References
- Clarke B, Williamson TH, Gini G, Gupta B. Management of bacterial postoperative endophthalmitis and the role of vitrectomy. Surv Ophthalmol. 2018 Sep;63(5):677–693. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.02.003.
- Relhan N, Forster RK, Flynn HWJ. Endophthalmitis: then and now. Am J Ophthalmol. Mar 2018;187:xx–xxvii. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2017.11.021.
- Rahmani S, Eliott D, Rahmani S, Eliott D. Seminars in ophthalmology postoperative endophthalmitis : a review of risk factors, prophylaxis, incidence, microbiology, treatment, and outcomes postoperative endophthalmitis : a review of risk factors, prophylaxis, incidence, microbiology. Semin Ophthalmol. Internet. 2018;33(1):95–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2017.1353826.
- Thevi T, Abas AL. Role of intravitreal/intracameral antibiotics to prevent traumatic endophthalmitis - meta-analysis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2017 Oct;65(10):920–925. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_512_17.
- Jackson TL, Paraskevopoulos T, Georgalas I. Systematic review of 342 cases of endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2014;59(6):627–635. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.06.002.
- Bjerrum SS, la Cour M. 59 eyes with endogenous endophthalmitis- causes, outcomes and mortality in a Danish population between 2000 and 2016. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017 Oct;255(10):2023–2027. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-017-3760-4.
- Price KW, Tsui E, Barbazetto I, Park L. Ocular involvement in patients with fungemia in an urban tertiary care center. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019;27(2):251–256. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2017.1381271.
- Bajor A, Luhr A, Brockmann D, et al. Listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis - case report and review of risk factors and treatment outcomes. BMC Infect Dis. 2016 Jul;16:332. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1680-2
- Todokoro D, Mochizuki K, Nishida T, et al. Isolates and antibiotic susceptibilities of endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis: a retrospective multicenter study in Japan. J Infect Chemother Off J Jpn Soc Chemother. Jun 2018;24(6):458–462. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2018.01.019.
- Weng T-H, Chang H-C, Chung C-H, et al. Epidemiology and mortality-related prognostic factors in endophthalmitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. May 2018;59(6):2487–2494. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18-23783.
- Zhang H, Liu Z. Endogenous endophthalmitis: a 10-year review of culture-positive cases in northern China. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2010 Apr;18(2):133–138. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/09273940903494717.
- Connell PP, O’Neill EC, Fabinyi D, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis: 10-year experience at a tertiary referral centre. Eye (Lond). Jan 2011;25(1):66–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2010.145.
- Connell PP, O’Neill EC, Amirul Islam FM, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis associated with intravenous drug abuse: seven-year experience at a tertiary referral center. Retina. 2010;30(10):1721–1725. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181dd6db6.
- Vaziri K, Pershing S, Albini TA, Moshfeghi DM, Moshfeghi AA. Risk factors predictive of endogenous endophthalmitis among hospitalized patients with hematogenous infections in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015 Mar;159(3):498–504. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2014.11.032.
- Sridhar J, Flynn HWJ, Kuriyan AE, Miller D, Albini T. Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis: risk factors, clinical features, and treatment outcomes in mold and yeast infections. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2013 Sep;3(1):60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1869-5760-3-60.
- Keyashian K, Malani PN. Endophthalmitis associated with intravenous drug use. South Med J. 2007 Dec;100(12):1219–1220. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181581191.
- Patel SN, Rescigno RJ, Zarbin MA, Langer P, Bhagat N. Endogenous endophthalmitis associated with intravenous drug abuse. Retina. 2014 Jul;34(7):1460–1465. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000000084.
- Shrader SK, Band JD, Lauter CB, Murphy P. The clinical spectrum of endophthalmitis: incidence, predisposing factors, and features influencing outcome. J Infect Dis. 1990 Jul;162(1):115–120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/162.1.115.
- Binder MI, Chua J, Kaiser PK, Procop GW, Isada CM. Endogenous endophthalmitis: an 18-year review of culture-positive cases at a tertiary care center. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Mar;82(2):97–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-200303000-00004.
- Cho H, Shin YU, Siegel NH, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis in the American and Korean population: an 8-year retrospective study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26(4):496–503. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2016.1195000.
- Lim HW, Shin JW, Cho HY, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis in the Korean population: a six-year retrospective study. Retina. Mar 2014;34(3):592–602. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182a2e705.
- Wong JS, Chan TK, Lee HM, Chee SP. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis: an east Asian experience and a reappraisal of a severe ocular affliction. Ophthalmology. 2000 Aug;107(8):1483–1491. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00216-5.
