References
- UNAIDS factsheet. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2019.
- UNAIDS factsheet. https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries. Accessed August 12, 2019
- Naif HM Pathogenesis of HIV Infection. Infect Dis Rep. 2013;5(Suppl1):e6. Accessed Jun 6, 2013. 10.4081/idr.2013.s1.e6
- McIvor A, Koornhof H, Kana BD Relapse, re-infection and mixed infections in tuberculosis disease. Pathog Dis. 2017 Apr 1;75(3). 10.1093/femspd/ftx020
- Verver S, Warren RM, Munch Z, et al. Transmission of tuberculosis in a high incidence urban community in South Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2004 Apr;33(2):351–357. 10.1093/ije/dyh021
- Wang JY, Lee LN, Lai HC, et al. Prediction of the tuberculosis reinfection proportion from the local incidence. J Infect Dis. 2007 Jul 15;196(2):281–288. 10.1086/518898
- Hoogendoorn JC, Ranoto L, Muditambi N, et al. Reduction in extrapulmonary tuberculosis in context of antiretroviral therapy scale-up in rural South Africa. Epidemiol Infect. 2017 Sep;145(12):2500–2509. 10.1017/S095026881700156X
- WHO Case Definitions of HIV for Surveillance and Revisedclinical Staging and Immunological Classification of HIV-related Disease in Adults and Children. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007 www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/ HIVstaging150307.pdf.
- Croxatto JO, Mestre C, Puente S, Gonzalez G. Nonreactive tuberculosis in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;102(5),659–660. 10.1016/0002-9394(86)90543-X
- Blodi BA, Johnson MW, McLeish WM, Gass JDM. Presumed choroidal tuberculosis in a human immunodeficiency virus infected host. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;108(5),605–607. 10.1016/0002-9394(89)90448-0
- Lewallen S, Kumwenda J, Maher D, Harries AD Retinal findings in Malawian patients with AIDS. British J Ophthalmol 1994; 78: 757–759 10.1136/bjo.78.10.757
- Beare NA, Kublin JG, Lewis DK, et al. Ocular disease in patients with tuberculosis and HIV presenting with fever in Africa. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002 Oct;86(10):1076–1079. 10.1136/bjo.86.10.1076
- Biswas J, Madhavan HN, George AE, Kumarasamy N, Solomon S Ocular lesions associated with HIV infection in India: a series of 100 consecutive patients evaluated at a referral center. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000 Jan;129(1):9–15. 10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00415-8
- Schaftenaar E, Meenken C, Baarsma GS, Verjans GM, Peters RP Good visual outcome of tuberculous chorioretinitis after ART initiation in a HIV-infected patient. Int Ophthalmol. 2014 Dec;34(6):1263–1265. 10.1007/s10792-014-9997-6
- Papineni P, Saunders J, Papageorgiou K, Westcott M, Noble H Tuberculous choroidal granuloma in an HIV-positive patient. Int J STD AIDS. 2012 May;23(5):379–380. 10.1258/ijsa.2009.009148
- Abdollahi A, Mohraz M, Rasoulinejad M, et al. Retinitis due to opportunistic infections in Iranian HIV infected patients. Acta Med Iran. 2013;51(10):711–714.
- Rathinam SR, Lalitha P Paradoxical worsening of ocular tuberculosis in HIV patients after antiretroviral therapy. Eye (Lond). 2007 May;21(5):667–668. 10.1038/sj.eye.6702662
- Babu RB, Sudharshan S, Kumarasamy N, Therese L, Biswas J Ocular tuberculosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006 Sep;142(3):413–418. 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.03.062
- Mehta S, Gilada IS Ocular tuberculosis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2005 Feb;13(1):87–89. 10.1080/09273940490518702
- Shimakawa M Choroidal tuberculoma in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2000 Nov 1;44(6):697. 10.1016/S0021-5155(00)00267-7
- Muccioli C, Jr BR. Presumed ocular and central nervous system tuberculosis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996 Feb;121(2):217–219. 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)70592-6
- Mehta S, Mansoor H, Khan S, Saranchuk P, Isaakidis P Ocular inflammatory disease and ocular tuberculosis in a cohort of patients co-infected with HIV and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Mumbai, India: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013 May 20;13:225. 10.1186/1471-2334-13-225
- Smit DP, Esterhuizen TM, Meyer D the prevalence of intraocular tuberculosis in HIV-positive and HIV-negative Patients in South Africa using a revised classification system. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26(6):830–837 10.1080/09273948.2016.1263342
- Srichatrapimuk S, Wattanatranon D, Sungkanuparph S, “Tuberculous panophthalmitis with lymphadenitis and central nervous system tuberculoma,” Case Rep Infect Dis. 2016;2016: 1–7. Article ID 6785382. 10.1155/2016/6785382
- Gupta V, Gupta A, Rao NA Intraocular tuberculosis–an update. Surv Ophthalmol. 2007 Nov-Dec;52(6):561–587 10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.08.015
- Abaño JM, Galvante PR, Siopongco P, Dans K, Lopez J Review of epidemiology of uveitis in Asia: pattern of Uveitis in a Tertiary Hospital in the Philippines. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017;25(sup1):S75–S80. 10.1080/09273948.2017.1335755
- Agrawal R, Gunasekeran DV, Grant R, et al.; Collaborative Ocular tuberculosis study (COTS)–1 study group. Clinical Features and outcomes of patients with tubercular uveitis treated with antitubercular therapy in the collaborative ocular tuberculosis study (COTS)-1. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017 Dec 1;135(12):1318–1327. 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.4485
- Testi I, Agrawal R, Mahajan S, et al. Tubercular Uveitis: Nuggets from Collaborative Ocular Tuberculosis Study (COTS)-1.
