Posterior Cortical Atrophy: A Case Study of Benson's Syndrome That Initially Presented as Anxiety Disorder

REFERENCES

• Aharon-Peretz , J. , Israel , O. , Goldsher , D. , & Peretz , A. ( 1999 ). Posterior cortical atrophy variants of Alzheimer's disease . Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders , 10 , 483 – 487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann , T. P. , Duyar , H. , Solberger , M. , Kuhle , J. , Regeniter , A. , Gomez-Mancilla , B., …  & Monsch , A. U. ( 2010 ). CSF-Tau and CSF-Aβ [1–42] in posterior cortical atrophy . Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders , 29 , 530 – 533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , & Steer , R. A. ( 1993 ). Beck Anxiety Inventory manual . San Antonio , TX : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Benedict , R. H. B. , & Groninger , L. ( 1995 ). Preliminary standardization and validation of a new visuospatial memory test with six alternate forms . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 9 , 11 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Benedict , R. H. B. , Schretlen , D. S. , Groninger , L. , & Brandt , J. ( 1998 ). Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised: Normative data and analysis of inter-form and test–retest reliability . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 12 , 43 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson , D. , Davis , R. J. , & Snyder , B. D. ( 1988 ). Posterior cortical atrophy . Archives of Neurology , 46 , 789 – 793 .
   Google Scholar
• Benton , A. L. , de Hamsher , S. K. , Varney , N. R. , & Spreen , O. ( 1983 ). Contributions to neuropsychological assessment: A clinical manual . New York , NY, and Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berthier , M. L. , Leiguarda , R. , Starkstein , S. E. , Sevlever , G. , & Taratuto , A. L. ( 1991 ). Alzheimer's disease in a patient with posterior cortical atrophy . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 54 , 1110 – 1111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher , J. N. , Dahlstrom , W. G. , Graham , J. R. , Tellegen , A. M. , & Kreammer , B. ( 1989 ). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) manual for administration and scoring . Minneapolis , MN : University of Minneapolis Press .
   Google Scholar
• Calev , A. , Pollina , D. , Fennig , S. , & Banerjee , S. ( 1999 ). Neuropsychology of mood disorders . In A. Calev (Ed.) Assessment of neuropsychological functions in psychiatric disorders (pp. 67 – 97 ). Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Caprile , C. , Bosch , B. , Rami , L. , Sánchez-Valle Diaz , R. , Bartrés-Faz , D. , & Molinuevo , J. ( 2009 ). Atrophia cortical posterior. Perfil neuropsicológico y diferencias con la enfermedad de Alzheimer típica . [Posterior cortical atrophy: Its neuropsychological profile and differences from typical Alzheimer's disease] . Revista De Neurologia , 48 , 178 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles , R. , & Hillis , A. ( 2005 ). Posterior cortical atrophy: Clinical presentation and cognitive deficits compared to Alzheimer's disease . Behavioral Neurology , 16 , 15 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley , M. ( 1966 ). The parietal lobes . New York , NY : Hafner . (Original work published 1953)
   Google Scholar
• Croisile , B. , Trillet , M. , Hibert , O. , Cinotti , L. , Le Bars , D. , Mauguière , F. & Aimard , G. (1991). Désordres visuo-construcifs el alexie-agraphie associés à une atrophie corticale postérieure. [Visuo-constructional disorders and alexia-agraphia associated with posterior cortical atrophy]. Revue Neurologique , 147, 138–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delatour , B. , Guégan , M. , Volk , A. , & Dhenain , M. ( 2006 ). In vivo MRI and histological evaluation of brain atrophy in APP/PS1 transgenic mice . Neurobiology of Aging , 27 , 835 – 847 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delis , D. C. , Kaplan , E. , & Kramer , J. H. ( 2001 ). Delis-Kaplan executive function system (D-KEFS) . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace & Company .