- Chen Y-J, Kuo H-K, Wu P-C, et al. A 10-year comparison of endogenous endophthalmitis outcomes: an east Asian experience with Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Retina. Jun 2004;24(3):383–390. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00006982-200406000-00008.
- Ang M, Jap A, Chee S-P. Prognostic factors and outcomes in endogenous Klebsiella pneumoniae endophthalmitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011 Feb;151(2):338–44.e2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2010.08.036.
- Yang C-S, Tsai H-Y, Sung C-S, Lin K-H, Lee F-L, Hsu W-M. Endogenous Klebsiella endophthalmitis associated with pyogenic liver abscess. Ophthalmology. 2007 May;114(5):876–880. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.12.035.
- Chen S-C, Lee -Y-Y, Chen Y-H, Lin H-S, Wu -T-T, Sheu S-J. Klebsiella pneumoniae infection leads to a poor visual outcome in endogenous endophthalmitis: A 12-year experience in Southern Taiwan. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017 Dec;25(6):870–877. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2016.1193616.
- Sheu SJ. Endophthalmitis. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2017 Aug;31(4):283–289. doi:https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2017.0036.
- Do T, Hon DN, Aung T, Hien ND, Cowan CLJ. Bacterial endogenous endophthalmitis in vietnam: a randomized controlled trial comparing vitrectomy with silicone oil versus vitrectomy alone. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014;8:1633–1640. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S67589.
- Teweldemedhin M, Saravanan M, Gebreyesus A, Gebreegziabiher D. Ocular bacterial infections at Quiha Ophthalmic Hospital, Northern Ethiopia: an evaluation according to the risk factors and the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates. BMC Infect Dis. 2017 Mar;17(1):207. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2304-1.
- Silpa-Archa S, Ponwong A, Preble JM, Foster CS. Culture-positive endogenous endophthalmitis: an eleven-year retrospective study in the central region of Thailand. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26(4):533–542. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2017.1355469.
- Dave VP, Pathengay A, Braimah IZ, et al. Enterococcus endophthalmitis: clinical settings, antimicrobial susceptibility, and management outcomes. Retina. Jan 2019;1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000002462.
- Celiker H, Kazokoglu H. The role of pars plana vitrectomy in the management of fungal endogenous endophthalmitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. Nov 2018;26:1120672118815105.
- Shen X, Xu G. Vitrectomy for endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009;17(3):148–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09273940802689396.
- Chee YE, Eliott D. The role of vitrectomy in the management of fungal endophthalmitis. Semin Ophthalmol. 2017;32(1):29–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2016.1228396.
- Dogra M, Dhingra D, Sharma SP, Bansal R. A rare case of Lecythophora endogenous endophthalmitis: diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Indian J Ophthalmol. India. 2018;66:1203–1205. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_181_18.
- Li Y-H, Chen Y-H, Chen K-J, et al. infectious sources, prognostic factors, and visual outcomes of endogenous Klebsiella pneumoniae endophthalmitis. Ophthalmol Retin. Aug 2018;2(8):771–778. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2017.11.013.
- Yospaiboon Y, Meethongkam K, Sinawat S, et al. Predictive factors in the treatment of streptococcal endophthalmitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018;12:859–864. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.
- Brill DA, Farley ND, Albert DC, Sassalos TM, Sangave AA, Desai UR. Bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis from streptococcus pneumoniae. Retin Cases Brief Rep. Jul 2018.
- Jackson TL, Eykyn SJ, Graham EM, Stanford MR. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis: a 17-year prospective series and review of 267 reported cases. Surv Ophthalmol. 2003;48(4):403–423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6257(03)00054-7.
- Kuriyan AE, Weiss KD, Flynn HWJ, et al. Endophthalmitis caused by streptococcal species: clinical settings, microbiology, management, and outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol. Apr 2014;157(4):774–780.e1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2013.12.026.
- Major JCJ, Engelbert M, Flynn HWJ, Miller D, Smiddy WE, Davis JL. Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis: antibiotic susceptibilities, methicillin resistance, and clinical outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010 Feb;149(2):278–283.e1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2009.08.023.
- Dave VP, Pappuru RR, Tyagi M, Pathengay A, Das T. Endoscopic vitrectomy in endophthalmitis: initial experience of 33 cases at a tertiary eye care center. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019;13:243–251. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S185716.