- Heiden D, Saranchuk P, Keenan JD, et al. Eye examination for early diagnosis of disseminated tuberculosis in patients with AIDS. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016 Apr;16(4):493–499. 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00269-8
- WHO. Country Statistics. https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/. Accessed November 15, 2019
- Saldanha N, Runwal K, Ghanekar C, Gaikwad S, Sane S, Pujari S High prevalence of multi drug resistant tuberculosis in people living with HIV in Western India. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 May 8;19(1):391. 10.1186/s12879-019-4042-z
- Getahun H, Kittikraisak W, Heilig CM, et al.et al. (2011) Development of a standardized screening rule for tuberculosis in people living with HIV in resource-constrained settings: individual participant data meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS Med 8(1): e1000391. 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000391
- Sharma K, Gupta V, Sharma A, et al. Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of intra-ocular tuberculosis from vitreous fluid samples. Tuberculosis(Edinb). 2017 Jan;102:1–2. 10.1016/j.tube.2016.11.002
- Bansal R, Sharma K, Gupta A, et al. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome in vitreous fluid of eyes with multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis. Ophthalmology. 2015 Apr;122(4):840–850. 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.11.021
- Westeneng AC, Rothova A, de Boer JH, de Groot-mijnes JD Infectious uveitis in immunocompromised patients and the diagnostic value of polymerase chain reaction and Goldmann-Witmer coefficient in aqueous analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 Nov;144(5):781–785. 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.06.034
- Smit DP, Esterhuizen TM, Meyer D The role of QuantiFERON(®)-TB gold and tuberculin skin test as diagnostic tests for intraocular tuberculosis in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in South Africa. Ocul Immunol Inflamm.2018;26(6):853–858. 10.1080/09273948.2017.1327078
- Moon HW, Hur M Interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an updated review. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2013 Spring;43(2):221–229.
- Burger C, Holness JL, Smit DP, Griffith-Richards S, Koegelenberg CFN, Ellmann A The Role of (18)F-FDG PET/CT in suspected intraocular sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019 Nov 19:1–7 10.1080/09273948.2019.1685109
- Carriquiry G, Otero L, González-Lagos E, et al.et al. (2012) A diagnostic accuracy study of xpert®MTB/RIF in HIV-positive patients with high clinical suspicion of pulmonary tuberculosis in Lima, Peru PLOS ONE 7(9): e44626. 10.1371/journal.pone.0044626
- Steingart KR, Schiller I, Horne DJ, Pai M, Boehme CC, Dendukuri N Xpert® MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 21;(1) 10.1002/14651858.CD009593.pub3
- Barnard M, Gey van Pittius NC, van Helden PD, Bosman M, Coetzee G, Warren RM. The diagnostic performance of the GenoType MTBDRplus version 2 line probe assay is equivalent to that of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 Nov;50(11):3712–3716. 10.1128/JCM.01958-12
- Anil Kumar MS, Sierka DR, Damask AM, et al. (2005). Safety and success of kidney transplantation and concomitant immunosuppression in HIV-positive patients. Kidney Int, 67(4),1622–1629. 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00245.x
- Chateau AV, Dlova NC, Dawood H, Aldous C Outcomes of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in HIV-infected patients when using systemic steroids and/or intravenous immunoglobulins in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. South Afr J HIV Med. 2019 Jul 4;20(1):944. 10.4102/sajhivmed.v20i1.944
- Cheung CM, Chee SP (2009) Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction: paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis chorioretinitis following initiation of antituberculous therapy. Eye 23:1472–1473 10.1038/eye.2008.204
- Esen E, Sızmaz S, Kunt Z, Demircan N (2016) Paradoxical worsening of tubercular serpiginous-like choroiditis after initiation of antitubercular therapy. Turk J Ophthalmol 46:186–189 4 10.4274/tjo.94809
- Guidelines on the Management of Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s21682en/s21682en.pdf
- Central Tuberculosis Division. Treatment of Tuberculosis. https://tbcindia.gov.in/showfile.php?lid=3219. Accessed August 14, 2019.
- Zha BS, Nahid P Treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Chest Med. 2019 Dec;40(4):763–774 10.1016/j.ccm.2019.07.006
- Tomkins-Netzer O, Leong BCS, Zhang X, Lightman S, McCluskey PJ; Sydney-london latent ocular TB study group. Effect of antituberculous therapy on uveitis associated with latent tuberculosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018 Jun;190:164–170. 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.03.032
- WHO consolidated guidelines on drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311389/9789241550529-eng.pdf?ua=1
- World health Organisation. Management of Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/78124/E90840_Chapter_4.pdf. Accessed May 5, 2020
- Gopalan N, Chandrasekaran P, Swaminathan S, Tripathy S Current trends and intricacies in the management of HIV-associated pulmonary tuberculosis. AIDS Res Ther. 2016 Sep 26;13:34. 10.1186/s12981-016-0118-7