & Crawford , J. R. ( 1997 ). Verbal knowledge and speed of information processing as mediators of age differences in verbal fluency performance among older adults . Psychology and Aging , 12 ( 3 ), 473 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , L. J. , Gatz , M. , Zheng , L. , Chen , Y. , McCleary , C. , & Mack , W. J. ( 2009 ). Longitudinal verbal fluency in normal aging, preclinical, and prevalent Alzheimer's disease . American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias , 24 ( 6 ), 461 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , J. R. , Stewart , L. E. , Besson , J. A. , Parker , D. M. , & Cochrane , R. H. B. ( 1989 ). Estimation of premorbid intelligence: Combining psychometric and demographic approaches improved predictive accuracy . Personality and Individual Differences , 10 ( 7 ), 793 – 796 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaloye , C. , Moy , G. , Baudois , S. , de Bilbao , F. , Remund , C. D. , Hofer , F. , … Giannakopoulos , P. ( 2009 ). Cognitive features in euthymic bipolar patients in old age . Bipolar Disorders , 11 ( 7 ), 735 – 743 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delis , D. C. , Kaplan , E. , & Kramer , J. H. ( 2001 ). Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS) technical manual . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Golden , C. J. ( 1978 ). Stroop Color and Word Test: A manual for clinical and experimental uses . Chicago , IL : Skoelting .
   Google Scholar
• Golden , C. J. , & Freshwater , S. M. ( 2002 ). The Stroop Color and Word Test: A manual for clinical and experimental uses . Chicago , IL : Stoelting .
   Google Scholar
• Haist , F. , Shimamura , A. P. , & Squire , L. R. ( 1992 ). On the relationship between recall and recognition memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 18 ( 4 ), 691 – 702 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , J. D. , & Crawford , J. R. ( 2004a ). A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency performance following focal cortical lesions . Neuropsychology , 18 ( 2 ), 284 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , J. D. , & Crawford , J. R. ( 2004b ). Verbal fluency deficits in Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 10 ( 4 ), 608 – 622 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , J. D. , & Crawford , J. R. ( 2005 ). A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency deficits in depression . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 27 ( 1 ), 78 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , J. D. , Crawford , J. R. , & Phillips , L. H. (2004). Verbal fluency performance in dementia of the Alzheimer's type: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia , 42(9), 1212–1222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , J. D. , Crawford , J. R. , & Phillips , L. H. ( 2005 ). A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency deficits in Huntington's disease . Neuropsychology , 19 ( 2 ), 243 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , D. L. , & Bryan , J. ( 2002 ). Adult age differences in strategy use during verbal fluency performance . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 24 ( 5 ), 642 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iudicello , J. E. , Woods , S. P. , Weber , E. , Dawson , M. S. , Scott , J. C. , Carey , C. L. , Grant , I. , & The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC) Group. ( 2008 ). Cognitive mechanisms of switching in HIV-associated category fluency deficits . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 30 ( 7 ), 797 – 804 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laisney , M. , Matuszewski , V. , Mezenge , F. , Belliard , S. , de la Sayette , V. , Eustache , F. , & Desgranges , B. ( 2009 ). The underlying mechanisms of verbal fluency deficit in frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia . Journal of Neurology , 256 ( 7 ), 1083 – 1094 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. , Howieson , D. B. , & Loring , D. W. ( 2007 ). Neuropsychological assessment ( ) , 4th ed. . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Libon , D. J. , McMillan , C. , Gunawardena , D. , Powers , C. , Massimo , L. , Khan,  … Grossman , M. ( 2009 ). Neurocognitive contributions to verbal fluency in frontotemporal lobar degeneration . Neurology , 73 ( 7 ), 535 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna , P. , & Warrington , E. K. ( 1983 ). The Graded Naming Test . Windsor , Berkshire, UK : National Foundation for Educational Research-Nelson .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , H. E. ( 1982 ). National Adult Reading Test: Test manual . Windsor , Berkshire, UK : National Foundation for Educational Research-Nelson .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , H. E. , & Willison , J. ( 1991 ). National Adult Reading Test manual ( ) , 2nd ed. . Windsor , Berkshire, UK : National Foundation for Educational Research-Nelson .
   Google Scholar
• Nutter-Upham , K. E. , Saykin , A. J. , Rabin , L. A. , Roth , R. M. , Wishart , H. A. , Pare , N. , & Flashman , L. A. ( 2008 ). Verbal fluency performance in amnestic MCI and older adults with cognitive complaints . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 23 ( 3 ), 229 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , M. , Giesbrecht , T. , Jelicic , M. , & Merckelbach , H. ( 2007 ). The random number generation task: Psychometric properties and normative data of an executive function task in a mixed sample . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 13 ( 4 ), 626 – 634 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Aranda , C. , & Sundet , K. ( 2006 ). The frontal hypothesis of cognitive aging: Factor structure and age effects on four frontal tests among healthy individuals . The Journal of Genetic Psychology , 167 ( 3 ), 269 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen , V. M. , & Engle , R. W. ( 1997 ). The role of working memory capacity in retrieval . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 126 ( 3 ), 211 – 227 .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , T. P. , Calhoun , E. , Cox , T. , Wenner , C. , Kono , W. , & Pleasant , M. ( 2007 ). The reliability and validity of qualitative scores for the Controlled Oral Word Association Test . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 22 ( 4 ), 475 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruff , R. M. , Light , R. H. , Parker , S. B. , & Levin , H. S. ( 1997 ). The psychological construct of word fluency . Brain and Language , 57 ( 3 ), 394 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sãnchez-Cubillo , I. , Periánez , J. A. , Adrover-Roig , D. , Rodriguez-Sánchez , J. M. , Rios-Lago , M. , Tirapu , J. , & Barcelo , F. ( 2009 ). Construct validity of the Trail Making Test: Role of task-switching, working memory, inhibition/interference control, and visuomotor abilities . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 15 ( 3 ), 438 – 450 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shores , A. E. , Carstairs , J. R. , & Crawford , J. R. ( 2006 ). Excluded Letter Fluency Test (ELF): Norms and test–retest reliability data for healthy young adults . Brain Impairment , 7 ( 1 ), 26 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. ( 1991 ). Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) . Los Angeles , CA : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Strauss , E. , Sherman , E. M. , & Spreen , O. ( 2006 ). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration norms & commentary ( ) , 3rd ed. . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. , & Fidell , L. S. ( 2007 ). Using multivariate statistics ( ) , 5th ed. . Boston , MA : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Thurstone , L. L. ( 1938 ). Primary mental abilities . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tombaugh , T. N. , Kozak , J. , & Rees , L. ( 1999 ). Normative data stratified by age and education for two measures of verbal fluency: FAS and Animal naming . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 14 ( 2 ), 167 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer , A. K. , Moskovitch , M. , & Winocur , G. ( 1997 ). Clustering and switching as two components of verbal fluency: Evidence from younger and older healthy adults . Neuropsychology , 11 ( 1 ), 138 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer , A. K. , Moskovitch , M. , Winocur , G. , Leach , L. , & Freedman , M. ( 1998 ). Clustering and switching on verbal fluency tests in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 4 ( 2 ), 137 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 2008 ). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ( ) , 4th ed. . San Antonio , TX : Pearson .
   Google Scholar