- Petit T, Mahieu L, Tolou C, et al. A series of 20 cases of endogenous endophthalmitis. J Fr Ophtalmol. Dec 2017;40(10):824–831. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfo.2017.06.005.
- Muda R, Vayavari V, Subbiah D, Ishak H, Adnan A, Mohamed SO. Endogenous endophthalmitis: a 9-year retrospective study at a tertiary referral hospital in Malaysia. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2018 Oct;8(1):14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12348-018-0158-3.
- Nakashizuka H, Shimada H, Hattori T, Tanaka K, Kitagawa Y, Shinoda K. intravitreal injection of 1.25% povidone iodine followed by vitrectomy using 0.025% povidone iodine irrigation for treating endophthalmitis. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2019 Jan;8(1):21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.8.1.21.
- Tranos P, Dervenis N, Vakalis AN, Asteriadis S, Stavrakas P, Konstas AGP. current perspectives of prophylaxis and management of acute infective endophthalmitis. Adv Ther. 2016 May;33(5):727–746. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-016-0307-8.
- Celiker H, Kazokoglu H. Ocular culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis: a 5-year retrospective study of the microorganism spectrum at a tertiary referral center in Turkey. Int Ophthalmol. Aug 2019;39(8):1743–1751.
- Chen Y-H, Li Y-H, Lin Y-J, et al. Prognostic factors and visual outcomes of pyogenic liver abscess-related endogenous Klebsiella pneumoniae endophthalmitis: a 20-year retrospective review. Sci Rep. Jan 2019;9(1):1071. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37643-y.
- Zamora JL. Chemical and microbiologic characteristics and toxicity of povidone-iodine solutions. Am J Surg. 1986 Mar;151(3):400–406. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(86)90477-0.
- Naor J, Savion N, Blumenthal M, Assia EI. Corneal endothelial cytotoxicity of diluted povidone–iodine. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001 Jun;27(6):941–947. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-3350(00)00750-1.
- Jiang J, Wu M, Shen T. The toxic effect of different concentrations of povidone iodine on the rabbit’s cornea. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2009;28(3):119–124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15569520903080511.
- Trost LW, Kivilcim M, Peyman GA, Aydin E, Kazi AA. The effect of intravitreally injected povidone-iodine on Staphylococcus epidermidis in rabbit eyes. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Feb;23(1):70–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2006.0076.
- Whitacre MM, Crockett RS. Tolerance of intravitreal povidone-iodine in rabbit eyes. Curr Eye Res. 1990 Aug;9(8):725–732. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/02713689008999567.
- Reibaldi M, Avitabile T, Bandello F, et al. The effectiveness of 0.6% povidone iodine eye drops in reducing the conjunctival bacterial load and needle contamination in patients undergoing anti-vegf intravitreal injection: a prospective, randomized study. J Clin Med. Jul 2019;8:7. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8071031.
- Ratra D, Saurabh K, Das D, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis: a 10-year retrospective study at a Tertiary Hospital in South India. Asia-Pac J Ophthalmol. 2015;4(5):286–292. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/APO.0000000000000120.
- Lodhi SA, Reddy GA, Sunder CA. Postoperative nocardia endophthalmitis and the challenge of managing with intravitreal Amikacin. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2016;2016:2365945. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2365945_online journal.
- Trehan H, Kaushik J, Jain VK, Parihar JKS, Avasthi A. Endogenous nocardial endophthalmitis in an immunosuppressed patient: a serious warning of an underlying life threatening and blinding disorder. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. Iran. 2017;12:113–116. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/2008-322X.200172.
- Khera M, Pathengay A, Jindal A, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Gram-positive bacterial endophthalmitis: epidemiology, treatment options, and outcomes. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. Apr 2013;3(1):46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1869-5760-3-46.
- Radhika M, Mithal K, Bawdekar A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal antibiotics in endophthalmitis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2014;4:22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12348-014-0022-z.
- Weishaar PD, Flynn HWJ, Murray TG, et al. Endogenous Aspergillus endophthalmitis. Clinical features and treatment outcomes. Ophthalmology. Jan 1998;105(1):57–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(98)71225-3.
- Ramirez Soto MC. Differences in clinical ocular outcomes between exogenous and endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Sporothrix: a systematic review of published literature. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018 Jul;102(7):977–982. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310581.
- Yadav HM, Thomas B, Thampy C, Panaknti TK. Management of a case of Candida albicans endogenous endophthalmitis with intravitreal caspofungin. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2017 Jun;65(6):529–531. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_781_16.
- Hof H. Listeria infections of the eye. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2017 Mar;27(2):115–121. doi:https://doi.org/10.5301/ejo.5000884.
- Shivaramaiah HS, Relhan N, Pathengay A, Mohan N, Flynn HWJ. Endophthalmitis caused by gram-positive bacteria resistant to vancomycin: clinical settings, causative organisms, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and treatment outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. United States. 2018;10:211–214. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2018.02.030.
- Falavarjani KG, Alemzadeh SA, Habibi A, Hadavandkhani A, Askari S, Pourhabibi A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis: clinical outcomes and antibiotic susceptibilities. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017 Jun;25(3):377–381. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/09273948.2015.1132740.
- Results of the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. A randomized trial of immediate vitrectomy and of intravenous antibiotics for the treatment of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis. Endophthalmitis vitrectomy study group. Arch Ophthalmol. (Chicago, Ill 1960). Dec 1995;113(12):1479–1496. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1995.01100120009001.
- Kurniawan ED, Rocke JR, Sandhu SS, Allen PJ. Predictors of visual outcome and the role of early vitrectomy in streptococcal endophthalmitis. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018 May;46(4):424–431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ceo.2018.46.issue-4.
- Kuhn F, Gini G. Ten years after … are findings of the endophthalmitis vitrectomy study still relevant today?. In: Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. Vol. 243. Germany; 2005:1197–1199. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-005-0082-8
- Fliney GD, Pecen PE, Cathcart JN, Palestine AG. Trends in treatment strategies for suspected bacterial endophthalmitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018 Apr;256(4):833–838. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-018-3910-3.
- Sadiq MA, Hassan M, Agarwal A, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis: diagnosis, management, and prognosis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. Dec 2015;5(1):32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12348-015-0063-y.
- Ho I-V, Fernandez-Sanz G, Levasseur S, et al. Early pars plana vitrectomy for treatment of acute infective endophthalmitis. Asia-Pac J Ophthalmol. 2019;8(1):3–7.
- Lee S, Um T, Joe SG, et al. Changes in the clinical features and prognostic factors of endogenous endophthalmitis: fifteen years of clinical experience in Korea. Retina. May 2012;32(5):977–984. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e318228e312.
- Yoon YH, Lee SU, Sohn J-H, Lee SE. Result of early vitrectomy for endogenous Klebsiella pneumoniae endophthalmitis. Retina. 2003 Jun;23(3):366–370. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00006982-200306000-00013.
- Modjtahedi BS, Finn AP, Barb SM, et al. characteristics and outcomes of endogenous endophthalmitis: eight-year experience at a tertiary care center. Ophthalmol Retin. Jan 2019;3(1):61–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2018.08.009.
- Okada AA, Johnson RP, Liles WC, D’Amico DJ, Baker AS. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis. Report of a ten-year retrospective study. Ophthalmology. 1994 May;101(5):832–838. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(13)31255-X.
- Chou FF, Kou HK. Endogenous endophthalmitis associated with pyogenic hepatic abscess. J Am Coll Surg. Jan 1996;182(1):33–36.
- Liao HR, Lee HW, Leu HS, Lin BJ, Juang CJ. Endogenous Klebsiella pneumoniae endophthalmitis in diabetic patients. Can J Ophthalmol. Apr 1992;27(3):143–147.
- Yonekawa Y, Chan RVP, Reddy AK, Pieroni CG, Lee TC, Lee S. Early intravitreal treatment of endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011 Nov;39(8):771–778. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02545.x.
- Brockhaus L, Goldblum D, Eggenschwiler L, Zimmerli S, Marzolini C. Revisiting systemic treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis: a review of intravitreal penetration of systemic antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Infect. Feb 2019;25:1364–1369. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.01.017.
- Nam KY, Lee JE, Lee JE, et al. Clinical features of infectious endophthalmitis in South Korea: a five-year multicenter study. BMC Infect Dis. Apr 2015;15:177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-0900-5.
- Maitray A, Rishi E, Rishi P, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis in children and adolescents: case series and literature review. Indian J Ophthalmol. Jun 2019;67(6):795–800. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_710_18.
- Chiquet C, Maurin M, Thuret G, et al. Analysis of diluted vitreous samples from vitrectomy is useful in eyes with severe acute postoperative endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology. Dec 2009;116(12):2437–41.e1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.06.007.
- Jackson TL, Paraskevopoulos T, Georgalas I. ScienceDirect systematic review of 342 cases of endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis. Surv Ophthalmol. Internet. 2014;59(6):627–635. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.06.002.