   Google Scholar
• de Schotten , M. , Kinkingnéhun , S. , Delmaire , C. , Lehéricy , S. , Duffau , H. , Thivard , L. Illes , Z., … Bartolomeo , P. ( 2008 ). Visualization of disconnection syndromes in humans . Cortex , 44 , 1097 – 1103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doricchi , F. , de Schotten , M. , Tomaiuolo , F. , & Bartolomeo , P. ( 2008 ). White matter (dis)connections and gray matter (dys)functions in visual neglect: Gaining insights into the brain networks of spatial awareness . Cortex , 44 , 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duning , T. , Warnecke , T. , Mohammadi , S. , Lohmann , H. , Schiffbauer , H. , Kugel , H. ,  … Deppe , M. ( 2009 ). Pattern and progression of white-matter changes in a case of posterior cortical atrophy using diffusion tensor imaging . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 80 , 432 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engels , A. S. , Heller , W. , Mohanty , A. , Herrington , J. D. , Banich , M. T. , Webb , A. G. , & Miller , G. A. ( 2007 ). Specificity or regional brain activity in anxiety types during emotion processing . Psychophysiology , 44 , 352 – 363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmann , A. , Trauninger , A. , Toth , L. , Kotek , G. , Kosztolanyi , P. , Illes , E. , … Illes , Z. ( 2008 ). Atrophy and decreased activation of fronto-parietal attention areas contribute to higher visual dysfunction in posterior cortical atrophy . Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging , 164 , 178 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman , L. , Selchen , D. , Black , S. , & Kaplan , R. ( 1991 ). Posterior cortical dementia with alexia: Neurobehavioural, MRI, and PET findings . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 54 , 443 – 448 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galton , C. J. , Patterson , K. , Xuereb , J. H. , & Hodges , J. R. ( 2000 ). Atypical and typical presentations of Alzheimer's disease: A clinical, neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and pathological study of 13 cases . Brain , 123 , 483 – 498 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstmann , J. ( 1940 ). Syndrome of finger agnosia, disorientation for right and left, agraphia and acalculia . Archives of Neurological Psychiatry , 44 , 398 – 408 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodglass , H. , & Kaplan , E. ( 1972 ). Assessment of aphasia and related disorders . Malvern , PA : Lea and Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Green , P. ( 2005 ). Word Memory Test for Windows: User's manual and program . Edmonton , AB, Canada : Green Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Hartlage , L. , & D'Amato , R. ( 2008 ). Understanding the etiology of psychiatric and neurologic disorders in neuropsychiatry . In A. R. Horton & D. Wedding (Eds.), The neuropsychology handbook , (pp. 3rd ed. , 87 – 108 ). New York , NY : Springer Publishing Co .
   Google Scholar
• Harvey , M. (Trans.). ( 1995 ). Psychic paralysis of gaze, optic ataxia, spatial disorder of attention . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 12 , 266 – 282 . (Reprinted from Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, 25, 51–81, 1909)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller , W. , Nitchke , J. B. , & Miller , G. A. ( 1997 ). Patterns of regional brain activity differentiate types of anxiety . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 , 376 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hof , P. , Bouras , C. , Constantinidis , J. , & Morrison , J. ( 1989 ). Bálint's syndrome in Alzheimer's disease: Specific disruption of the occipito-parietal visual pathway . Brain Research , 493 , 368 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , E. , Goodglass , H. , & Weintraub , S. ( 1983 ). The Boston Naming Test . Philadelphia , PA : Lea & Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Kirshner , H. , & Lavin , P. ( 2006 ). Posterior cortical atrophy: A brief review . Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports , 6 ( 6 ), 477 – 480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez , M. F. , Ghajarania , M. , & Perryman , K. M. ( 2002 ). Posterior cortical atrophy: Clinical characteristics and differences compared to Alzheimer's disease . Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders , 14 , 33 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzler-Baddeley , C. , Baddeley , R. , Lovell , P. , Laffan , A. , & Jones , R. ( 2010 ). Visual impairments in dementia with Lewy bodies and posterior cortical atrophy . Neuropsychology , 24 , 35 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migliaccio , R. , Agosta , F. , Rascovsky , K. , Karydas , A. , Bonasera , S. , Rabinovici , G. ,  …Gorno-Tempini , M. L. ( 2009 ). Clinical syndromes associated with posterior atrophy: Early age at onset AD spectrum . Neurology , 73 ( 19 ), 1571 – 1578 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestor , P. , Caine , D. , Fryer , T. , Clarke , J. , & Hodges , J. ( 2003 ). The topography of metabolic deficits in posterior cortical atrophy (the visual variant of Alzheimer's disease) with FDG-PET . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 74 , 1521 – 1529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psychological Corporation . ( 1999 ). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) manual . San Antonio , TX : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Psychological Corporation . ( 2001 ). Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR) . San Antonio TX : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Qaseem , A. , Snow , V. , Cross , T. Jr. , Forciea , M. A. , Hopkins , R. , Jr. , Shekelle , P. , … Owens , D. ( 2008 ). Current pharmacologic treatment of dementia: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians . Annals of Internal Medicine , 148 , 370 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. ( 1959 ). A manual for the administrating and scoring of the Trail Making Test . Indianapolis , IN : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rey , A. ( 1993 ). Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 7 , 4 – 9 . (Reprinted from Archives de Psychologie, 28, 286–340, 1941)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricker , J. ( 2004 ). Differential diagnosis in adult neuropsychological assessment . New York , NY : Springer Publishing Co .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. ( 1982 ). Symbol Digit Modalities Test-Revised . Los Angeles , CA : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Tang-Wai , D. , Graff-Radford , N. , Boeve , B. , Dickson , D. , Parisi , J. , Crook , R. , … Petersen , R. ( 2004 ). Clinical, genetic, and neuropathologic characteristics of posterior cortical atrophy . Neurology , 63 ( 7 ), 1168 – 1174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang-Wai , D. , & Mapstone , M. ( 2006 ). What are we seeing? Is posterior cortical atrophy just Alzheimer disease? Neurology , 66 ( 3 ), 300 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenovuo , O. , Kemppainen , N. , Aalto , S. , Någren , K. , & Rinne , J. ( 2008 ). Posterior cortical atrophy: A rare form of dementia with in vivo evidence of amyloid-beta accumulation . Journal of Alzheimer's Disease , 15 , 351 – 355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tom , T. , Cummings , J. L. , & Pollak , J. ( 1998 ). Posterior cortical atrophy: Unique features . Neurocase , 4 , 15 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh , T. N. ( 1995 ). Test of Memory Malingering . Toronto , ON, Canada : Multi-Health Systems, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Trenerry , M. R. , Crosson , B. , DeBoe , J. , & Leber , W. R. ( 1989 ). Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test manual . Cheektowaga , NY : Psychological Assessment Resources Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Trenerry , M. R. , Crosson , B. , DeBoe , J. , & Leber , W. R. ( 1990 ). Visual Search and Attention Test . Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Victoroff , J. , Ross , G. , Benson , D. , Verity , M. , & Vinters , H. ( 1994 ). Posterior cortical atrophy: Neuropathologic correlations . Archives of Neurology , 51 , 269 – 274 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voelker , R. ( 2008 ). Guideline: Dementia drugs’ benefits uncertain . Journal of the American Medical Association , 299 ( 15 ), 1763 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 1997a ). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale , (3rd ed.) . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 1997b ). Wechsler Memory Scale , (3rd ed.) . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wolf , R. , & Schönfeldt-Lecuona , C. ( 2006 ). Depressive symptoms as first manifestation of posterior cortical atrophy . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 , 939 – 940 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakzanis , K. , & Boulos , M. ( 2001 ). Posterior cortical atrophy . The Neurologist , 7 , 341 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar