Medical Therapy of Uveitic Macular Edema: Biologic Agents

References

• Lardenoye CWTA, van Kooij B, Rothova A. Impact of macular edema on visual acuity in uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(8):1446–1449. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.03.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accorinti M, Okada AA, Smith JR, et al. Epidemiology of macular edema in uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019:1–12. doi:10.1080/09273948.2019.1612452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kooij B, Probst K, Fijnheer R, Roest M, de Loos W, Rothova A. Risk factors for cystoid macular oedema in patients with uveitis. Eye (Lond). 2008;22(2):256–260. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gritz DC, Schwaber EJ, Wong IG. Complications of uveitis: the Northern California epidemiology of uveitis study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26(4):584–594. doi:10.1080/09273948.2016.1247174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fardeau C, Champion E, Massamba N, Lehoang P. Uveitic macular edema. Eye. 2016;30(10):1277–1292. doi:10.1038/eye.2016.115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothova A. Inflammatory cystoid macular edema. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007;18:487–492. doi:10.1097/ICU.0b013e3282f03d2e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones NP. The manchester uveitis clinic: the first 3000 patients, 2: uveitis manifestations, complications, medical and surgical management. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2015;23(2):127–134. doi:10.3109/09273948.2014.968671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horai R, Caspi RR. Cytokines in autoimmune uveitis. J Interf Cytokine Res. 2011;31(10):733–744. doi:10.1089/jir.2011.0042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Zhao B, Jiang R, et al. Cytokine expression profile in aqueous humor and sera of patients with acute anterior uveitis. Curr Mol Med. 2015;15(6):543–549. doi:10.2174/1566524015666150731100012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine HF, Baffi J, Reed GF, Csaky KG, Nussenblatt RB. Aqueous humor and plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in uveitis- associated cystoid macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132(5):794–796. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(01)01103-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kooij B, Rijkers GT, Rothova A, de Groot-mijnes JD. Distinct cytokine and chemokine profiles in the aqueous of patients with uveitis and cystoid macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:192–194. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2006.02.052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin MH, Pistilli M, Daniel E, et al. Incidence of visual improvement in uveitis cases with visual impairment caused by macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(2):588–595.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.09.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daruich A, Matet A, Moulin A, et al. Mechanisms of macular edema: beyond the surface. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2018;63:20–68. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.10.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasave AF, Schlaen A, Zeballos DG, et al. Twenty-four months follow-up of intravitreal bevacizumab injection versus intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for the management of persistent non-infectious uveitic cystoid macular edema. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019;27(2):294–302. doi:10.1080/09273948.2017.1400073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Dhibi H, Hamade IH, Al-Halafi A, et al. The effects of intravitreal bevacizumab in infectious and noninfectious uveitic macular edema. J Ophthalmol. 2014;2014. doi:10.1155/2014/729465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahimi M, Shahrzad SS, Banifatemi M. Comparison of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of uveitic macular edema. Iran J Immunol. 2012;9(2):136–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae JHUN, Lee CS, Lee SC. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal bevacizumab compared with intravitreal and posterior sub-tenon triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of uveitic cystoid macular edema. Retina. 2011;31:111–118. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181e378af.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soheilian M, Rabbanikhah Z, Ramezani A, Kiavash V, Yaseri M, Peyman G. Intravitreal bevacizumab versus triamcinolone acetonide for refractory uveitic cystoid macular edema: a randomized pilot study. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2010;26(2):199–206. doi:10.1089/jop.2009.0093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lott MN, Schiffman JC, Davis JL. Bevacizumab in inflammatory eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148(5):711–717. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2009.06.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervantes-Castañeda R, Giuliari G, Gallagher M, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab in refractory uveitic macular edema: one-year follow-up. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2009;19(4):622–629. doi:10.1177/112067210901900417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirshahi A, Namavari A, Djalilian A, Moharamzad Y, Mirshahi A. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for the treatment of cystoid macular edema in Behçet disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009;17:59–64. doi:10.1080/09273940802553295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordero Coma M, Sobrin L, Onal S, Christen W, Foster C. Intravitreal bevacizumab for treatment of uveitic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;114:1574–1579.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy AK, Cabrera M, Yeh S, Davis JL, Albini TA. Optical coherence tomography-guided ranibizumab injection for cystoid macular edema in well-controlled uveitis. Twelve-month outcomes. Retina. 2014;34:2431–2438. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000000274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acharya NR, Hong KC, Lee SM. Ranibizumab for refractory uveitis-related macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148(2):303–309. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2009.03.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staurenghi G, Lai TY, Mitchell P, et al. Efficacy and safety of ranibizumab 0.5 mg for the treatment of macular edema resulting from uncommon causes twelve-month findings from PROMETHEUS. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(6):850–862. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.12.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield D, Mccluskey P, Roche N, et al. Aqueous humor cytokine profile in patients with chronic uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 1995;3(3):203–208. doi:10.3109/09273949509069113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cordero-Coma M, Sobrin L. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy in uveitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2015;60(6):575–589. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.06.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejoyeux R, Diwo E, Vallet H, Saadoun D, Tezenas A. Infliximab and adalimumab in uveitic macular edema. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26(7):991–996. doi:10.1080/09273948.2018.1498110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaap-Fogler M, Amer R, Friling R, Priel E, Kramer M. Anti-TNF-α agents for refractory cystoid macular edema associated with noninfectious uveitis. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014;252(4):633–640. doi:10.1007/s00417-013-2552-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riancho-Zarrabeitia L, Calvo-Río V, Blanco R, et al. Anti-TNF-α therapy in refractory uveitis associated with sarcoidosis: multicenter study of 17 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015;45(3):361–368. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2015.05.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo-Río V, Blanco R, Beltrán E, et al. Anti-TNF-alpha therapy in patients with refractory uveitis due to Behcet’s disease: a 1-year follow-up study of 124 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53(12):2223–2231. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keu266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maleki A, Sahawneh HF, Ma L, Meese H, He Y, Foster SC. Ifliximab therapy in patients with noninfectious intermediate uveitis resistant to conventional immunomodulatory therapy. Retina. 2017;37:836–843. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000001269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markomichelakis NN, Theodossiadis PG, Pantelia E, Papaefthimiou S, Theodossiadis GP, Sfikakis PP. Infliximab for chronic cystoid macular edema associated with uvitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138:648–650. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.04.066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Díaz-Llopis M, Salom D, Garcia-De-Vicuña C, et al. Treatment of refractory uveitis with adalimumab: A prospective multicenter study of 131 patients. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(8):1575–1581. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.02.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Llopis M, Garcia-Delpech S, Salom D, et al. Adalimumab therapy for refractory uveitis: a pilot study. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2008;24(3):351–361. doi:10.1089/jop.2007.0104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordero-Coma M, Calvo-Río V, Adán A, et al. Golimumab as rescue therapy for refractory immune-mediated uveitis: a three-center experience. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014(717598):1–5. doi:10.1155/2014/717598.
   Google Scholar
• Fabiani C, Vitale A, Rigante D, et al. Comparative efficacy between adalimumab and infliximab in the treatment of non-infectious intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, and panuveitis : a retrospective observational study of 107 patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;38:407–415. doi:10.1007/s10067-018-4228-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erckens RJ, Mostard RLM, Wijnen PAHM, Schouten JS, Drent M. Adalimumab successful in sarcoidosis patients with refractory chronic non-infectious uveitis. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012;250(5):713–720. doi:10.1007/s00417-011-1844-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendling D, Paccou J, Berthelot J, et al. New onset of uveitis during anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment for rheumatic diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011;41(3):503–510. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.05.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seve P, Varron L, Broussolle C, Denis P, Kodjikian L. Sarcoid-related uveitis occurring during adalimumab therapy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2012;20(1):59–60. doi:10.3109/09273948.2011.623213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamam RN, Barikian AW, Antonios RS, et al. Intravitreal adalimumab in active noninfectious uveitis: a pilot study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016;24(3):319–326. doi:10.3109/09273948.2014.990041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Androudi S, Tsironi E, Kalogeropoulos C, Theodoridou A, Brazitikos P. Intravitreal adalimumab for refractory uveitis-related macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(8):1612–1616. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.12.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farvardin M, Afarid M, Mehryar M, Hosseini H. Intravitreal infliximab for the treatment of sight-threatening chronic noninfectious uveitis. Retina. 2010;30:1530–1535. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181d3758a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giganti M, Beer PM, Lemanski N, Hartman C, Schartman J, Falk N. Adverse events after intravitreal infliximab (Remicade). Retina. 2010;30:71–80. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181bcef3b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidovic Valentincic N, de Groot-mijnes JDF, Kraut A, Korosec P, Hawlina M, Rothova A. Intraocular and serum cytokine profiles in patients with intermediate uveitis. Mol Vis. 2011;17:2003–2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez VL, Papaliodis GN, Chu D, Anzaar F, Christen W, Foster CS. Elevated levels of interleukin 6 in the vitreous fluid of patients with pars planitis and posterior uveitis: the massachusetts eye & ear experience and review of previous studies. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2004;12(3):193–202. doi:10.1080/092739490500282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray PI, Hoekzema R, van Haren MAC, de Hon FD, Kijlstra A. Aqueous humor lnferleukin-6 levels in Uveifis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1990;31:917–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sijssens KM. Distinct cytokine patterns in the aqueous humor of children, adolescents and adults with uveitis. Ocula. 2008;16:211–216.
   Google Scholar
• Lin P. Targeting interleukin-6 for noninfectious uveitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015;9:1697–1702. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S68595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quesada-Masachs E, Caballero CM. Subcutaneous tocilizumab may be less effective than intravenous tocilizumab in the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis−associated uveitis. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(2):260–261. doi:10.3899/jrheum.160908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vegas-Revenga N, Calvo-Río V, Mesquida M, et al. Anti-Il6-receptor tocilizumab in refractory and noninfectious uveitic cystoid macular edema: multicenter study of 25 patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;200:85–94. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2018.12.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesquida M, Molins B, Llorenç V, et al. Twenty-four month follow-up of tocilizumab therapy for refractory uveitis-related macular edema. Retina. 2018;38(7):1361–1370. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000001690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuter CME, Zierhut M, Igney-Oertel A, et al. Tocilizumab in uveitic macular edema refractory to previous immunomodulatory treatment tocilizumab in uveitic macular edema refractory to previous immunomodulatory treatment. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017;25(2):215–220. doi:10.3109/09273948.2015.1099680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesquida M, Molins B, Llorenç V, Sainz M, Maza D, Adán A. Long-term effects of tocilizumab therapy for refractory uveitis-related macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(12):2380–2386. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.06.050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adán A, Mesquida M, Llorenç V, et al. Tocilizumab treatment for refractory uveitis-related cystoid macular edema. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;(251):2627–2632. doi:10.1007/s00417-013-2436-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heissigerová J, Callanan D, De Smet MD, et al. Efficacy and safety of sarilumab for the treatment of posterior segment noninfectious uveitis (SARIL-NIU): the phase 2 SATURN study. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(3):428–437. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.09.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuter C, Stübiger N, Zierhut M. Interferon-α therapy in noninfectious uveitis. Dev Ophthalmol. 2012;51:90–97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tilg H, Mier JW, Vogel W, et al. Induction of circulating IL-1 receptor antagonist by IFN treatment. J Immunol. 1993;150:4687–4692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oray M, Onal S, Uludag G, Akbay AK, Tugal-Tutkun I. Interferon alpha for the treatment of cystoid macular edema associated with presumed ocular tuberculosis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2017;33(4):304–312. doi:10.1089/jop.2016.0097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fardeau C, Simon A, Rodde B, Viscogliosi F, Labalette P, Looten V. Interferon-alpha2a and systemic corticosteroid in monotherapy in chronic uveitis: results of the randomized controlled BIRDFERON study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;177:182–194. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2017.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian Z, Fardeau C, Cardoso JN, Jellab B, Fan X, Lehoang P. Effect of interferon α2a in cystoid macular edema due to intraocular infection. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2015;25(5):431–436. doi:10.5301/ejo.5000591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackensen F, Jakob E, Springer C, et al. Interferon versus methotrexate in intermediate uveitis with macular edema: results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;156(3):478–486. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paire V, Lebreton O, Weber M. Effectiveness of interferon alpha in the treatment of uveitis macular edema. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2010;33:152–162. doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2010.01.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuter C, Kotter I, Gunaydin I, Stubiger N, Doycheva D, Zierhut M. Efficacy and tolerability of interferon alpha treatment in patients with chronic cystoid macular oedema due to non-infectious uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93:906–913. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.153874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuter CM, Koetter I, Guenaydin I, Stuebiger N, Zierhut M. Interferon Alfa-2A: a new treatment option for long lasting refractory cystoid macular edema in uveitis? A pilot study. Retina. 2006;26:786–791. doi:10.1097/01.iae.0000244265.75771.71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doycheva D, Deuter C, Stuebiger N, Zierhut M. Interferon-alpha-associated presumed ocular sarcoidosis. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;247(5):675–680. doi:10.1007/s00417-008-1002-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Planck SR, Woods A, Clowers JS, Nicklin MJ, Rosenbaum JT, Rosenzweig HL. Impact of IL-1 signalling on experimental uveitis and arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:753–760. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabiani C, Vitale A, Emmi G, et al. Interleukin (IL)-1 inhibition with anakinra and canakinumab in Behçet’s disease-related uveitis: a multicenter retrospective observational study. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;36(1):191–197. doi:10.1007/s10067-016-3506-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassoux N, Goichot-Bonnat L, Karmochkine M, et al. Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of birdshot retinochoroiditis. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2002;25(1):23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeHoang P, Cassoux N, George F, Kullmann N, Kazatchkine M. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) for the treatment of birdshot retinochoroidopathy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2000;8(1):49–57. doi:10.1076/0927-3948(200003)811-SFT049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar